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Background: The present systematic review with meta-analysis is a significant contribution to the understanding of the morphological variability of the facial nerve (FN) extratemporal segment, i.e., the facial trunk (FT) variability, its division, and terminal branching patterns. The study also provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical significance of the FN extracranial division. Methods: Four online databases were utilized to conduct the systematic review according to evidence-based anatomy guidelines. A meta-analysis of the studies included was carried out using R programming software. The combined prevalence of the FN variants was calculated, along with subgroup and cumulative analysis. Results: From the systematic review, 29 studies were retrieved as eligible for our initial purpose. However, 19 studies followed the same classification system and were selected for the meta-analysis, with a total sample of 2453 nerves. The most common pattern of the FN morphology was the FT bifurcation (typical pattern), with a pooled prevalence of 94.1% and a single interconnection (IC) between the temporofacial and cervicofacial branches (23.1% pooled prevalence). Two ICs between these branches were the rarest pattern (8.9% pooled prevalence). Conclusions: Our findings underscore the extensive morphological variability of the FN extratemporal anatomy, which has led to confusion among researchers. While several classification systems have been developed, none accurately represent the typical and variant anatomy. Our meta-analysis provided a small range between 8.9–23.1% for the rarest and most common pattern; thus, diversity is the rule. Therefore, it is not safe to conclude the typical morphology of FN extratemporal anatomy for its whole distribution before the FT's division (proximally) and its terminal branches (distally). Nevertheless, the bifurcation of the FT can be considered the typical morphology, and it is far more constant than the distal branching pattern. These findings have significant implications for surgical procedures, particularly parotidectomy, where surgeons must exercise utmost caution due to the potential clinical implications of FN injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique electrical properties of silicon nitride have increased the applications in microelectronics, especially in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Silicon nitride is mainly used as a passivation barrier against water and sodium ion diffusion and as an electrical insulator between polysilicon layers in capacitors. The interface with different materials, like semiconductors and metals, through soldering may induce residual strains in the final assembly. Therefore, the dentification and quantification of strain becomes strategically important in optimizing processes to enhance the performance, duration, and reliability of devices. This work analyzes the thermomechanical local strain of semiconductor materials used to realize optoelectronic components. The strain induced in the β-Si3N4 chips by the soldering process performed with AuSn pre-formed on copper substrates is investigated by Raman spectroscopy in a temperature range of −50 to 180 °C. The variation in the position of the E1g Raman peak allows the calculation of the local stress present in the active layer, from which the strain induced during the assembly process can be determined. The main reason for the strain is attributed to the differences in thermal expansion coefficients among the various materials involved, particularly between the chip, the interconnection material, and the substrate. Micro-Raman spectroscopy allows for the assessment of how different materials and assembly processes impact the strain, enabling more informed decisions to optimize the overall device structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic and community violence are two pervasive societal issues. While research indicates significant connections between these forms of violence, detailed exploration of their co-occurrence and specific characteristics within intervention and prevention programs remains lacking. Understanding these complex interactions is crucial, as many programs are not designed to address the diverse manifestations of violence simultaneously. They often focus on one type, potentially overlooking the broader spectrum of violence that individuals might experience or contribute to. This study aims to illuminate the frequency and nature of these violence types within the context of intervention efforts. To bridge this gap, we engaged in a systematic, secondary analysis, delving into 1,943 conflicts documented across 25 CeaseFire program sites in Chicago between 2000 and 2015. Data included information from mediation forms regularly completed by CeaseFire staff post-mediation. Our primary focus encompassed a content analysis of these cases to establish a baseline occurrence of domestic violence within violence mediations. Subsequently, we probed the prevalence and intricate interplay between community and domestic violence, exploring potential bidirectional influences. Of the 1,943 conflicts mediated among program sites in Chicago, 151 conflicts displayed signs of interconnection with community violence, falling into the categories of retaliation or intervention. In summation, the findings underscore the entwined nature of domestic and community violence, often transitioning from one form (primarily domestic) to another (typically community-based) in the form of escalating retaliatory behaviors. Violence prevention and intervention endeavors must consider the plausible escalation patterns stemming from interconnected violence forms, significantly shaping mediation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The network of any IT system is subject to continuous changes, such as the addition of new nodes, software installations, and the emergence of new vulnerabilities. On the other hand, the importance of nodes within the IT system’s network varies due to various factors, impacting the severity of potential node exploitation. Additionally, the interconnected nature of the nodes means that the security of each node is interdependent on the others nodes. In this context, effective risk assessment methodologies that consider the factors which impact the security of the system are crucial. This paper introduces an innovative methodology that takes into account the aforementioned factors. The proposed approach evaluates vulnerabilities, interconnections, and dynamic changes to deliver a comprehensive and up-to-date security risk assessment. By employing this methodology, administrators gain better control over system security with dynamic evaluations that support well-informed decisions. Furthermore, the methodology facilitates risk assessment for specific nodes and enables the quantification of their security levels. Due to a thorough assessment, the proposed methodology empowers IT administrators to improve the overall security of the system.

The network of any IT system is subject to continuous changes, such as the addition of new nodes, software installations, and the emergence of new vulnerabilities. On the other hand, the importance of nodes within the IT system’s network varies due to various factors, impacting the severity of potential node exploitation. Additionally, the interconnected nature of the nodes means that the security of each node is interdependent on the others nodes. In this context, effective risk assessment methodologies that consider the factors which impact the security of the system are crucial. This paper introduces an innovative methodology that takes into account the aforementioned factors. The proposed approach evaluates vulnerabilities, interconnections, and dynamic changes to deliver a comprehensive and up-to-date security risk assessment. By employing this methodology, administrators gain better control over system security with dynamic evaluations that support wellinformed decisions. Furthermore, the methodology facilitates risk assessment for specific nodes and enables the quantification of their security levels. Due to a thorough assessment, the proposed methodology empowers IT administrators to improve the overall security of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the use of Ultra‐Precise Dispensing, a high‐resolution additive manufacturing method, in the fabrication of Micro‐LED displays. We demonstrate advancements in achieving ultra‐small feature sizes, high aspect ratios, and the ability to print on complex substrates. The paper presents a number of use cases, such as interconnections on complex topographies, edge printing, microvias filling, and microbumps dispensing. It summarizes the relevance of this technology for Micro‐LED displays fabrication and discusses the prospective future developments in the field of additive manufacturing for display fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present systematic review with meta-analysis is a significant contribution to the understanding of the morphological variability of the facial nerve (FN) extratemporal segment, i.e., the facial trunk (FT) variability, its division, and terminal branching patterns. The study also provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical significance of the FN extracranial division. Methods: Four online databases were utilized to conduct the systematic review according to evidence-based anatomy guidelines. A meta-analysis of the studies included was carried out using R programming software. The combined prevalence of the FN variants was calculated, along with subgroup and cumulative analysis. Results: From the systematic review, 29 studies were retrieved as eligible for our initial purpose. However, 19 studies followed the same classification system and were selected for the meta-analysis, with a total sample of 2453 nerves. The most common pattern of the FN morphology was the FT bifurcation (typical pattern), with a pooled prevalence of 94.1% and a single interconnection (IC) between the temporofacial and cervicofacial branches (23.1% pooled prevalence). Two ICs between these branches were the rarest pattern (8.9% pooled prevalence). Conclusions: Our findings underscore the extensive morphological variability of the FN extratemporal anatomy, which has led to confusion among researchers. While several classification systems have been developed, none accurately represent the typical and variant anatomy. Our meta-analysis provided a small range between 8.9–23.1% for the rarest and most common pattern; thus, diversity is the rule. Therefore, it is not safe to conclude the typical morphology of FN extratemporal anatomy for its whole distribution before the FT’s division (proximally) and its terminal branches (distally). Nevertheless, the bifurcation of the FT can be considered the typical morphology, and it is far more constant than the distal branching pattern. These findings have significant implications for surgical procedures, particularly parotidectomy, where surgeons must exercise utmost caution due to the potential clinical implications of FN injury.

The unique electrical properties of silicon nitride have increased the applications in microelectronics, especially in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Silicon nitride is mainly used as a passivation barrier against water and sodium ion diffusion and as an electrical insulator between polysilicon layers in capacitors. The interface with different materials, like semiconductors and metals, through soldering may induce residual strains in the final assembly. Therefore, the dentification and quantification of strain becomes strategically important in optimizing processes to enhance the performance, duration, and reliability of devices. This work analyzes the thermomechanical local strain of semiconductor materials used to realize optoelectronic components. The strain induced in the β-Si3N4 chips by the soldering process performed with AuSn pre-formed on copper substrates is investigated by Raman spectroscopy in a temperature range of −50 to 180 °C. The variation in the position of the E1g Raman peak allows the calculation of the local stress present in the active layer, from which the strain induced during the assembly process can be determined. The main reason for the strain is attributed to the differences in thermal expansion coefficients among the various materials involved, particularly between the chip, the interconnection material, and the substrate. Micro-Raman spectroscopy allows for the assessment of how different materials and assembly processes impact the strain, enabling more informed decisions to optimize the overall device structure.

Climate change and natural hazards present a major risk to individuals and communities; however, the current quantitative risk assessment methodologies struggle to capture the wider consequences that arise from society’s complex interconnections. These complex interconnections exist due to the number of mutually dependent systems and mean that impacts on one system can be felt in another. These cascading impacts present a major challenge to climate risk assessments. Climate risk assessments often consider a range of “wellbeing” or “value” domains; for example, in New Zealand the five wellbeing domains are Natural Environment, Human, Economic, Built Environment, and Governance. Existing assessments have sought to characterize the risk to each domain, but do not quantitatively or rigorously consider the interplay between the domains. For example, how does the risk to the human domain change as a result of the impacts to the built environment? This interplay and the ensuing cascading impacts could substantially modify the assessed risk. The change could potentially alter the prioritization and subsequent adaptation plans. In this paper, we show that considering cascading impacts not only increases the magnitude of risk but can shift the prioritization. This highlights the importance of capturing cascading impacts for effective adaptation to climate change.

The Levant and the Eastern Mediterranean formed a special sphere of activity for diverse specialists who navigated from one side to the other through extensive networks of interconnections in the Late Bronze Age. During the Amarna Period (fourteenth century BCE), Akkadian and Hittite texts attest a lethal epidemic that originated in Egypt and later spread to Canaan, Syria, Alashiya (Cyprus), and the land of Hatti. References to pestilence, plague, epidemic, and death, as well as metaphoric expressions alluding to the crisis, such as the ‘hand of Nergal,’ are widespread in diplomatic correspondence, prayers, magic spells, and medical texts as well. Specialists (such as physicians, exorcists, and omen experts) traveled between courts to perform acts of healing and to practice divination. Also, statues of gods and goddesses were commonly sent between courts of Great Kings as symbols of fertility, healing, and alliances. This essay analyzes the role of exorcists traveling between courts in the framework of the cross-cultural discourse of alterity in the Amarna Age.

The article attempts to interpret the term «interaction», to show different variants of its use in scientific works. The article marks out features that make it possible to specify the legal composition of interaction and the possibility of using this kind of interconnections of entities in legal constructions. The article conducts a comparison of such different types of interconnections as subordination, coordination, control, interaction. Purpose: to show the legal component of the term «interaction», to compare the types of relationships of entities performing joint activities, to highlight the features of the interconnections that arise in this process, to focus on the use of these concepts in their legal meaning. Methods: the comparative method is used when comparing the features of interconnections arising in the process of cooperation of public authorities; the method of formal logic shows the features of interaction of subjects of law; the method of functional analysis gives the opportunity to emphasize the unity of functions of executive and administrative bodies that enter into interaction. The author’s vision of the term «interaction» is presented, its distinctive features are given, which allow defining interaction as a special type of cooperation of subjects of law. The article shows distinguishing features of such relationships of public authorities as subordination, coordination, control, supervision.

In this paper, we define solutions for hybrid systems with prespecified hybrid inputs. Unlike previous work where solutions and inputs are assumed to be defined on the same domain a priori, we consider the case where intervals of flow and jump times of the input are not necessarily synchronized with those of the state trajectory. This happens in particular when the input is the output of another hybrid system, for instance, in the context of observer design or reference tracking. The proposed approach relies on reparametrizing the jumps of the input in order to write it on a common domain. The solutions then consist of a pair made of the state trajectory and the reparametrized input. Our definition generalizes the notions of solutions of continuous-time and discrete-time systems with inputs. We provide an algorithm that automatically performs the construction of solutions for a given hybrid input. In the context of hybrid interconnections, we show how the solutions of the individual systems can be linked to the solutions of a closed-loop system. Example illustrate the notions and the proposed algorithm.

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Anatomical variations can occasionally result in unexpected findings on physical examination. Here, we report two cases of seemingly unique connections between V2 and V3 parts of the trigeminal nerve. In these two cadaveric specimens, at the foramen ovale, small neural connections, confirmed with histology, were identified joining V2 to specifically, the motor root of V3. The findings of these two cadaveric specimens and the potential clinical ramifications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to keep up with the booming technological explosion and the revolution of Industry 4.0, the students of Gen Z are expected to be up to date in the digital era. This necessitates the teachers to employ multivariate pedagogical strategies to uphold the attention of students and provide them with a longterm knowledge base. One such strategy involving visualization and supporting active learning is the mind mapping tool. Mind maps can be employed as a teaching aid along with other active learning strategies in order to unleash the in-depth associations between related concepts. Through its innate visual structure, it helps the students to organize and assimilate concepts by looking into the broader picture. Mind mapping not only aids as a longterm memory technique but also promotes design thinking and lateral thinking skills. In this paper, exploiting mind maps throughout the teaching and learning process of Computer Architecture and Organization course for the undergraduate students of the third-year engineering programme is elaborately discussed. Through the case study presented, the mind map is showcased to take various facets like 'Storm a brain-map', 'Break the ice-map', 'Fill the neurons' and 'Unit wise summary map' in different sessions of the teaching learning process. It was not only used as a teaching aid, but also served as an effective formative assessment tool for evaluating the students' understanding of the subject matter. The schema for scoring the mind maps and its relevance to the anticipated summative performance of the students is discussed. Thus, mind maps help in transforming the delivery mechanism and thereby promotes a radical learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern and smart cities are significantly vulnerable to natural hazard, and their functionality is based on resilient infrastructure systems. In particular, seismic resilience may be considered the ability to deliver services during and after hazard events. Therefore, it is fundamental to identify the most critical components within a system, especially when multiple infrastructure systems are interdependent. The paper aims to propose a novel methodology that consider interconnected infrastructures to assess seismic resilience that may be defined as a function that depends on time, and the different components are considered the functional dimensions. The proposed methodology may be applied for several typologies of infrastructures, specifically looking at the seismic resilience analyses related to transportation systems. A case study has been considered in order to apply the proposed formulation and to demonstrate the importance of considering interdependency in the assessment of the seismic resilience. Many stakeholders (infrastructure owners, public administrations, decision makers) may be interested in applying the methodology that could be used to study several applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data on MENA country-banks, we study how interbank connections affect bank risk and returns. The findings indicate that interbank connections are determinantal to bank stability in the MENA region during periods of crisis, supportive of contagion effects. There is also a dampening impact on profitability. Over and above, the evidence for Islamic banks is supportive of contagion effects during the crisis, although their profitability is higher as well. Furthermore, macroprudential policies appear to exert a salutary impact on bank behavior, although this impact differs across the response variable: being effective for credit exposures with profits as the outcome and for funding exposure when non-performing loan ratio is the outcome variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data mining is the operation where the raw information is taken and processing is done for data to make it as a valuable resource. Data mining consists of various tasks one among them is association rule. Association rules contemplate correspondence and interconnections among two or more data from which correlated data's has been extracted and transmitted for future processing. There are two aspects in Association rule. Antecedent is known as first aspect and Consequent is the second aspect. The information components which are initiated inside the database called as the Antecedent. The antecedent item which fused with one more item forms a consequent. Sequential data analysis can be achieved through association rules. To find the predominant relationship support and confidence among data parameters of patterns have been used. To achieve Associating rule the most prototypical and fundamental algorithm is apriori. To protect and safeguard security system one of the important method used is intrusion detection technique. In recent days different types of new threads has been performed so to protect these attacks improvisation must be done in Intrusion detection algorithm. By understanding and examining the data mining in intrusion detection in this article, apriori algorithm regulation generation has been used in information server intrusion detection to recognize different attacks so that the total production of system can be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This review will be helpful to the young readers regarding mechanistic approach and the elaborate discussion. • The learning aspect of the photophysical processes such as ICT, PET and ESIPT phenomena with their correlation and interconnection among these probable processes. • It is to establish the actual mechanistic path responsible for the observe phenomena in the fluorophore. • Controlling or tuning of the phophysical process (s) should be carried out varying the substituent for changing the structural properties in different solvent media of different solvent environments. A lot of work has been done on PET, ICT and ESIPT individually as well as following triple mechanism simultaneously. Even, in many reported works only ICT or PET mechanism has been considered although there remains a possibility of ESIPT and vice-versa. To know/predict the actual mechanistic pathway, we need to have the detailed experimental as well as theoretical characteristic data. There is some unique difference among ESIPT, ICT and PET mechanisms. If we clearly observe the structure of the probe, and the UV–vis, fluorescence spectral data as well as solvent dependency, then only we can accurately predict the operative mechanism. Sometimes, there may be a possibility of coupled or triplicate mechanism simultaneously involved in a particular condition or a single mechanism dominates over others in a probe system. Hence, this review will be helpful in assisting the young readers regarding the prediction of the mechanistic approach evaluating the exact pathway responsible for photophysical changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For digital assets (cryptocurrencies, DeFi tokens and NFTs) and traditional financial assets such as stock indices and commodities, this paper established a dynamic downside risk network to explore the network aggregating structure, important nodes and the tail risk spillover between asset groups. This study reveals that there exist tail risk spillover between digital financial assets and traditional financial assets, where the risk spillover between the digital assets and the commodities is bidirectional and the risk spillovers from the stocks to the digital assets as well as the commodities to stocks are unidirectional. For important assets, the NFT Decentraland and Brazil's BVSP stock index play central roles in the network, while the FTSE stock index and gold exhibit strong hedging potential against global downside risk spillovers. Furthermore, we consider the impact of uncertainty in US economic policy and US stock volatility on tail risk contagion, which is the network aggregation level. Regarded as exogenous shocks, the US stock circuit breaker in March 2020 and the US Federal Reserve rate rising in March 2022 were found to significantly increase the tail risk contagion, especially the risk spillover from the stocks market to the digital financial market. Moreover, by using the TVP-SV-VAR model, we find that increases in the US EPU index and the US VIX index can both exacerbate the tail-risk contagion between digital and traditional financial assets. This expands the influencing factors of risk contagion between financial assets. The empirical findings carry important implications not only for portfolio managers and investors in portfolio allocation and investment strategies between digital and traditional financial assets, but also for government regulators in risk management and economic policy formulation. • The tail risk network contains the cryptocurrency, DeFi, NFT and traditional assets. • Decentraland and BVSP exhibit outstanding centrality and influence in the network. • US stock circuit and Federal Reserve rate rising increase network aggregation level. • Intensities of the risk spillover between asset groups increase during the crises. • VIX and US EPU drive network aggregation level significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, the Greek islands have been facing challenges in terms of quality of power supply, increased carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions, and costs due to their reliance on oil-fired generation subsidised by the Greek state. In light of the recent reforms to decarbonise the islands' region while enhancing their local grids, this study investigates the impact of electromobility considering an autonomous electricity system supported by storage versus an interconnected one. Two Electric Vehicles (EVs) deployment scenarios coupled with several charging strategies have been modelled using the PLEXOS energy systems model. The results highlight that the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scenarios demonstrate the most evident benefits for the islands' electricity systems, performing adequately under both the Autonomous and Interconnection scenarios concerning the economic and environmental impact. Such scenarios have the potential to reduce emissions by 8.5% while dropping costs up to 20% by 2040, when combined with the required renewables expansion plan. From the security of supply perspective, the results demonstrate improvements under the interconnected context accompanied by thermal generation restrictions without however eliminating power shortages recorded already in a non-EV case. The analysis also showcases an escalated impact on power shortages and curtailments during the maximum week, particularly when combined with an ambitious EV deployment. Yet, V2G may increase renewables share up to 7% in 2040. In this context, EVs could mobilise the additional deployment of 600 MW renewables by 2040 if interconnections with the mainland are realised. Assuming islands continue operating as autonomous electricity systems, the additional capacity to accommodate may reach 720 MW.

In high-performance computing systems, the interference among applications that share network resources is one of the major causes of performance degradation and increase variability among different executions of the same application. In this article, we propose a virtual partitioning scheme for dragonfly networks that combines a job-allocation policy with a virtual channel (VC) assignment. Our experiments confirm that our proposal offers a better performance than the established schemes, also reducing variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed modelling of the relationship between the spatial and component structure of the construction industry development and the environment helped to obtain combinations of high and medium levels of the impact of integral indicators of labour, productive and foreign economic components of the construction sector on the environmental index of the region. The high level of adaptability of the models used for the period 2013– –2018 confirms the relationship between the development of the construction sector in most regions of Ukraine and the lowest level of the ecological index. This proves the scientific hypothesis about the negative impact of construction on the country’s ecosystem. The study indicates that the dynamic characteristics of the relationship between the building system and the environment should take into account the existence of direct and indirect or even “hidden” relationships between the components. The scientific value of the study consists in using models of fuzzy sets to assess the relationship between the construction system and the ecosystem based on defuzzification, which preserves the flexibility of the process of assessing the development of subsystems in construction and making decisions as to reducing the negative environmental impact in regions.

This letter presents a novel transition scheme from laminated waveguide (LWG) to subminiature coaxial connector with wideband and low‐loss performance. The laminated waveguide is achieved using multilayer low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. In the conventional transition scheme, a length of grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) is used to connect the LWG and coaxial connector to obtain a wide bandwidth, which increase the transition size and radiation loss, especially in millimetre‐wave (MMW) band. To realize a compact and low‐loss LWG‐to‐coaxial connector transition, the GCPW line is removed and the whole LTCC transition structure is designed underneath the coaxial connector. Moreover, two stages of waveguide step are introduced to constrain the electromagnetic field in the transition for lower radiation loss, which also contributes to the wideband impedance matching. The back‐to‐back transition is designed and fabricated with LTCC technology to validate the proposed transition scheme. A measured bandwidth of 44% from 27.3 to 42.9 GHz is achieved under |S11| < −15 dB and the insertion loss of single transition is about 0.4 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent forecasts suggest that African countries must triple their current electricity generation by 2030. Our multicriteria assessment of wind and solar potential for large regions of Africa shows how economically competitive and low-environmental-impact renewable resources can significantly contribute to meeting this demand. We created the Multicriteria Analysis for Planning Renewable Energy (MapRE) framework to map and characterize solar and wind energy zones in 21 countries in the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) and the Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP) and find that potential is several times greater than demand in many countries. Significant fractions of demand can be quickly served with "no-regrets" options-or zones that are low-cost, low-environmental impact, and highly accessible. Because no-regrets options are spatially heterogeneous, international interconnections are necessary to help achieve low-carbon development for the region as a whole, and interconnections that support the best renewable options may differ from those planned for hydropower expansion. Additionally, interconnections and selecting wind sites to match demand reduce the need for SAPP-wide conventional generation capacity by 9.5% in a high-wind scenario, resulting in a 6-20% cost savings, depending on the avoided conventional technology. Strategic selection of low-impact and accessible zones is more cost effective with interconnections compared with solutions without interconnections. Overall results are robust to multiple load growth scenarios. Together, results show that multicriteria site selection and deliberate planning of interconnections may significantly increase the economic and environmental competitiveness of renewable alternatives relative to conventional generation.

The article is devoted to the justification of conceptual and practical grounds of financial market potential usage in debt problems solution. Emphasis is placed on the insufficient implementation of the dependence of the effectiveness of socio-economic development on the existing financial and economic space of the state, which, being included in one interaction, provide an opportunity to obtain synergistic effects. Among the important prerequisites for the conceptual and practical transformation of the financial and economic space of the state, which in its new quality will have an impact on development, the problems of public debt and the possibilities of the financial market to solve them are considered. Taking into consideration their deep impact on the dynamics of financial relations, the following chain is outlined: "development – space – debt problems – financial market", the imbalance of the latter can influence the effectiveness of change in society, economy and finance in a negative way. It is stated that each of the above-mentioned links with the condition of their own development makes the natural determinant of the other one. It is simultaneously substantiated that the general methodological and practical basis for achieving the appropriate balance is rooted in the spatial approach thus it lies in the matter of financial space formation. It is shown that knowledge of ways to optimize debt policy remains in the process of formation. Debt resolution continues to be dominated due to traditional factors and is not being sufficiently expanded for account of those that have an indirect impact, particularly connected with deeper infiltration into the multidimensional interrelations with the determining factors of the financial space. The factors that give the financial market a special place among the components of development and strengthening of the financial space are presented. The relevance of using the whole range of functional features of this market, which goes beyond the implementation of debt financing, and aimed at strengthening the financial space, is substantiated. The only basis that can optimize the development policy is schematically represented by the chain "financial market – debt problems – space – development". Increased attention to the role of the financial space in solving debt problems and shaping contribution of the financial market, changes the strategic approach to debt policy and further development in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological life and living organisms appeared about 4 billion years ago. They have become increasingly complex in the course of evolution. The human Self is the current culmination of this incredible complexification. This process and its results are presented in this paper. First the double origin of the Self, biological and social, will be presented. Then the structural development of the Self with its five functions - from bottom to top: Energetic, Sensorial, Muscular, Emotional andRepresentational functions-will be explained. This complex development of the human Self underlies the "ESMERModel". Then, the functional development of the Self will be presented as well as the developmental problems that arise. Evolutionmanaged to organize the Self into an integrated and self-regulated systemby developing four kinds of interconnections between the five functions of the Self. And finally, these four kinds of interconnections will be at the origin of fourmodes of interpersonal relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication presents the results of a study about the speed of dissemination of information in a group of schoolchildren. The study was performed by network analysis. The purpose of the study is modeling and analysis of the social structure of the community of schoolchildren and the speed of dissemination of information. The objectives were also to obtain answers to the following questions: how different are the network characteristics of a group of students from a random graph; does the network device comply with the friendly relationships within the team with the general network laws; what are the key differences between the dissemination of information in a graph based on the example of a group of schoolchildren from its distribution in a random graph. A random graph with similar basic parameters was specially built for the purpose of this study. The work is preceded by a detailed analysis of researches in the fields of network analysis, social models and human behavior. The following are empirical data that are specifically collected for this study. It is explained how and why we received this information. The main part of the study reflects the fact that basing on the collected empirical data, we have constructed graphs for studying the main characteristics of the considered schoolchildren community. The analysis includes determining the presence of clusters, calculating and analyzing the centrality of the graph of a group of schoolchildren and its similarity to a random graph. Based on an empirical study analysis of the results showed that information is better disseminated (for fewer iterations) precisely in the context of a real group of schoolchildren. In contrast, in a random network, communications are more evenly distributed, which slows down the speed of information’s dissemination. The study is provided with the necessary explanations, as well as illustrative graphs and tables.

Approaching such a subject is undoubtedly of particular scientific interest, contributing to the clarification of several aspects regarding the content and delimitation of international investment law, with an emphasis on the law and doctrine of international law, but also on the jurisprudence of international courts. The originality and scientific innovation resides in the way of approaching the research of the legal regime of foreign investments, both from the point of view of interdisciplinarity, interference and interconnections between the fields of incident law, as well as by identifying a coagulating, unifying factor – the international justice and the mechanisms that are put into operation. This approach calls for the creation of a learning mechanism, of study within the university framework of the discipline of International Investment Law and the deepening of the specific notions and problems within some master programs.

Modern and smart cities are significantly vulnerable to natural hazard, and their functionality is based on resilient infrastructure systems. In particular, seismic resilience may be considered the ability to deliver services during and after hazard events. Therefore, it is fundamental to identify the most critical components within a system, especially when multiple infrastructure systems are interdependent. The paper aims to propose a novel methodology that consider interconnected infrastructures to assess seismic resilience that may be defined as a function that depends on time, and the different components are considered the functional dimensions. The proposed methodology may be applied for several typologies of infrastructures, specifically looking at the seismic resilience analyses related to transportation systems. A case study has been considered in order to apply the proposed formulation and to demonstrate the importance of considering interdependency in the assessment of the seismic resilience. Many stakeholders (infrastructure owners, public administrations, decision makers) may be interested in applying the methodology that could be used to study several applications.

The changing nature of organisations in the public sector means that collaboration is an imperative for many. However, we still know little about how collaborations operate in practice. Those stewarding collaborations need this knowledge to provide effective support. In this article, we are interested in applying Salignac et al.'s Collaboration Health Assessment Tool (CHAT) framework to a live collaboration initiative to better understand the factors, chain of events, and actions that lead to 'healthy' collaboration. We conducted interviews with stakeholders from a collaboration initiative involved in the implementation of an education participation program. Findings from our qualitative analysis suggest the initial design stage to be of critical importance. Ultimately, our research provides an example of how CHAT can be used to identify dimensions of collaboration that are, or are not, working well for an initiative and how partner organisations can use systems thinking to understand how their collaboration functions to better address the issues that they face. Collaboration remains central to achieving policy goals (such as whole of government initiatives through to service delivery). There, however, remains an imperative to gather and share evidence on what works (or not) to enhance collaborative practice. Applying the Collaboration Health Assessment Tool (CHAT) framework to a live collaboration initiative, we put forward three suggested actions aimed at practitioners and applied academics to improve collaboration health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the impact of failures on performance is necessary for any technology's development. There are many interconnection schemes that have emerged as the field solar photovoltaics has matured, but the most commonly used and well‐understood scheme is ribbon tabbing. In the field, the contacts between the ribbons and the cell metallization can fail via corrosion or solder joint failure. Solder joint failures are simulated by systematically cutting the interconnections of four‐busbar, multicrystalline silicon modules. It is shown that not only do the failures themselves contribute to performance loss but the location of the failed interconnection with respect to those near it is also important. Different breakage schemes and their impact on performance are compared. Different methods of calculating series resistance are evaluated. Multi‐irradiance performance is used to show how energy yield models can inaccurately predict module output for modules with high series resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phase-field-crystal model is used to investigate the processing-structure-protrusion relationship of blind Cu through-silicon vias (TSVs) at the atomic scale. A higher temperature results in a larger TSV protrusion. Deformation via dislocation motion dominates at temperatures lower than around 300°C, while both diffusional and dislocation creep occur at temperatures greater than around 300°C. TSVs with smaller sidewall roughness $R_{a}$ and wavelength $\lambda _{a}$ exhibit larger protrusions. Moreover, different protrusion profiles are observed for TSVs with different grain structures. Both protrusions and intrusions are observed when a single grain is placed near the TSV top end, while the top surface protrudes near both edges when it contains more grains. Under symmetric loading, coalescence of the grains occurs near the top end, and a symmetric grain structure can accelerate this process. The strain distributions in TSVs are calculated, and the eigenstrain projection along the vertical direction can be considered an index to predict the TSV protrusion tendency.