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In 1967 IBM (International Business Machines) commissioned Henri Cartier-Bresson to produce a portfolio of photographs depicting human relationships with technology around the world. These images, ...

espanolLa presente investigacion parte de la hipotesis de que los gobiernos de America Latina y el Caribe estan rezagados en la construccion de ciber capacidades de defensa para enfrentar el contexto actual e internacional de ciber amenazas, respecto a los paises miembros de la Organizacion del Tratado del Atlantico Norte(OTAN), tanto en el plano de organizacion, como en el individual. Para probar este enunciado el texto se divide en seis secciones. En la primera se presenta el entorno global amenazas provenientes de ciberespacio, las perdidas economicas que sufren gobiernos y empresas segun informes de firmas de seguridad informatica como Kaspersky, Microsoft, Verizon e International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). En la segunda parte, se aborda el proceso de securitizacion del internet, la inmersion de la ciberseguridad en los estudios de seguridad nacional, asi como la definicion de ciber capacidades y delimitacion de amenazas al Estado-Nacion desde el ciberespacio. En la tercera se aborda la trayectoria de la OTAN como organizacion en el desarrollo cibercapacidades en los ultimos veinte anos. En la cuarta parte, se analiza desde el nivel individual un conjunto de Estrategias Nacionales de Ciberseguridad (ENCS) de los paises y aliados de la OTAN, de las cuales se extraen sus principales elementos y se esquematiza su anatomia general. En la sexta parte, se presenta una aproximacion a diferentes entornos regionales o globales de ciberseguridad con base a mediciones del Global Cybersecurity Index(GCI), de la Union Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (ITU por sus siglas en ingles),y el National Cyber Security Index(NSCI)de la E-Governance Academy de Estonia. En la quinta seccion se presenta el contexto de la ciberseguridad en America Latina y el Caribe, segun estudios realizados por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo(BID)y la Organizacion de los Estados Americanos(OEA), asi como firmas privadas de ciberseguridad. En la sexta, se presenta de manera breve dos estudios de caso de Mexico, del bienio 2019-2020, que representan la falta de madurez de su ENCS y desarrollo de ciber capacidades, aspecto que comparte con la mayoria de los paises de America Latina y el Caribe. Por ultimo, se presentan unas breves conclusiones sobre los aspectos a fortalecer por la region. EnglishThis research is based on the hypothesis that the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean are lagging behind in the construction of cyber defense capabilities to face the international context of cyber threats, with respect to the member countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), both in the organizational plan, as in the individual. To prove this statement, the text is divided into six sections. The firstpartpresents the global environmentof cyber threats, the economic losses suffered by governments and companies according to reports from information security firms such as Kaspersky, Microsoft, Verizon and International Business Machines Corporation(IBM). The second partpresents the internet securitization process, the immersion of cybersecurity in national security studies, andthe definition of cyber capabilities and the delimitation of threats to the Nation-State from cyberspace are addressed. The third part showsthe trajectory of NATO as an organization in the developmentof cyber capabilities in the last twenty years. In the fourth part, a set of National Cybersecurity Strategies (ENCS) of NATO countries and allies is analyzed from the individual level, from which their main elements are extracted and their general anatomy is outlined. In the sixth part, an approach to different regional or global cybersecurity environments is presented based on measurements of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and the National CyberSecurity Index (NSCI) of the Estonian E-Governance Academy. The fifth section presents the context of cybersecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to studies madeby the Inter-American Development Bank(IDB)and the Organization of AmericanStates(OAS), as well as private cybersecurity firms. In the sixth, two case studies of Mexico, from the 2019-2020, are briefly presented, which represent the lack of maturity of its ENCS and development of cyber capabilities, an aspect that it shares with most of the countries of Latin America and Caribbean. Finally, brief conclusions are presented on the aspects to be strengthened by the region.

Bernard J. Miller, MD, ScD. (Hon), FACS, is known as a critical contributor for his work in the John H. Gibbon, MD, laboratory for his work on the heart-lung machine (HLM). In this setting, Dr. Miller developed the fluid control servo system, which was necessary to prevent malfunctioning of the HLM and prevent air emboli. Additionally, Dr. Miller assisted in conceiving and testing the left ventricular vent, the positive-negative pressure ventilator, and the HLM oxygenator; these inventions were all the product of extensive collaboration between the International Business Machines Corporation and the members of Dr. Gibbon's laboratory. Furthermore, Dr. Miller was a surgical assistant and perfusionist in the first successful open-heart surgery. Herein, we seek to describe Dr. Miller's story and his contributions to the HLM, as well as the contributions that were developed by the laboratory at that time. Additionally, we describe critical events leading up to the first successful use of the HLM on May 6, 1953, including a previously unreported use of the HLM for partial bypass of the right heart at Pennsylvania Hospital in 1952. Finally, we present the rest of Dr. Miller's professional and personal successes after his work on the HLM ended.

“Blue brain” is the first virtual brain in the world. It is a computer that functions similarly to the human brain. The Blue Brain Project began developing the neocortical pillar in July 2005 in collaboration with EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne), Professor Henry Markram of the Brain Mind Institute, and IBM (International Business Machines). Scientists are currently researching the development of an artificial brain that can think, react, decide and remember something. With technology advances, people should still be retained as the ultimate source of knowledge and exploration. In other words, people don't live for thousands of years, but they could save and use knowledge in their minds for several thousand years. Blue brain is the useful technology in this operation. The key objective is to upload the human brain. It can be used for human society's growth.

Background: Adherence to medication is important for control of blood pressure (BP) and prevention of its complications. Identifying factors which improve adherence to treatment helps in improving cardiovascular outcome. Aim: The aim is to study the adherence of hypertensive patients to medication using modified medication adherence scale (MMAS). Materials and Methods: This study was done as a cross-sectional study in the Department of General medicine in Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, from May 2017 to October 2017. All adult patients of both sexes diagnosed to have hypertension were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Adherence to hypertension was assessed using MMAS and results were analyzed. SPSS 22 software (International Business Machines Corporation, Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY) was used for statistical purposes. Results: A total of 150 patients were included in the study. There were 83 males and 67 females in the study. Good adherence was observed in 74 (49%) out of the total 150. Forty-nine (59%) males and 25 (37%) females were found adherent to treatment. Patients with monotherapy had a good adherence compared to those with polytherapy. Patients with good adherence had a good control of BP. Conclusion: MMAS is a simple and useful tool for assessing medication adherence among hypertensive patients.

Parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV+) are a key component of inhibitory networks in the brain and are known to modulate memory and learning by shaping network activity. The mechanisms of PV+ neuron generation and maintenance are not fully understood, yet current evidence suggests that signalling via the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor GFR alpha 1 positively modulates the migration and differentiation of PV+ interneurons in the cortex. Whether GDNF also regulates PV+ cells in the hippocampus is currently unknown. In this study, we utilized a Gdnf "hypermorph" mouse model where GDNF is overexpressed from the native gene locus, providing greatly increased spatial and temporal specificity of protein expression over established models of ectopic expression. Gdnf(wt/hyper) mice demonstrated impairments in long-term memory performance in the Morris water maze test and an increase in inhibitory tone in the hippocampus measured electrophysiologically in acute brain slice preparations. Increased PV+ cell number was confirmed immunohistochemically in the hippocampus and in discrete cortical areas and an increase in epileptic seizure threshold was observed in vivo. The data consolidate prior evidence for the actions of GDNF as a regulator of PV+ cell development in the cortex and demonstrate functional effects upon network excitability via modulation of functional GABAergic signalling and under epileptic challenge.

In 1972, International Business Machines (IBM), Biomedical Systems Division, introduced the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor as a laboratory instrument for washing fresh, or previously frozen, thawed blood cells for transfusion. The COBE 2991 Cell Processor is a unique centrifugal system which incorporates a flexible membrane that allows the user to remove fluids from the sterile disposable, while it is spinning. The operation of the instrument may be in an automatic mode, through the use of a program board, or in the manual mode. Electronic pinch valves control the movement of fluids in and out of the bowl through sterile tubing. A fully integrated disposable set includes a preattached processing bag, sometimes referred to as a “donut” due to its shape, which fits into the centrifuge bowl. The procedures for bone marrow concentrate with either instrument are similar to white blood cell collection.

Objective The systematic review aimed to determine demographic characteristics, clinical features, lab evaluation, management and complications of the studies focusing on Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) as a sequele of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection. Methods After protocol registration, PubMed, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINHAL) databases were searched for relevant articles using MeSH key-words and imported into referencing/review softwares. The data, regarding demographic and clinical characteristics, diagnostic workup and management, was analyzed in International Business Machines (IBM) Statistics SPSS 21. Many statistical tests, such as t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test, were used. P Results We identified 64 relevant articles. The mean age of the patients was 56 ± 16 years; the majority were males (64.9%). Among the neurological findings, paresthesia was the most typical symptom (48.9%). Most of the patients had been diagnosed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (69.2%). Two-third of the patients received immunoglobulins (IVIg) (77.7%). Although functions recovered in most patients, there were four patients with facial diplegia during follow-up (4.26%). Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) was more likely to be associated with paresis of the lower extremity (p Conclusions GBS is being recognized as one of the many presentations of the COVID-19 infection. Although the common form is AIDP that might lead to complications, other variants are possible as well, and more studies are needed to focus on those subvariants.

According to the Q4 2015 financial report of IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), revenue for that quarter marked an 8.5% quarter-on-quarter decrease, making it the 15th consecutive quarter with a quarter-on-quarter decrease in revenue. According to the 2015 annual report, the combined annual revenue was $81.741 billion, down by 11.9% from the previous year, indicating the company’s annual revenue had been going downwards since 2012 (In 2012, IBM’s annual revenue was down by 2.3%).

Background The demand in biobanking for the collection and maintenance of biological specimens and personal data from civilians to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases has increased notably. Despite the advancement, certain issues, specifically those related to privacy and data protection, have been critically discussed. The purposes of this study are to assess the willingness of stakeholders to participate in biobanking and to determine its predictors. Methods A survey of 469 respondents from various stakeholder groups in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia was carried out. Based on previous research, a multi-dimensional instrument measuring willingness to participate in biobanking, and its predictors, was constructed and validated. A single step Structural Equation Modelling was performed to analyse the measurements and structural model using the International Business Machines Corporation Software Package for Social Sciences, Analysis of Moment Structures (IBM SPSS Amos) version 20 with a maximum likelihood function. Results Malaysian stakeholders in the Klang Valley were found to be cautious of biobanks. Although they perceived the biobanks as moderately beneficial (mean score of 4.65) and were moderately willing to participate in biobanking (mean score of 4.10), they professed moderate concern about data and specimen protection issues (mean score of 4.33). Willingness to participate in biobanking was predominantly determined by four direct predictors: specific application-linked perceptions of their benefits (β = 0.35, p

This article explores the industrial sacrifice zone of Endicott, New York, which in 1924 became the birthplace of International Business Machines Corporation and quickly established itself as an in...

In this article, we use extant International Business Machines' internal communications to demonstrate how Boje’s notion of “antenarrative” can serve as a methodology for feminist historiography and as a way of uncovering forgotten and unchallenged systems of power and legitimacy in technical and professional communication. The antenarrative fragments of any official, sanctioned story give us insight into the ways in which power has been distributed throughout an organization and where agency can be claimed in real time. We also see that a methodology that considers the untold and unofficial stories of women in the workplace works to explain current distributions of power. This can be done by investigating the antenarratives that threaten to disrupt the prepackaged grand narrative of organizations; we show this specifically through a case study of International Business Machines' archival memos in contrast with the company’s website and public relations documents.

The idea of isolated organ perfusion, a precursor of cardiopulmonary bypass, came by Legalois in 1812. First isolated organ perfusion was described by Loebell in 1849. The first closed system for oxygenation and returning the blood through arteries was created by Frey and Gruber in 1885. Gibbon Jr. is considered the father of extracorporeal circulation. In spring of 1934 he began constructing a machine for extracorporeal circulation in Boston. He published the first description of this system in 1937. Gibbon won the grant of the International Business Machines Corporation for developing the machine in 1947. Together they developed Model I in 1949 and Model II in 1951. After a few unsuccessful attempts in 1952, the first successful surgical intervention on the heart (closure of atrial septal defect) using cardiopulmonary bypass was performed on May 6, 1953. In 1945, Kirklin and his working group reported on a series of eight successfully treated patients in a row who underwent surgery with extracorporeal circulation. First successful valve surgery under the direct vision was performed by Dodrill in 1952, using his ?Michigan Heart? machine as a right heart bypass. Using cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac surgeons can deal with the complex cardiac pathology and save millions of lives.

Akin to a stowed sailboat, limiting management of chronic illnesses such as idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) to diagnosis, investigations, and drug prescriptions, is like leaving the seas unchartered. The importance of holistic care, including psychological and social support, cannot be overemphasized. In the face of adversity, patients seek refuge in friends and kin for emotional support. In such times, mutual support from others with common experiences has great potential in improving management. In this era of borderless e-communication, online patient communities are paving the road for wholesome and holistic care to bring about a positive change in patients' lives. Through this interview with Amber O'Connor, who not only survived, but conquered IIM over 16 long years, we take you through the oft-ignored realms of patient awareness, education, support communities, the power of being understood, and the transformative effect these little things can have in enriching patients' lives.

Hollerith’s punch card tabulating machine was designed to process the results of the 1890 census in the United States. It used an electric current to sense holes in punched cards, and it kept a running total of the data. The statistics could be recorded by electrically reading and sorting the punched cards, and the results of the census were available in a couple of months rather than years. Hollerith formed the Tabulating Machine Company (the first electric tabulating-machine company) in 1896, and it merged with the International Time Recording Company to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) in 1911. Thomas Watson joined the company in 1914, and the company changed its name to International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924. IBM has been in business for over 100 years and remains a respected leader in the computing field.

The history of the Frontiers in Service Conference and its impact on the service research community was examined by content analyzing each of the 20 conference programs. The results were aggregated and examined for trends regarding program participation on several characteristics, including author, institutional affiliation, country affiliation, and practitioner/academic relationship. Insights regarding the role of the Frontiers Conference in nurturing service knowledge, fostering multinational research collaboration, and bridging the practitioner–academic gap are offered. These findings show strong growth in collaboration across the first 20 years. A total of 57 countries are represented in the data with significant research collaboration across those countries. Also, many corporations are represented in the data, especially International Business Machines (IBM). The value of the Frontiers in Service Conference as a vehicle for encouraging collaboration between service scholars and practitioners globally...

Rick Cnossen, M.S.C.S. (Moderator), Brendan Jorgensen, B.A., Jayanth Krishna, B.E., M.B.A., Clint McClellan, B.S., and Rich Rogers, B.S. President and Chair of the Board of Directors, Continua Health Alliance, Beaverton, Oregon. Director of Personal Health Enabling, Intel Corporation Digital Health Group, Hillsboro, Oregon. Business Development, Lamprey Networks, Inc., Durham, New Hampshire. Product Manager, MindTree Ltd., Bangalore, India. Senior Director of Market Development, Qualcomm, Inc., San Diego, California. Team Lead, Software Group Healthcare Life Sciences Standards, International Business Machines Corp., Armonk, New York.

1. Linda L. Williford Pifer, Ph.D.,SM(ASCP), GS(ABB)[⇑][1] 1. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 2. Kathleen Kenwright, MS, MT,MP(ASCP) SI 1. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 1. Address for Correspondence: Linda L. Williford Pifer, Ph.D., SM(ASCP), GS(ABB) , Professor, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 672, Memphis, TN, 38163, 901-448-6338., lpifer{at}uthsc.edu 1. Discuss the history of nanotechnology. 2. Define nanotechnology. 3. Describe the innovative nature and unique features of nanotechnology. 4. List potential applications of nanotechnology in the coming years. “My own judgment is that the nanotechnology revolution has the potential to change America on a scale equal to, if not greater than, the computer revolution.” U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-Oregon).1 It is imperative that all generations of clinical laboratory scientists understand and appreciate the enormous potential for nanotechnology to solve problems and to improve the quality of our lives and of those receiving medical treatment. These include, but are not limited to, diagnosis, treatment and management of many conditions. Unique insight may be gained into infections, malignancies, genetic errors and enhanced, targeted drug-delivery systems. Nanotechnology is already revolutionizing communications, materials engineering, energy production and approaches to environmental issues. This is a “must know” technology and we need to understand how it will apply to life-changing advances in the clinical laboratory. Nanoscale refers to matter that occupies space equal to one to ten billionths of a meter (one billionth of a meter = 1 nanometer, Table 1). A red blood cell averages 7000 nanometers (nm), and a human hair measures approximately 50,000 nm in diameter.2 One nanometer is approximately equivalent to the diameter of three or four atoms.1 Nanotechnology is defined by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), as research in the range of 1–100 nm.3 One might say that the “nanoworld” lies in the “depths of inner space,” where the properties of matter are no longer what we have been taught. Tensile strength, chemical bonds, and magnetism display uncommon properties. An example would be the enormous strength of… ABBREVIATIONS: nm = nanometer; IBM = International Business Machines (IBM); AFM = atomic force microscope; 1. Discuss the history of nanotechnology. 2. Define nanotechnology. 3. Describe the innovative nature and unique features of nanotechnology. 4. List potential applications of nanotechnology in the coming years. [1]: #corresp-1

The role of single wafer Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) in semiconductor manufacturing has been steadily expanding over the last 2 decades. There are several reasons for the successful adaptation of this technology. These include more critical requirements by advanced semiconductor technologies with respect to thermal exposure and control, as well as tremendous improvements by the RTP equipment community in resolving some fundamental limitations of the tooling, historically restricting wide spread implementation. From rather humble beginnings, RTP technology has now established itself as indispensable to the production of advanced semiconductor products. We review the history and implementation of RTP technology in semiconductor processing technology at International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) from the late 1980s to recent time.

Aims: To evaluate cancer incidence among workers at two facilities in the USA that made semiconductors and electronic storage devices. Methods: 89 054 men and women employed by International Business Machines (IBM) were included in the study. We compared employees’ incidence rates with general population rates and examined incidence patterns by facility, duration of employment, time since first employment, manufacturing era, potential for exposure to workplace environments other than offices and work activity. Results: For employees at the semiconductor manufacturing facility, the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers combined was 81 (1541 observed cases, 95% confidence interval (CI) 77 to 85) and for those at the storage device manufacturing facility the SIR was 87 (1319 observed cases, 95% CI 82 to 92). The subgroups of employees with ≥15 years since hiring and ≥5 years worked had 6–16% fewer total incidents than expected. SIRs were increased for several cancers in certain employee subgroups, but analyses of incidence patterns by potential exposure and by years spent and time since starting in specific work activities did not clearly indicate that the excesses were due to occupational exposure. Conclusions: This study did not provide strong or consistent evidence of causal associations with employment factors. Data on employees with long potential induction time and many years worked were limited. Further follow-up will allow a more informative analysis of cancer incidence that might be plausibly related to workplace exposures in the cohort.

Twenty years ago, corporate work and family programs at International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) were seen as a means to accommodate the needs of working mothers. Today, IBM's work/life strategy is seen as a business imperative to attract, motivate, and retain key talent needed to drive success in the marketplace. To intelligently develop work/life strategies that would simultaneously meet business and personal needs, IBM conducted seven work and life issues surveys, beginning in 1986. These surveys provide a wealth of data on which dramatic change has been based. Many initiatives have been implemented related to dependent care, flexibility in when and wherework is done, and management support of employees'work/life needs. This article briefly shares IBM'swork/life experience during the past 20 years. Key results from each work/life survey are enumerated along with the substantive policies that they engendered to make IBM a global corporate work/life leader.

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: A. Lungu, A. Riehle, M. P. Nawrot and M. Schmuker, "Predicting voluntary movements from motor cortical activity with neuromorphic hardware," in IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 61, no. 2/3, pp. 5:1-5:12, March-May 1 2017. The version of record is available online at doi: 10.1147/JRD.2017.2656063. © 2017 by International Business Machines Corporation. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

The inside cover page of this excellent book is the title page of the 1954-11-10 report by John W. Backus et al. on the IBM Mathematical Formula Translation System, a.k.a. FORTRAN (International Business Machines Cooperation 1954). The report itself is still a delight to read. FORTRAN was intended to save about half the cost of program development, eliminating much of coding and debugging, because it only required about 5–20% of the number of characters needed by “direct coding” in IBM 704 assembly language.

The South African Institute for Educational Research was requested by International Business Machines to conduct an experiment at the Department of Cataloguing and Codification of the South African Defence Force with computer-assisted instruction. Although the experiment did not conform to all scientific standards it did nevertheless show that it is feasible to use computer-assisted instruction.

International audience; The BBC microcomputer was one of several nationally produced which were superseded by the International Business Machines (IBM) Personal Computer (PC). This reflected the results of both an international market competition and rivalry between different US processor manufacturers. Along with the hardware, valuable software and supporting educational ideologies were discarded. As we make choices about technological innovation, to what degree are we selecting potential efficacy or responding to marketing hype?

In today's environment many organizations are downsizing as a result of declining sales or resources, competitive pressures, mergers and acquisitions, or organizational redesign. The primary strategies that are used to help companies downsize—personnel layoffs, budget reductions in selected areas, or across-the-board budget cuts—often lead to project cancellations. This article reports the effects on employee work output and organizational commitment before and after project terminations in a downsizing environment, and offers guidelines on what management can do to reduce the negative impact of project cancellations on employee productivity. International Business Machines Corp. will announce today a jobreductionprogram that could cut its employment by some 10,000 people. The Wall Street Journal, March 28, 1911. [Digital Equipment Corp.]…has pulled funding from several major development programs, including one with Nippon Telegraph &Telephone Corp. to build a special computer for selephone companies and another to build super speedy versions of Motorla Inc.'s 88000 reduced instruction-set microprocessor. A promissing office-automation software project was spun off…. All told [DEC] has cut total R&D spending to about 8% of total sales…Business Week, March 25, 1991.

Our purpose was to develop educational software that would simulate laboratory investigation of problems in Rh immune globulin prophylaxis and hemolytic disease of the newborn. An interactive, blanching style program was developed using a 256K Personal Computer (International Business Machines, Boca Raton, FL). The software has been used in over 125 institutions for preprofessional and continuing professional education. Immunohematology 1991;1:12–15.

This case series deals with the acquisition by International Business Machines (IBM) of Lotus Development Corporation. The A case (UVA-OB-0696) lays out some of the strategic issues in the software industry as well as a brief history of IBM, Lotus, and their respective CEOs, Louis Gerstner and Jim Manzi. Issues of strategic and cultural fit can be analyzed. The A case ends with Louis Gerstner beginning a speech to Lotus employees, which provides an opportunity for student role-plays. The B case (UVA-OB-0697) is the text of the speech Gerstner actually gave, and can be analyzed in terms of content, purpose, and delivery. The C case covers issues concerning postmerger integration.