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Statement of Problem: Family planning is a determining factor in the maternal health care choices for Somali pregnant mothers in Dadaab Refugee camps. Research has revealed that during delivery, the Somali mothers prefer the services of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) to those of midwives in hospitals. The preference for TBAs is borne of the belief that when women deliver in hospitals, they could be subjected to family planning against their will. The contention is that Islam and socio-cultural practices of the Somali community do not advocate family planning. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Islam’s position on family planning in order to explain the response of the Somalis of Dadaab refugee camps on family planning. Methodology & Theoretical orientation: The paper is derived from a qualitative study that involved snowball sampling, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). These methods brought out family planning as a determining factor in the mother’s choice of TBAs as opposed to hospital midwives in Dadaab Refugee camps. Findings: Any discourse on Islam and family planning offers two perspectives: proponents of family planning and opponents of family planning. Both perspectives use the texts of the Qur’an and Hadith (traditions) and different interpretations to justify and support their respective positions and opinions. Through primary and secondary sources, the paper interrogates both perspectives of family planning in Islam. Conclusion & Significance: It is concluded that the Somalis’ belief on family planning is informed by the two perspectives of family planning, but the opponents’ perspective holds sway. This determines the preference for TBAs for fear that mothers who deliver in hospitals could be subjected to family planning contraceptives. Recommendation: there is need to educate the community further on Islamic teachings on family planning; and more sensitization conducted on the benefits of child spacing.

Establishes emerging challenges and possibilities for the teaching of arts, based on the perceptions of art teachers, from Brazil and abroad, through a questionnaire, answered by one thousand and nine participants of this II Congress. The congress and the analysis in question highlighted emerging challenges for the educational processes of knowledge production in the arts. Contributions that substantiate the Triangular Approach as a theory of interpretation and its reconnections for thinking and acting in the praxis of arts education., Establece desafíos emergentes y posibilidades para la enseñanza de las artes, a partir de las percepciones de los profesores de arte, de Brasil y del exterior, mediante de un cuestionario, respondido por mil nueve participantes de este II Congreso. El congreso y el análisis en cuestión destacaron los desafíos emergentes para los procesos educativos de producción de conocimiento en las artes. Aportes que fundamentan el Enfoque Triangular como teoría de la interpretación y sus reconexiones al pensar y actuar en la praxis de la educación artística., Estabelece desafios emergentes e possibilidades para o ensino de artes, a partir de percepções dos professores de artes, do Brasil e do exterior, por meio de um questionário, respondido por mil e nove participantes deste II Congresso. A realização do congresso e a análise em questão evidenciaram desafios emergentes para os processos educacionais de produção do conhecimento em artes. Contribuições que consubstanciam a Abordagem Triangular enquanto teoria de interpretação e suas reconexões para o pensar e o agir na práxis do ensino de artes.

There is widespread recognition of the challenge of an ageing profession and the need to recruit, train and retain the next generation of radiation protection professionals. This challenge was the topic of a special session at the International Radiation Protection Association IRPA15 International Congress. It is necessary to address three key aspects: capturing the future professional: gaining RP knowledge and skills: addressing retention, development and career progression. We must support the flow of students into science-based topics and attractively promote our profession. The availability of university and other training courses, together with research opportunities, must be supported. Mentoring of young professionals is key, supported by empathetic seniors in the profession. The overall challenge necessitates cooperation across a wide range of organisations at both international and national level.

A comparative analysis of the technical efficiency in the production of national cocoa among the main producing cantons of the province of Guayas was carried out. For this, the study was based on an analysis with inductive reasoning and empirical-analytical paradigm, through the elaboration of surveys to 361 UPA's in the cantons of: Milagro, San Jacinto de Yaguachi, El Empalme, Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Naranjal and Simón Bolívar; these data served as the basis for the elaboration of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. The results show that on average, the Simón Bolívar canton is the canton with the highest technical efficiency, with 50% of the total UPAs surveyed in the range of 70% and 99% effectiveness. Finally, regarding the observed averages of allocative efficiency, it can be concluded that Jujan has the highest average with 75%. Keywords: Technical and Allocative Efficiency, National Cocoa, Enveloped Data Analysis, Non Parametric Method. References [1]M. Naranjo., «Un Puerto en busca de una Nación, Guayaquil y la idea fundacional del Ecuador como país,» de Seminario Internacional Poder, Política y Repertorios de la Movilización Social en el Ecuador Bicentenario, Quito, 2009. [2]S. C. Mogro, V. Andrade-Díaz y D. P.-. Villacís, «Posicionamiento y eficiencia del banano, cacao y flores del Ecuador en el mercado mundial,» Revista Ciencia UNEMI, vol. 9, nº 19, pp. 48-53, 2016. [3]M. Vassallo, Diferenciación y agregado de valor en la cadena ecuatoriana del cacao, Quito: Editorial IAEN, 2015. [4]M. Pigache y S. Bainville, Cacao tipo ‘Nacional’ vs. Cacao CCN51: ¿Quién ganará el partido?, Quito: Ird Editions, 2007. [5]M. Chiriboga, Jornaleros, grandes propietarios y exportación cacaotera, Quito: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, 2013. [6]A. Acosta., Breve Historia Económica del Ecuador, Quito: Editora Nacional, 2006. [7]M. Espinoza y Y. Arteaga., «Diagnóstico de los Procesos de Asociatividad y la Producción de Cacao en Milagro y sus sectores aledaños,» Revista Ciencia UNEMI, vol. 8, nº 14, pp. 105-112, 2015. [8]E. Romero, M. Fernández, J. Macías y K. Zúñiga, «Producción y comercialización del cacao y su incidencia en el desarrollo socioeconómico del cantón Milagro,» Revista Ciencia UNEMI, vol. 9, nº 17, pp. 56-64, 2016. [9]e. I. I. d. C. A. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, La Agroindustria en el Ecuador. Un diagnóstico integral, Quito: IICA, 2006. [10]R. Rodríguez, M. Brugiafreddo y E. Raña., «Eficiencia técnica en la agricultura familiar: Análisis envolvente de datos (DEA) versus aproximación de fronteras estocásticas (SFA),» Nova Scientia, vol. 9, nº 18, pp. 342-370, 2017. [11]A. Resti., «Evaluating the cost-efficiency of the Italian banking system: what can be learned from the joint application of parametric and non-parametric techniques,» Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 21, nº 2, pp. 221-250, 1997. [12]T. Coelli y S. Perelman, «A Comparison Of Parametric And Non-Parametric Distance Functions: With Application To European Railways,» European Journal Of Operational Research, vol. 117, nº 2, pp. 326-339, 1999. [13]B. Iráizoz, M. Rapún y I. Zabaleta., «Assessing the technicalb efficiency of horticultural production in Navarra, Spain,» Agricultural Systems, vol. 78, nº 3, pp. 387-403, 2003. [14]K. Sharma, S. Ping y H. Zaleski., «Productive efficiency of the swine industry in Hawaii,» Research Series, vol. 77, pp. 1-24, 1996. [15]D. Tingley, S. Pascoe y L. Coglan, «Factors affecting technical efficiency in fisheries: Stochastic Production Frontier versus Data Envelopment Analysis approaches,» Fisheries Research, vol. 73, nº 3, pp. 363-376, 2005. [16]H. Johansson, «Technical, allocative and economic efficiency in Swedish dairy farms: the Data Envelopment Analysis versus the Stochastic Frontier Approach,» de Poster background paper prepared for presentation at the XIth International Congress of the European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE), Copenhagen, 2005. [17]F. Madau, «Technical and scale efficiency in the Italian Citrus Farming: A comparison between Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Models,» Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), vol. 41403, nº 18, pp. 1-25, 2012. [18]E. A. S. d. Pedro, Nivel de competitividad y eficiencia de la producción ganadera, Córdoba: Tesis doctoral. Departamento de Producción Animal, 2013. [19]F. Bacon, Novum Organum, Londres, 1620. [20]Seminario Metodología de la Investigación, Bogota: Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2015.

The article is dedicated to the V International Congress UralEndo “Endoscopy: different views, a common language” held in Yekaterinburg on February 12, 2021. The review of the congress examines the main events of the congress concerning the direction of development of modern endoscopy in both scientific and practical orientation. The immediate tasks include the improvement and standardization of endoscopic terminology in order to develop a unified understanding of the definitions of modern endoscopy by doctors of different specialties. The key event of the congress is an online round table with international experts-endоleaders, during which the issues of terms and definitions, their correct use, both in English and in Russian, were also considered.

BACKGROUND Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific congresses are increasingly being organised as virtual congresses. In May 2020, the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) held a VC, free-of-charge. In the absence of systematic studies on this topic, the aim of this study is to evaluate the attendance and perceived quality of the 2020 EAN virtual congress (VC) compared to the 2019 EAN face-to-face congress (FFC). METHODS Analysis of demographic data of participants obtained from the online registration collected. Comparison of the two congresses based on a survey with questions on the perception of speakers' performance, quality of networking, and other aspects. RESULTS Of 43,596 registered participants, 20,694 active participants attended the VC. Compared to 2019, the number of participants tripled (6916 in 2019) and the cumulated number of participants attending the sessions was five times higher (169,334 in 2020 vs 33,024 in 2019). Out of active participants 55% were from outside Europe, 42% were board-certified neurologists (FFC: 80%), and 21% were students (FFC: 0.6%). The content of the congress was evaluated as 'above expectation' by 56% of the attendees (FFC: 41%). Out of the respondents who had been exposed to earlier EAN congresses 73% preferred the FFC congress compared to the VC (17%). CONCLUSION The VC fulfilled the main mission of organizing high quality EAN congresses despite the restrictions of the impersonal format. The geographical distribution of the participants prove the expected higher inclusivity of a VC. The large participation of students and neurologists in training opens new educational potentials for the EAN.

The 2nd edition of the International Congress on NanoBioEngineering (CINBI2020) is the anchor academic event of the Research Center on Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (CIByN). The CINBI2020 was organized by the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon through the School of Chemical Sciences and was held from October 26 to 30 at the virtual facilities of the CIByN in Monterrey, Mexico. Just as its 1st edition, the CINBI2020 allowed for the fostering of interactions among scientists, engineers, and medical researchers and served as a platform to discuss the advances and future applications of nanobioengineering research. Seventeen world-renowned keynote speakers from nanotechnology, biotechnology, engineering, and other interdisciplinary fields participated in the virtual 2nd International Congress on NanoBioEngineering 2020. Furthermore, the congress included an International Discussion Forum that focused on the advances and importance of nanobioengineering in the development of technology and the tools that it will provide us to solve the global problems that society currently faces. This forum was highly relevant as it included participants of international stature from the academic (Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, the Universidad Autonóma de Nuevo León, the Universidad de Buenos Aires, and the University of Edinburgh), industrial (a representative from the company Nanomateriales), and governmental sectors (the Nuevo León Nanotechnology Cluster and the Nuevo León Biotechnology Cluster). The CINBI2020 registered 622 participants (291 men and 331 women), representing 60 academic institutions from 29 countries. It was sponsored by renowned scientific journals (including the IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience), the government (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Grant 311486, from Mexico), and the private sector.

Fuzzy systems in innovation and sustainability are important topics in literature nowadays. A lot of new formulations in fuzzy systems are being made including interesting applications in different topics. The aim of this special issue is to present different works made in this line of research that were presented in the IV International Congress of Innovation and Sustainability (ICONIS).

Reseña del libro: "Antropologías del Sur: visiones, complejidades, resistencias y desafíos", editado por la Red de Antropologías del Sur en su Colección Memorias de la Biblioteca Digital Latinoamericana de Antropologías. La obra recoge 43 ponencias presentadas en el Primer Congreso Internacional de Antropologías del Sur, celebrado del 10 al 15 de octubre del año 2016, y convertidas en capítulos de libro. En este evento estuvieron presentes 300 asistentes y más de 50 ponentes y conferencistas de América Latina y África.

Background: Most of the educators had innovation, professionalism, participation and organizational commitment. The current study aimed to assess relation between innovation, professionalism, participation and organizational commitment for faculty nursing educators. Design: Descriptive correlational research design was utilized to fulfill the aim of this study. Subject: A sample was included 118 educators accordingly. Setting: this study was conducted in faculty of nursing educators. Tool: The data collection tool consisted of 4 tools; tool (1): Siegel Scale of Support for Innovation It included two parts: Part I: personnel data of the educators;Part II: Siegel Scale of Support for Innovation (SSSI). Tool (2): Modified professionalism scale): and Tool (3): Participation scale Tool (4): Educators Organizational commitment questionnaire. Results: Nearly two thirds of nurse educators (62.7%) have high level of total innovation, more than half of nurse educators (52.5%) have high level "professionalism", half of the nurse educators (50%) have high level of participation, and nearly one third of them (32.2%) have high level of organizational commitment. Also, there were positive correlation between innovation, professionalism, participation and organizational commitment among nurse educators. Conclusion: The study concluded that the nursing educator's innovation was higher percentage, followed by professionalism, then participation and finally organization commitment. Recommendation: The study recommended the integration of designed nursing national and international congress to enhance their organizational commitment.

This manuscript is a summary of findings focusing on various aspects of secondary lymphedema specifically as a sequelae of treatment for cancer. The topic was addressed at a session held during the 8th International Congress on Cancer Metastasis that was unique a for the inclusion of patients with lymphedema and therapists joining physicians, healthcare professionals, and researchers in an effort to give an overview of secondary lymphedema following cancer therapy as well as highlighting the unknowns in the field. Lymphedema is defined and both diagnosis and incidence of cancer-related lymphedema are explored. Further, exploration of imaging options for lymphedema and information on the genetic research for patients with cancer-related secondary lymphedema are presented. Patient education and early detection methods are then explored followed by conservative treatment. Finally, an examination of surgical treatment methods available for patients with lymphedema is covered. Overall, this manuscript presents valuable information and updates for those not familiar with incidence, diagnosis, early detection, and rehabilitation of patients with cancer-related secondary lymphedema.

“Comparative Law is en vogue”, claimed Ralf Michaels almost twenty years ago, referring to the conference that took place in New Orleans in 2000 to celebrate the centenary of the first International Congress of Comparative Law. Now, two decades later, the same can be said with regard to Chile: as evidenced by the recent creation of the Chilean Network of Comparative Law, in our country, Comparative Law as a discipline has finally achieved sufficient maturity and critical mass that it may now take on an organized and institutional form.