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This paper estimates the impact of the Free Education Policy, a major education reform enacted in rural China in 2006, as a natural experiment on the intergenerational transmission of cognitive skills. The identification strategy relies on a difference-in-differences approach and exploits the fact that the reform was implemented gradually at different times across different provinces. By utilizing nationally representative data from the China Family Panel Studies, we find that an additional semester of exposure to the Free Education Policy reduces the intergenerational transmission of parent and child cognitive scores by an approximately 1% standard deviation in rural China, indicating a reduction of 3.5% in intergenerational cognitive persistence. The improvement in cognitive mobility across generations might be attributed to enhanced school attainment, the relaxation of budget constraints, and increased social contact for children whose parents are less advantaged in terms of cognitive skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescent depression is increasing globally, and family conflict may contribute to its transmission across generations. However, longitudinal evidence on these dynamics remains sparse. This study examines the longitudinal associations between family conflict and adolescents' and parents' depressive symptoms from three waves of data. Methods: Data from the 2016–2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) were analyzed, including 1,772 adolescents (Mean age = 12.4, SD = 1.68 in 2016) and their parents. Family conflict was measured using three questions from adolescents, while depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Multiplelinear regression, latent growth models (LGM), and cross-lagged panel models (CLPM) were employed to examine longitudinal associations between family conflict and depressive symptoms. Results: The results revealed that family conflict correlated with adolescents' depressive symptoms (r = 0.580,p < 0.001). Adolescents' depressive symptoms also exacerbated family conflict (β1 = 0.030, p < 0.05; β2 = 0.032, p < 0.01) across three waves, while family conflict had a limited contribution to parents' depressive symptoms. Mothers' depressive symptoms influenced adolescents' depressive symptoms significantly (β = 0.043,p < 0.05), while adolescents' depressive symptoms were transmitted to fathers' depressive symptoms (β = 0.080,p < 0.01) between Wave 2 and Wave 3. Moreover, the mother's education level negatively predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms (β = -0.296,p < 0.05). Conclusions: Family conflict plays a critical role in adolescents' depressive symptoms and its intergenerational transmission. The findings underscore the pivotal role of family dynamics in mental health, especially in the development of adolescents' depressive symptoms. Interventions aimed at reducing family conflict may help mitigate depressive symptoms across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mixed-methods study investigates how Pontic Greeks in Western Macedonia, Greece, preserve and adapt their culinary traditions amid modern challenges. Employing survey questionnaires (n = 390), interviews, and participant observation, we explored sociodemographic attributes, lifestyle factors, and food preferences. Statistical and thematic analyses revealed a strong preference for traditional delicacies, such as pisia (a type of pancake) and tanomenon sorva (yogurt soup), alongside a notable shift from butter to olive oil driven by health considerations. Qualitative findings underscored the deep cultural and emotional significance of these foods, revealing themes such as intergenerational knowledge transmission, urbanization's impact, and the dual role of heritage and convenience in shaping food choices. Integrated data analysis revealed a convergence regarding the importance of preserving culinary traditions in the face of societal change, illustrating the dynamic nature of Pontic Greek gastronomy. This study demonstrates how personal, cultural, environmental, and societal factors influence the maintenance and evolution of these culinary practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of herbal or traditional medicines has survived the proliferation of modern medicine. The phenomenon has been labeled as the 'herbal medicines paradox' (HMP). We study whether such HMP hypothesis can be explained by the persistence of attitudes across cultural boundaries. We undertake a secondary analysis of individual-level migration data to test the persistence of the use of herbal medicines in relation to norms in the person's country of birth (or home country). We study the association between attitudes towards herbal medicine treatments of both first (N = 3630) and second-generation (N = 1618) immigrants in 30 European countries, and the average attitudes of their sending country origins. We find robust evidence of an association that is stronger for the second-generation migrants. We document a stronger effect among maternal than paternal lineages, as well as significant heterogeneity based on migrants' country of origin. Our estimates are robust to different sample analysis. Our estimates are consistent with a cultural explanation for the HMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study of narrative inquiry involved fifty-eight families in mainland China. The life histories and lived experiences of one hundred and fifty-six people across three generations, amounting to 600,000 words, were recorded as narrative materials about the intergenerational transmission of cultural family values within the past seventy years. Findings indicate that parents hold a notable importance in value transmission. The changing but still significant core values such as filial piety, educational aspirations, collective personhood and patriotism, and the cultivation of moral values are often associated with Chinese families and are underpinned by the national discourse of harmony, stability, and loyalty. Additionally, storytelling, parental modelling, direct teaching, and behaviour training are the primary means of communicating and imparting cultural family values. Children need more opportunities to reflect about what they are taught concerning moral and cultural values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated how middle‐class rural parents engaged in status safeguarding in an economically struggling rural community and how the parenting views and practices of rural return migrants impacted the community. Background: Rural communities seek college‐educated returners to offset outmigration. We know little about how returners impact the community, especially if they return to raise children. Method: This study analyzed interview data from 15 white, college‐educated parents between the ages of 25 and 38 who returned to their rural hometown to raise their children. Results: All returners emphasized their children's choice regarding their future educational and occupational paths, and they equally valued college and skilled trades. In other ways, rural return migrants drew on distinct cultural repertoires in their childrearing strategies. Parents who had not lived in cities before returning relied on a localized cultural repertoire to engage in status safeguarding through reputation management as they monitored cross‐class interactions and emphasized fitting in. In contrast, rural return migrants who had lived in cities drew on a cosmopolitan cultural repertoire that emphasized exposure to cultural amenities and engaged in cultural practices that they saw as distinguishing their children from the local community. Conclusion: Although the return of college‐educated residents is often celebrated, this study suggests that college‐educated migrants may ultimately maintain inequalities within the community through social class or cultural exclusion based on their cultural repertoires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child sexual abuse (CSA) can have lasting negative impacts on one's sense of safety and trust, ultimately affecting the quality of relationships, and increasing the likelihood of future victimization experiences. The present study provides a qualitative description of the themes that were generated through interviews conducted with 23 mothers who experienced CSA (dis)continuity (12 continuity, 11 discontinuity). The mothers described a variety of experiences related to parent–child and romantic relationships and parenting behaviors, which could be further researched and targeted by interventions to reduce the risk of intergenerational cycles of maltreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that parents with a history of childhood abuse are at increased risk of perpetrating child abuse. To break the cycle of childhood abuse we need to better understand the mechanisms that play a role. In a cross-sectional extended family design including three generations (N = 250, 59% female), we examined the possible mediating role of parental psychopathology and emotion regulation in the association between a history of childhood abuse and perpetrating child abuse. Parents' own history of childhood abuse was associated with perpetrating abuse toward their children, and externalizing (but not internalizing) problems partially mediated this association statistically. Implicit and explicit emotion regulation were not associated with experienced or perpetrated abuse. Findings did not differ across fathers and mothers. Findings underline the importance of (early) treatment of externalizing problems in parents with a history of childhood abuse, to possibly prevent the transmission of child abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the intergenerational transmission of a middle-class lifestyle in Poland. The analysis demonstrates mechanisms through which cultural practices are inherited in the context of leisure activities. The following categories of leisure activities were identified as being of particular interest: 1) passions, that is, the most pronounced leisure interests, including sport, 2) travel, 3) various forms of cultural participation, such as reading, visual and performing arts, or audiovisual content. The innovative research plan included reanalysis, revisits, and new in-depth interviews. The findings are based on a substantial corpus of qualitative empirical material, comprising 66 individual in-depth interviews. This material covers interviews conducted approximately twenty years before my research, new interviews with the same participants conducted subsequently, and interviews with their adult children. The aforementioned methodological procedures permitted comparisons over time and between generations. Middle-class parents proactively transmit values and practices to their children that are instrumental in maintaining their children's social status. The effort to format lifestyle messages has significant implications for the long-term viability of this social structure segment in Poland. The analyses conducted indicate the cultural identity of the middle class and the stability of values and practices enacted in non-work and non-educational leisure time. Consequently, they are expected to yield tangible benefits in the professional and educational domains for subsequent generations. This represents the anticipated return on investment in leisure time for middle-class children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study integrates political socialization theory and behavioral genetics to disentangle the mechanisms underlying differences in the intergenerational transmission of voter turnout in majority and immigrant families. The pathways shaping the intergenerational transmission of electoral participation are examined through variations in political exposure within families, offspring's social engagement in the host country, and the socioeconomic status of the family. We base our analysis on data from the German TwinLife study, comparing majority adolescents with first-generation, second-generation and 2.5th generation immigrants using a genetically sensitive multilevel research design. Focusing on electoral participation, we find that within-family transmission is disrupted for second-generation and 2.5-generation immigrants, whereas there is no difference between native citizens and first-generation immigrants. Taken together, within-family political exposure, social engagement and socioeconomic status only weakly explain the observed gap in intergenerational transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jewish-Moroccan dialect of Tafilalet constitutes a fascinating element of the rich linguistic and cultural diversity of Morocco. Rooted in the millennia-old history of Jewish communities in the country, this dialect vividly demonstrates the multiplicity of languages within the kingdom. This article delves into the origins and evolution of this dialect, highlighting its distinctive linguistic features in an attempt to focus special attention on the Judeo-Arabic dialect specific to the Tafilalt region. This linguistic variant, rich in history and cultural nuances, deserves to be fully recognised and preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: DNA methylation plays a crucial role in mammalian development. While methylome changes acquired in the parental genomes are believed to be erased by epigenetic reprogramming, accumulating evidence suggests that methylome changes in sperm caused by environmental factors are involved in the disease phenotypes of the offspring. These findings imply that acquired sperm methylome changes are transferred to the embryo after epigenetic reprogramming. However, our understanding of this process remains incomplete. Our previous study showed that arsenic exposure of F0 pregnant mice paternally increased tumor incidence in F2 offspring. The sperm methylome of arsenic-exposed F1 males exhibited characteristic features, including enrichment of hypomethylated cytosines at the promoters of retrotransposons LINEs and LTRs. Hypomethylation of retrotransposons is potentially detrimental. Determining whether these hypomethylation changes in sperm are transferred to the embryo is important in confirming the molecular pathway of intergenerational transmission of paternal effects of arsenic exposure. Results: We investigated the methylome of F2 male embryos after epigenetic reprogramming by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) and allele-specific analysis. To do so, embryos were obtained by crossing control or gestationally arsenic-exposed F1 males (C3H/HeN strain) with control females (C57BL/6 strain). The results revealed that the methylome of F2 embryos in the arsenic group was globally hypomethylated and enriched for hypomethylated cytosines in certain genomic regions, including LTR and LINE, as observed in F1 sperm of the arsenic group. Unexpectedly, the characteristic methylome features were detected not only in the paternal genome but also in the maternal genome of embryos. Furthermore, these methylation changes were found to rarely occur at the same positions between F1 sperm and F2 embryos. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that the characteristics of arsenic-induced methylome changes in F1 sperm are reproduced in both the paternal and maternal genomes of post-epigenetic reprogramming embryos. Furthermore, the results suggest that this re-establishment is achieved in collaboration with other factors that mediate region-specific methylation changes. These results also highlight the possibility that arsenic-induced sperm methylome changes could contribute to the development of disease predisposition in offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Numerous studies have investigated the associations between the home literacy environment (HLE) and children's word reading skills. However, these associations may partly reflect shared genetic factors since parents provide both the reading environment and their child's genetic predisposition to reading. Hence, the relationship between the HLE and children's reading is genetically confounded. To address this, parents' reading abilities have been suggested as a covariate, serving as a proxy for genetic transmission. The few studies that have incorporated this covariate control have made no distinction between the HLE reported by each parent or controlled for different skills in parents and children. We predicted children's reading development over time by the reading abilities of both parents as covariates and both parents' self‐reported HLE as predictors.We analyzed data from 242 unrelated children, 193 mothers, and 144 fathers. Children's word reading was assessed in Grades 1 and 3, and parents' word reading was assessed on a single occasion. Predictors of children's reading development included literacy resources and shared reading activities.Children's reading in Grade 3 was predicted by mothers' engagement in reading activities and by literacy resources at home, even after controlling for the genetic proxy of parental reading abilities. The longitudinal rate of change from Grades 1 to 3 was not associated with the HLE or parental reading.Our finding that parental reading skills predicted children's word reading beyond children's initial word reading underscores the importance of considering genetic confounding in research on the home environment. Beyond parental reading abilities, children's skills were predicted by literacy resources in the home and by how often mothers engage in reading activities with their children. This suggests true environmental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a family decision-making model to analyze the theoretical mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of risk attitudes and validates the theoretical findings using 2010-2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data. This paper finds that parent and child risk attitudes converge when parents and children choose similar decision paths. Empirical evidence shows that: (1) There is a significant intergenerational transmission of risk attitudes in the Chinese sample. Specifically, there is a 37.4% transmission of parents' risk attitudes to their children through the genetic channel and the transmission channel. (2) The intergenerational transmission phenomenon still exists after excluding family background factors, major family shocks, and parental preferences for children. (3) The intergenerational transmission of risk attitudes will be affected by income, parents' education levels, and household register. (4) There are cross-country differences in the intergenerational transmission of risk attitudes, with the coefficient of risk attitude transmission for the Chinese sample being 56.57% higher than that for the U. S. sample. This difference can help explain the phenomenon that the stock price adjustment stickiness in China is higher than that in the United States. With China's economic development, the intergenerational transmission of the risk structure of the financial market will weaken and the uncertainty of the capital market will increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This mixed-methods study investigates how Pontic Greeks in Western Macedonia, Greece, preserve and adapt their culinary traditions amid modern challenges. Employing survey questionnaires (n = 390), interviews, and participant observation, we explored sociodemographic attributes, lifestyle factors, and food preferences. Statistical and thematic analyses revealed a strong preference for traditional delicacies, such as pisia (a type of pancake) and tanomenon sorva (yogurt soup), alongside a notable shift from butter to olive oil driven by health considerations. Qualitative findings underscored the deep cultural and emotional significance of these foods, revealing themes such as intergenerational knowledge transmission, urbanization’s impact, and the dual role of heritage and convenience in shaping food choices. Integrated data analysis revealed a convergence regarding the importance of preserving culinary traditions in the face of societal change, illustrating the dynamic nature of Pontic Greek gastronomy. This study demonstrates how personal, cultural, environmental, and societal factors influence the maintenance and evolution of these culinary practices.

The article addresses the intergenerational transmission of a middle-class lifestyle in Poland. The analysis demonstrates mechanisms through which cultural practices are inherited in the context of leisure activities. The following categories of leisure activities were identified as being of particular interest: 1) passions, that is, the most pronounced leisure interests, including sport, 2) travel, 3) various forms of cultural participation, such as reading, visual and performing arts, or audiovisual content. The innovative research plan included reanalysis, revisits, and new in-depth interviews. The findings are based on a substantial corpus of qualitative empirical material, comprising 66 individual in-depth interviews. This material covers interviews conducted approximately twenty years before my research, new interviews with the same participants conducted subsequently, and interviews with their adult children. The aforementioned methodological procedures permitted comparisons over time and between generations. Middle-class parents proactively transmit values and practices to their children that are instrumental in maintaining their children’s social status. The effort to format lifestyle messages has significant implications for the long-term viability of this social structure segment in Poland. The analyses conducted indicate the cultural identity of the middle class and the stability of values and practices enacted in non-work and non-educational leisure time. Consequently, they are expected to yield tangible benefits in the professional and educational domains for subsequent generations. This represents the anticipated return on investment in leisure time for middle-class children.

Drawing upon the literatures in information privacy, developmental psychology, and family science, this research investigates how parental online privacy concerns can be passed on to adolescents and affect their self-disclosure on social networking sites. We propose that parental privacy concerns decrease adolescents' self-disclosure both directly (i.e., compliance) and indirectly through adolescents' privacy concerns (i.e., internalization) and that such effects are moderated by parent-child privacy dissonance, parental internet evaluative mediation, and adolescents' gender. To test the research model, we collected matched parent-child data from 726 families in China. The results show the indirect effect of parental privacy concerns on adolescents' self-disclosure via their influence on adolescents' privacy concerns. In addition, parent-child privacy dissonance weakens the effect of adolescents' privacy concerns on selfdisclosure. The extent to which parents employ internet evaluative mediation to guide adolescents' online activities reinforces the effect of parental privacy concerns on adolescents' privacy concerns. Statistical analyses further revealed that the mediating effect of adolescents' privacy concerns is weakened by parent-child privacy dissonance but strengthened by internet evaluative mediation. We also found that parental privacy concerns affect sons and daughters through different paths, especially when parents employ high internet evaluative mediation. Under high internet evaluative mediation, parental privacy concerns affect sons' self-disclosure primarily through an indirect path (via sons' privacy concerns), but influence daughters' self-disclosure both directly and indirectly via daughters' privacy concerns. We conclude by discussing theoretical contributions and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much literature in the US documents an intergenerational transmission of birthing person and perinatal morbidity in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. A separate line of work indicates that family cash transfers may improve life chances of low-income families well into adulthood. By exploiting a quasi-random natural experiment of a large family cash transfer among a southeastern American Indian (AI) tribe in rural North Carolina, we examine whether a perturbation in socioeconomic status during childhood improves birthing person/perinatal outcomes when they become parents themselves. We acquired birth records on 6805 AI and non-AI infants born from 1995 to 2018. Regression methods to examine effect modification tested whether the birthing persons American Indian (AI) status and exposure to the family cash transfer during their childhood years corresponds with improvements in birthing person and perinatal outcomes. Findings show an increase in age at childbearing (coef: 0.15 years, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05, 0.25) and a decrease in pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI; coef: -0.42, 95% CI: -0.76, -0.09) with increased duration of cash transfer exposure during childhood. The odds of large-for-gestational age at delivery, as well as mean infant birthweight, is also reduced among AI births whose birthing person had relatively longer duration of exposure to the cash transfer. We, however, observe no relation with other birthing person/perinatal outcomes (e.g., tobacco use during pregnancy, preterm birth). In this rural AI population, cash transfers in one generation correspond with improved birthing person and infant health in the next generation.

Abstract Background Offspring of parents with a mental disorder are at high risk of a range of adverse outcomes, highlighting the need for preventive interventions. However, a comprehensive overview of the beneficial and harmful effects of preventive interventions for parents with mental disorders on offspring outcomes are uncertain. The main objective of this systematic review will be to assess the effects of preventive interventions versus any control intervention for parents with a mental disorder on offspring outcomes. Methods/design We will conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis and report it as recommended by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), bias will be assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool-version 2 (ROB2), an eight-step procedure will be used to assess if the thresholds for clinical significance are crossed, trial sequential analysis will be conducted to control for random errors, and the certainty of the evidence will be assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. To identify relevant trials, we will search for published trials in several electronic databases from their inception to the present. We will also search for unpublished trials and grey literature. Two review authors will independently screen the articles, extract data, and perform a risk of bias assessment. We will include any published or unpublished randomized clinical trial comparing a psychological preventive intervention versus any control intervention for parents with any mental disorder. The primary outcomes will be quality of life and incidence of a mental disorder. Secondary outcomes will include internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, serious adverse events, out-of-home placement, and absence from school or daycare. Exploratory outcomes include trauma, socioemotional development, and language development. All outcomes will be assessed in offsping only. Discussion There is an urgent need for a comprehensive, updated systematic review of the beneficial and harmful effects of preventive interventions for children of parents with a mental disorder. The findings of this systematic review are expected to provide evidence-based information for policymakers, clinicians, and researchers to help them make informed decisions about the most effective interventions and guide future research for this highly prevalent population. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42023463421.

The role of gender stereotypes in students' academic performance attracts increasing attention among economists. In this paper, we explore how gender stereotypes among parents can affect students' maths performance. Using the data on junior high school students from the China Education Panel Survey, we find that when parents believe boys to be better than girls in maths, such a gender stereotype results in perceived difficulty in maths and poor maths performance among girls. Parental gender stereotyping does not change their allocation of educational resources, but rather shapes girls' gender stereotypes and thereby lowers their academic performance. In contrast, we do not find any significantly negative effects of parental gender role stereotypes among boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are robust predictors of mental health for both the exposed individual and the next generation; however, the pathway through which such intergenerational risk is conferred remains unknown. The current study evaluated the association between maternal ACEs and infant brain development, including an a priori focus on circuits implicated in emotional and sensory processing. The sample included 101 mother-infant dyads from a longitudinal study. Maternal ACEs were assessed with the Adverse Childhood Questionnaire dichotomized into low (0 or 1) and high (≥2) groups. White matter microstructure, as indexed by fractional anisotropy (FA), was assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging in infants (41.6–46.0 weeks' postconceptional age) within a priori tracts (the cingulum, fornix, uncinate, inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, and inferior longitudinal fasciculus). Exploratory analyses were also conducted across the whole brain. High maternal ACEs (≥2) were associated with decreased infant left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) FA (F (1,94) = 7.78, p <.006) relative to infants of low ACE mothers. No group difference was observed within the right ILF following correction for multiple comparisons (F (1,95) = 4.29, p <.041). Follow-up analyses within the left ILF demonstrated associations between high maternal ACEs and increased left radial diffusivity (F (1,95) = 5.10, p <.006). Exploratory analyses demonstrated preliminary support for differences in visual processing networks (e.g., optic tract) as well as additional circuits less frequently examined in the context of early life adversity exposure (e.g., corticothalamic tract). Maternal ACEs predict neural circuit development of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Findings suggest that early developing sensory circuits within the infant brain are susceptible to maternal adverse childhood experiences and may have implications for the maturation of higher-order emotional and cognitive circuits. • We assessed maternal adverse childhood experiences on infant white matter development. • Among 101 infants we measured white matter microstructure using fractional anisotropy. • Maternal ACEs predicted lower inferior longitudinal fasciculus fractional anisotropy. • Sensory circuitry development within the infant brain is susceptible to maternal ACEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the Panel Study of Family Dynamics to investigate the relationship between leaving home to study and gender role attitudes. Subjects in the second generation are linked to their parents to construct our data set. We found leaving home is relevant to gender role attitudes. Moreover, leaving home for college, not for high school, is more important to gender role attitudes. We also found that adult children from conservative families became more gender egalitarian when they left home. Men who leave home for college are more gender egalitarian. Unmarried, young and highly educated women and adult children whose parents are gender egalitarian and highly educated are more likely to be gender egalitarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this reflective piece is to explore the under‐recognised contribution of shame to disorganising attachment–caregiving relationships. The first hypothesis is that 'shame without solution' is a part of a core and enduring emotional wound central to relational trauma in infancy and associated attachment disorganisation. The second is that dominance and submission hierarchies, order and control are potent defensive adaptations employed to stabilise 'shame without solution'. Children exhibiting profoundly disturbed behaviours, stemming from intergenerational cycles of trauma and distress, are disproportionately represented in child protection, intensive family support and child mental health services. Despite being set up to support these children and their families, the most distressed mothers too often disengage, feeling blamed even by compassionate therapists who work hard not to alienate them. If the mothers disengage, the mothers and their children are left without professional support. Arising out of this theoretical work are recommendations that support constructive and effective working relationships with these families, originally articulated in Parallel Parent and Child Therapy (P‐PACT; Chambers et al., 2006). The first recommendation is to provide mothers with the support that we want the mother to give the child. This means meticulously avoiding reinforcing the negative self‐view typical of these mothers. The second recommendation is to prioritise empathy for the mother and the mother–child relationship early in treatment. For many practitioners, this second recommendation will conflict with their natural desire to prioritise empathy for the child, especially when the mother's capacity to do so is compromised. Experience and theory support the adoption of these recommendations to avoid perceived blame of the mother (and all members of the family), a critical shift to establishing engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental depression is a well-established risk factor for depression in offspring. This intergenerational transmission involves a diverse array of mechanisms, both familial and environmental, working at different levels to increase depression in offspring. To identify modifiable mechanisms for depression among this heterogeneity, recent work has turned to neurobiological measures as more proximal indicators of risk. Indeed, there is emerging evidence that one point of convergence for multiple proposed mechanisms of intergenerational transmission may be the effect they have on the developing brain. In this narrative review, we discuss research that has examined associations between familial and environmental influences and offspring brain function, focusing specifically on direct neural measures of cognitive control, motivation, and affective processing. We first survey evidence indicating that genes, gestational stress, parenting, and stress exposure are associated with alterations in these neural measures from infancy to young adulthood. We then present a preliminary conceptual model outlining the roles of altered neural indices of cognitive control, motivation, and affective processing in pathways from parental depression to offspring depression and discuss future research avenues addressing limitations of the existing research. Finally, we conclude by discussing the potential of this research to inform the development of targeted preventive interventions aimed at disrupting the intergenerational transmission of depression. Public Significance Statement: A family history of depression is one of the strongest predictors of the development of depression, but the mechanisms by which risk is transmitted intergenerationally are diverse. One point of convergence for many proposed mechanisms for intergenerational transmission is the effect they have on the developing brain. This article discusses efforts to identify potentially modifiable final common pathways for these different mechanisms to inform preventative treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a half‐century of scholarship devoted to explicating and disrupting the intergenerational transmission of family violence, it remains a prominent and destructive social force in the United States. Theoretical models have posited a variety of historical and concurrent risk and protective factors implicated in the trajectory from childhood violence exposure to adult perpetration. Using a second‐generation model of intimate partner violence (IPV), we integrated social learning and attachment conceptualizations to examine pathways from family‐of‐origin violence to IPV perpetration among adult men. A sample of mixed‐sex couples (N = 233) completed self‐report measures related to social learning and attachment‐based factors (e.g., violence in past relationships, child exposure, IPV attitudes, adult attachment) and participated in a 10‐min conversation about a desired area for change in their relationship. Following, each partner participated in a video‐mediated‐recall procedure assessing their anger volatility and eliciting attributions of their partners' behavior. We tested mediation pathways (consistent with social learning and attachment theories) between violence in men's families of origin and their adult IPV perpetration as a function of relationship satisfaction. The proposed model fit the data well (CFI = 0.95) but had notable modifications from the hypothesized model. Generally, social‐learning pathways were more consistent with the data. Relationship satisfaction interacted with some parameters. Results support theoretical advances in understanding IPV. Although exposure to violence in men's family of origin confers risk for later IPV, and a social learning developmental pathway is consistent with results, some of these effects are altered by relationship context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dr. Dante Cicchetti's pioneering theory and research on developmental psychopathology have been fundamental to the proliferation of research on intergenerational transmission over the last 40 years. In part due to this foundation, much has been learned about continuities and discontinuities in child maltreatment, attachment, parenting, and psychopathology across generations. Looking towards the future, we propose that this field stands to benefit from a prospective, three-generation approach. Specifically, following established prospective, longitudinal cohorts of children over their transition to parenting the next generation will afford the opportunity to investigate the developmental origins of intergenerational transmission. This approach also can address key outstanding questions and methodological limitations in the extant literature related to the confounding of retrospective and prospective measures; examination of mediators and moderators; and investigation of the roles of biology, environment, and their interplay. After considering these advantages, we offer several considerations and recommendations for future research, many of which are broadly applicable to the study of two or more generations. We hope that this discussion will inspire the leveraging of existing prospective cohorts to carry forward Dr. Cicchetti's remarkable contributions, with the ultimate aim to inform the development of preventions and interventions that disrupt deleterious intergenerational cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I highlight core ideas, empirical findings, and advances in the study of how stress during pregnancy may prenatally program child neurodevelopmental, psychopathological, and health outcomes, emphasizing reviews, metanalyses, and recent contributions of conceptual and empirical work. The article offers a perspective on the history of this area of science, the underrecognized contributions of influential scholars from diverse fields of study, what we know from the evidence to date, the persistent challenges in sorting through what is left to learn, and suggestions for future research. I include sections focused on promoting resilience, pregnancy interventions that demonstrate positive effects across two generations, and the translational implications of the accruing data for practice and policy, highlighting opportunities for integrating across a range of fields and sectors. In the concluding sections, I discuss lessons learned from conducting this work and provide a closing summary of progress and future directions. The goal of this writing was to provide a viewpoint on some ways that emerging intergenerational transmission scholars might responsibly contribute to the future of the field of developmental psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the intergenerational transmission of utilitarian and deontological inclinations, examining whether these pass from parents to adult children and exploring the potential moderating effects of parenting style and intergenerational involvement in this process. Background: Family factors, including religious norms and work values, influence moral development, but the intergenerational transmission of two moral inclinations—utilitarianism (emphasizing consequences, e.g., sacrificing one person to save five) and deontology (emphasizing intrinsic norms, e.g., refraining from intentionally harming the innocent)—remains underexplored. Method: We measured these inclinations in 171 parent–adult child pairs using a moral decision thought experiment and questionnaires on parenting style and intergenerational involvement. Results: Positive correlations emerged between parents and adult children for both inclinations. "Emotional warmth" in parenting style and intergenerational involvement showed significant negative moderating effects on the transmission of utilitarianism between generations. Conclusion: This study provides empirical evidence of intergenerational transmission of moral inclinations. Higher emotional warmth and increased intergenerational involvement inhibit the transmission of utilitarian inclinations, leading to reduced prioritization of better consequences. Implications: Enhanced emotional warmth and greater intergenerational involvement by parents can deter the transmission of utilitarian inclinations among adult children, prioritizing adherence to intrinsic norms over intentional harm for greater benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How family background affects students' fields of study across different historical periods in China is not well studied. Post 1949, China explicitly prioritized specific industrial sectors when allocating resources, creating an especially strong reason to expect that the industrial sector in which a parent was employed might strongly influence a child's educational outcomes and career aspirations. Using data from the school registration records of 51,801 students who entered an elite regional university from 1952 through 2002, this study is the first to examine the role of parents' industrial sectors in predicting children's fields of study and the temporal patterns of this association. Applying multinomial logistic regression and the log-multiplicative layer effect model, we found that parents' industrial sectors predicted children's fields of study independent of parents' broad categories of occupation. The strength of the association was particularly strong during the Cultural Revolution and post-market transition periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: School engagement is a positive, malleable aspect of youth functioning that may be influenced by familial factors. Both risk and protective factors may affect youth's school engagement. Objective: Utilizing an intergenerational transmission of risk framework, the current study examined how maternal factors (i.e., maternal psychopathology, maternal trauma history, maternal education) and youth factors (i.e., social support) relate to school engagement. Methods: Participants were 117 youth of color aged 8–13 years (Mage = 9.96, SD = 1.40), 51% female, 89% Black or African American and their female primary caregivers; all families had experienced adversity. Using a single-group, cross-sectional design, hierarchical linear regression models examined direct and interactive effects. The first block included maternal psychopathology (i.e., anxiety or depression), maternal trauma history, maternal education, and child social support. The second block added the interaction between maternal psychopathology and child social support. Results: Results revealed a direct, positive relation between child social support and school engagement. Social support also moderated the association between maternal anxiety and school engagement; for individuals with extremely low social support, higher maternal anxiety was related to lower school engagement. Conclusions: Results illustrate the value of an intergenerational approach to exploring how maternal factors have implications for youth functioning. Findings also highlight the importance of social support among families of color exposed to adversity. Limitations include the cross-sectional design; thus, future research would benefit from longitudinal examination of maternal and child factors related to school engagement to assess temporal and directional effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Context Both assisted reproductive technology (ART) and obesity are associated with adverse cardiometabolic alterations in offspring. However, the combined effects of paternal obesity and ART on offspring cardiometabolic health are still unclear. Objective To clarify cardiometabolic changes in offspring of obese fathers conceived using ART. This was a retrospective cohort study conducted between June 2014 and October 2019 at a center for reproductive medicine. A total of 2890 singleton visits aged 4-10 years were followed. Age-and sex-specific z-score of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid profile were examined. Results We observed a strong association between paternal BMI categories and offspring BMI, blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Compared with offspring of fathers with normal weight, multivariable-adjusted mean differences for BMI z-score were 0.53 (95% CI 0.37-0.68) for obese fathers, 0.17 (95% CI 0.05-0.30) for overweight fathers, and −0.55 (95% CI −0.95–0.15) for underweight fathers; corresponding values for systolic blood pressure z-score were 0.21(95% CI 0.07-0.35), 0.10 (95% CI −0.01-0.21), and −0.24 (95% CI −0.59-0.11), and corresponding values for homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance z-score were 0.31 (95% CI 0.16-0.46), 0.09 (95% CI −0.02-0.21), and −0.11 (95% CI −0.48-0.28), respectively. The mediation analyses suggested that 57.48% to 94.75% of the associations among paternal obesity and offspring cardiometabolic alterations might be mediated by offspring BMI. Conclusion Paternal obesity was associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile in ART-conceived offspring. Mediation analyses indicated that offspring BMI was a possible mediator of the association between paternal obesity and the offspring impaired metabolic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Offspring of parents with a mental disorder are at high risk of a range of adverse outcomes, highlighting the need for preventive interventions. However, a comprehensive overview of the beneficial and harmful effects of preventive interventions for parents with mental disorders on offspring outcomes are uncertain. The main objective of this systematic review will be to assess the effects of preventive interventions versus any control intervention for parents with a mental disorder on offspring outcomes. Methods/design: We will conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis and report it as recommended by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), bias will be assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool-version 2 (ROB2), an eight-step procedure will be used to assess if the thresholds for clinical significance are crossed, trial sequential analysis will be conducted to control for random errors, and the certainty of the evidence will be assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. To identify relevant trials, we will search for published trials in several electronic databases from their inception to the present. We will also search for unpublished trials and grey literature. Two review authors will independently screen the articles, extract data, and perform a risk of bias assessment. We will include any published or unpublished randomized clinical trial comparing a psychological preventive intervention versus any control intervention for parents with any mental disorder. The primary outcomes will be quality of life and incidence of a mental disorder. Secondary outcomes will include internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, serious adverse events, out-of-home placement, and absence from school or daycare. Exploratory outcomes include trauma, socioemotional development, and language development. All outcomes will be assessed in offsping only. Discussion: There is an urgent need for a comprehensive, updated systematic review of the beneficial and harmful effects of preventive interventions for children of parents with a mental disorder. The findings of this systematic review are expected to provide evidence-based information for policymakers, clinicians, and researchers to help them make informed decisions about the most effective interventions and guide future research for this highly prevalent population. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42023463421. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to examine the transfer of informality from mothers to daughters in a group of women who get financial help from a community aid and social development foundation. By administering a questionnaire to a cohort of 1156 female microentrepreneurs in Chile throughout 2021, the findings reveal that having a mother who was employed in the informal sector is linked to a 27% higher likelihood of being engaged in informal economic activities, compared to individuals whose mothers were part of the formal economy. Furthermore, compelling data is presented regarding the significance of education and the adverse impact of parenthood on women. The outcomes yield significant contributions in terms of theory, practice, and particularly public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric irritability is a pervasive psychiatric symptom, yet its etiology remains elusive. While trauma exposure may contribute to the development of irritability, empirical research is limited. This study examined the prevalence of irritability among trauma‐exposed children, identified factors that differentiate trauma‐exposed children with and without irritability, and employed a network analysis to uncover associations between irritability and trauma exposure in the family unit. Methods: Sample included 676 children (56.3% male, mean age = 9.67 ± 3.7 years) and their parents referred by the Connecticut Department of Children and Families to Fathers for Change – a psychotherapy intervention designed to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment. Child's trauma exposure, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and irritability were assessed pre‐intervention using self‐ and caregiver‐report. Parents self‐reported their childhood and adulthood trauma exposures, PTSD symptoms, irritability, psychopathology, and IPV. Results: Across caregiver‐ and child‐reports, 16%–17% of children exhibited irritability. Irritable children experienced greater trauma exposure, interpersonal violence, emotional abuse, and PTSD severity. They had caregivers, particularly mothers, with greater trauma histories, IPV, and psychopathology. Network analysis revealed 10 nodes directly correlated to child's irritability including child's PTSD severity, parental IPV (specifically psychological violence), and parental psychopathology. Conclusions: Results provide initial empirical evidence that pediatric irritability is linked to trauma exposure, suggesting trauma histories be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of irritability. Interventions addressing caregiver trauma, IPV, and psychopathology may ameliorate pediatric irritability. Future studies could benefit from adopting network approaches with longitudinal or time series data to elucidate causality and points of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 50% of children with a parent with severe mental illness will develop mental illness by early adulthood. However, intergenerational transmission of risk for mental illness in one's children is insufficiently considered in clinical practice, nor is it sufficiently utilised into diagnostics and care for children of ill parents. This leads to delays in diagnosing young offspring and missed opportunities for protective actions and resilience strengthening. Prior twin, family, and adoption studies suggest that the aetiology of mental illness is governed by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, potentially mediated by changes in epigenetic programming and brain development. However, how these factors ultimately materialise into mental disorders remains unclear. Here, we present the FAMILY consortium, an interdisciplinary, multimodal (e.g., (epi)genetics, neuroimaging, environment, behaviour), multilevel (e.g., individual-level, family-level), and multisite study funded by a European Union Horizon-Staying-Healthy-2021 grant. FAMILY focuses on understanding and prediction of intergenerational transmission of mental illness, using genetically informed causal inference, multimodal normative prediction, and animal modelling. Moreover, FAMILY applies methods from social sciences to map social and ethical consequences of risk prediction to prepare clinical practice for future implementation. FAMILY aims to deliver: (i) new discoveries clarifying the aetiology of mental illness and the process of resilience, thereby providing new targets for prevention and intervention studies; (ii) a risk prediction model within a normative modelling framework to predict who is at risk for developing mental illness; and (iii) insight into social and ethical issues related to risk prediction to inform clinical guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to date, the systemic mechanisms that explain the intergenerational transmission of familial dysfunction remain theoretically and empirically unclear. Hence, this study examines the intergenerational transmission of relational and intrapersonal dysfunction and their collective effect on the psychological adjustment of third-generation children through the lens of Bowen family systems theory. Lithuanian parents (N = 348; M age = 40.66; range 26–59) of children aged six to ten years cross-sectionally reported on their differentiation of self (DoS), emotional and relational dynamics within their family-of-origin and nuclear family, and the psychological adjustment of their child of greatest concern. Structural equation modeling and mediation analyses findings offered empirical support to Bowen theory, highlighting that family-of-origin dysfunction is associated with nuclear family intrapersonal and relational dysfunction, and ultimately with third-generation's psychological maladjustment. Results demonstrated that a poor family-of-origin emotional system appears to contribute, via triangulation processes, to reduced DoS in adult children. The reduced DoS appears to perpetuate intergenerational triangulation, and to negatively impact couple relationship and co-parenting functioning within the nuclear family. In contrast to triangulation, couple dysfunction was found to predict poorer psychological adjustment in third-generation offspring. This study advances family systems theory by (i) examining the prominent role of triangulation and DoS within the intergenerational transmission process, (ii) highlighting the potential differential impact of a negative nuclear family emotional system on children through triangulation, and (iii) clarifying the potential role of spousal relationship satisfaction and co-parenting in mediating the relationship between parental DoS and offspring's psychological adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]