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espanolEn este documento se describen los cambios en el Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos (InDRE) de 2012 a 2019, las modificaciones administrativas y de equipamiento, la nueva sede y las modificaciones juridicas al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiologica. Se menciona el proceso de mudanza, en especial el cuidadoso traslado del material biologico que resguarda el Instituto y se analiza la nueva forma de estudiar los brotes epidemicos, los padecimientos endemicos y la red negativa. Respecto al ambito internacional, se describe el fomento de la vinculacion con redes globales de la Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud, la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y otros organismos internacionales. Tambien se menciona la designacion en el InDRE de cuatro centros colaboradores de la OMS. La Red de Laboratorios de la Iniciativa Global para la Seguridad en Salud reconocio el liderazgo del InDRE, cuyo director ocupo la copresidencia del grupo de trabajo en el periodo de estudio. EnglishThis document describes the changes at the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) from 2012 to 2019, the administrative and equipment modifications, the new headquarters and the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance legal modifications. The process of relocation is mentioned, especially the careful transfer of the biological material protected by the Institute, and the new way of studying epidemic outbreaks, endemic diseases and the negative network is analyzed. At the international level, the promotion of links with global networks of the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations is described. The designation of four WHO collaborating centres granted to InDRE is also mentioned. The Global Health Security Initiative Laboratory Network acknowledged InDRE’s leadership, which co-chaired the working group during the study period.

One hundred years ago, insulin was first used to successfully lower blood glucose levels in young people living with what was then called juvenile diabetes. While insulin was not a cure for diabetes, it allowed individuals to resume a near normal life and have some freedom to eat more liberally and gain the strength they needed to live a more active lifestyle. Since then, a number of therapeutic and technical advances have arisen to further improve the health and wellbeing of individuals living with type 1 diabetes, allowing many to participate in sport at the local, regional, national or international level of competition. This review and commentary highlights some of the key advances in diabetes management in sport over the last 100 years since the discovery of insulin.

Plan du chapitre : 1- Introduction ; 2- Localized disasters dealt with internationally ; 3- Disaster science: a naturalistic framework ; 4- Understanding nature in disasters ; 5- Denaturalizing disasters or the arrival of reflexivity ; 6- What framing at the international level? ; 7- Friction between climate and disaster risk reduction framing ; 8- Conclusion

Класифікацію захворювань проводять із метою забезпечення єдності методичних підходів до вивчення нозологічних одиниць і для можливості зіставлення матеріалів досліджень на міжнародному рівні. В огляді подано короткий аналіз затверджених у вересні 2017 р. нових класифікацій епілепсій і типів епілептичних нападів, що були розроблені Міжнародною протиепілептичною лігою (МПЕЛ). Ключові моменти для перегляду класифікації епілепсій такі: МПЕЛ пропонує переглянуті основи класифікації епілепсії, призначені для використання разом із класифікацією типів нападів; рівні діагностики: тип нападу, тип епілепсії (вогнищева, генералізована, комбінована — генералізована та вогнищева, невідома) та епілептичний синдром; етіологічний діагноз слід розглянути при першому зверненні пацієнта і впродовж кожного кроку на діагностичному шляху; діагноз епілепсії в пацієнта може класифікуватись більше ніж за однією етіологічною категорією (епілепсія структурна, генетична, інфекційна, метаболічна, імунна, невідомої етіології); термін «доброякісний» замінюється термінами «самообмежений» та «фармакочутливий», які слід використовувати у випадках, коли ці терміни можуть бути відповідно застосовані; терміни «енцефалопатія розвитку» й «епілептична енцефалопатія» використовуються повністю або частково у випадках, коли ці терміни можуть бути відповідно застосовані. При визначенні епілепсії клініцист може зупинитися на будь-якому рівні діагностики. Комісія МПЕЛ зазначила, що попередні класифікації епілептичних нападів були засновані на анатомічному принципі з поділом нападів на скроневі, лобні, тім’яні, потиличні, діенцефальні і стовбурові. У сучасних дослідженнях змінено погляди на патофізіологічні механізми і показано, що епілепсія є захворюванням мережі (network), а не лише симптомом локальної патології мозку. І хоча розуміння мережевого походження нападів дуже швидко розвивається, комісія вважає його недостатнім, щоб слугувати основою наукової класифікації епілептичних нападів, яку на даному етапі назвали робочою (операційною). Усі напади поділяються на генералізовані, фокальні і з невідомим початком. Усі вони можуть мати моторні прояви або проходити без них. Фокальний напад може переходити в білатеральний тоніко-клонічний. Атонічні, клонічні, тонічні, міоклонічні епілептичні напади можуть бути як фокальними, так і генералізованими. Доданий новий термін «некласифікований напад». Також введені нові терміни для генералізованих типів нападів: «абсанс із міоклонією повік», «міоклонічний абсанс», «міоклоніко-атонічний напад» і «міоклоніко-тоніко-клонічний напад». Обговорюються нова термінологія, визначення і нові концепції, розроблені МПЕЛ. Підкреслюється необхідність своєчасного впровадження нових класифікацій (2017 р.) у клінічну практику в Україні. Робочою групою Української протиепілептичної ліги запропоновані основні напрямки цього процесу.

The prospects for increasing the share of training and coverage of educational cooperation in the field of innovation in the BRICS Network University - one of the most important modern forms of cooperation in the field of education at the international level - are studied. The concepts of network structure and network university are considered. The effects of network interaction and the principles of functioning of network universities are revealed, and an overview of the approach to classifying network structures by the target feature of formation is given. The purpose is to search for opportunities to set up an innovative orientation of the BRICS Network University educational process as the general innovative cooperation stimulation platform of the participating countries. For this purpose, the experience of participation of Russian universities in other network universities (CIS and SCO) was explored, and possible formats of cooperation between innovation teams and interested students in the BRICS countries were proposed to stimulate both traditional mobility of students, teachers and employees, and general innovation exchange through the BRICS Network University.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of congenital and acquired visual impairments on the international performance of Para swimmers and Para track and field athletes. We collected results from visually impaired Para athletes competing in Para swimming or Para athletic events at all IPC-labelled competitions between 2009 and 2019. The dataset contained 20,689 events results. Impairment origin was collected from the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) website. We separated impairment origin into two groups to distinguish those with a congenital impairment from those with an acquired impairment. In visual impairment sport classes (11-12-13), the performance level and the age performance relationship were investigated according to the impairment origin. In classes 11 and 12, peak performance was achieved earlier by male and female swimmers with a congenital impairment compared with those who had an acquired impairment (p 0.05). A similar performance level was observed among the two sport disciplines for each class (p > 0.05). This study demonstrated that impairment origin can influence the performance pathway among visually impaired swimmers.

This article highlights the impact of international law on the global process of illegal migration, reveals a number of international problems related to international migration, in particular by sea, identifies the main factors influencing illegal migration in general, indicates the state of illegal migration in various European Union countries. attention is paid to such important international legal instruments as the Schengen Agreement of 1985 and 1990, the Dublin Convention of 1990, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997. The article also focuses on the European Union agency, which deals with the protection of external borders and their protection from illegal migrants, in particular, by sea.The analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of combating illegal migration by sea at the international level, as well as in the development of scientific and theoretical approaches to solving migration problems, characterizes the legal regulation of combating illegal migration by maritime transport and maritime participation established intergovernmental bodies. The main tools of the European Union to combat illegal migration by sea, which can be used to improve the legal regulation of migration authorities of other countries, as well as substantiate the organizational and legal framework of European countries in the field of legal support to combat illegal migration by sea.The actions of European states represented by the relevant state bodies in solving the problems of illegal migration with the help of merchant fleets of European countries are studied. The article pays attention to the influence of illegal migration on the formation and change of legal awareness of society, as the beginning of the formation of criminogenic factors among illegal migrants in the host country.

This study holistically examined the effects of long-haul transmeridian travel (LHTT) on physiological, perceptual, sleep and performance markers in nine international level swimmers preparing for the 2019 FINA World Long Course Championships in Gwangju, South Korea. Baseline (BL) measurements were taken over two days during the week before a long-haul eastward flight across eight time-zones. Following the flight, measurements were taken over a six-day holding camp in Japan (C1-C6), and over four days at the competition venue in Gwangju before the Championships commenced (PR1-PR4). Salivary cortisol (sCort), immunoglobulin A (sIgA), alpha-amylase (sAA) concentrations and perceptual measures via the Liverpool John Moore's University Jetlag Questionnaire were assessed. Sleep was monitored using wrist activity monitors and self-report sleep diaries. Performance was assessed via squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and a 4 × 100 m swim test. Participants perceived themselves to be significantly more fatigued and jet lagged than BL for five- and nine-days post-travel, respectively. Morning sCort decreased by 70% on C1 and remained significantly lower than BL until C6 ( p

An extensive number of studies uses trade-to-GDP as a proxy for globalisation in environmental research. Globalisation encompasses much more than just trade in goods. Globalisation is the integration of various countries and includes spillovers of ideas and technology, financial flows, the worldwide movement of labour, and national governments meeting on an international level in a bid to solve social and political problems. This study considers the effect of globalisation on carbon dioxide emissions by using a more flexible and comprehensive measure based on the KOF globalisation index for a panel of 21 OECD nations covering the period 1970–2014. Since the globalisation process is not uniform across countries and time, we use a fully-fledged nonparametric technique to estimate the time-varying coefficient and trend functions. Our results show that the effect of globalization on CO2 emissions is positive up until 2000, then switches to turns negative thereafter.

The pandemic has accelerated the use and development of video conferenc-ing platforms due to COVID-19, and it is necessary to find an application that best suits our requirements. This article evaluates nine features of nine video conferencing applications to find the best choice. A detailed analysis has been conducted in this article using surveys to collect data from two samples at national and international level. The methodology followed is the CDIO methodology, a tool to address complex problems in four stages: conception, design, implementation, and operation. The primary aim of this paper is to examine which is the best livestreaming option according to the selected criteria, using, as references, well-known applications such as Jitsi, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, Big Blue Button, among others. An application of multicriteria analysis is also shown to support the evalua-tion of these platforms compared to the established criteria.

Breastand reductions mastopexies continue to rank among the most frequently performed plastic surgical procedures worldwide. While there exists a consensus on several aspects of the procedure, a plethora of controversies remain. This study aims to compare the most relevant peri- and intra-operative factors on an international level to standardize this common procedure according to evidence-based guidelines. A questionnaire was sent to over five thousand surgeons in 77 countries. The survey was divided into three categories according to the volume of removed breast tissue (50–500 g, 500–1000 g, and > 1000 g) and inquired about standard practices, secondary procedures, use of new technologies, current controversies, and surgeon demographics. The results were evaluated and correlated with evidence-based literature. A total of 1431 surveys were gathered, corresponding to a response rate of 29%. It was found that specific surgical approaches and standard practices prevail on an international basis. Still, there exist controversies that seem to be linked to geographic locations. For instance, irrespective of resection weight, in the majority of countries, a superior or superomedial pedicle is used most frequently, while in North America and South East Asia, the inferior-based pedicle is preferred. We identified common traits in several aspects of breast reduction surgery. However, in this study, it became apparent that international practice patterns remain incoherent. Seen from a global perspective, plastic surgeons would thus still benefit from high-quality studies to further establish evidence-based, standardized, and universally applicable practice guidelines. Level of Evidence: Not gradable

espanolLa evolucion en materia de derecho de discapacidad ha avanzado sustancialmente a nivel internacional como en legislaciones nacionales. El punto mas algido es la aprobacion de la Convencion Internacional sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad en el 2006, cuyo principal aporte es el reconocimiento del derecho de ejercicio de la capacidad juridica de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y psicosocial. En Ecuador, a pesar de haberse ratificado este instrumento internacional en el 2008, la legislacion interna sigue siendo oscura, incompatible, contradictoria e inaplicable acarreando un conflicto teorico de naturaleza civil y sobre todo practico en el ejercicio de la actividad notarial. Precisamente la dificultad que representa al notario ecuatoriano prestar la atencion a este grupo de personas, no obstante, de la existencia de legislacion internacional y nacional que propugna el derecho de obrar del discapacitado intelectual y psicosocial, constituye el objeto principal de este trabajo. Para la realizacion de un adecuado analisis e interpretacion de las normas juridicas pertinente, utilizamos los metodos juridicos: exegetico y hermeneutico juridico. El resultado es una vision global, actualizada y presentada desde la optica del notario publico. Su abordamiento tras 15 anos desde la aprobacion de la mencionada Convencion internacional y su aun no adecuacion de forma clara en la legislacion ecuatoriana justifican la importancia de su estudio en materia de Derecho Social de los discapacitados y del Derecho Notarial ecuatoriano. EnglishThe evolution of disability law has advanced substantially at the international level as well as in national legislation. The highest point is the approval of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006, whose main contribution is the recognition of the right to exercise the legal capacity of persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities. In Ecuador, despite having ratified this international instrument in 2008, the internal legislation continues to be obscure, incompatible, contradictory and inapplicable, leading to a theoretical conflict of a civil nature and above all practical in the exercise of notarial activity. Precisely the difficulty that represents the Ecuadorian notary to pay attention to this group of people despite the existence of international and national legislation that advocates the right to act of the intellectually and psychosocial disabled, constitutes the main object of this work. To carry out an adequate analysis and interpretation of the pertinent legal norms, we use legal methods: exegetical and legal hermeneutic. The result is a global vision, updated and presented from the point of view of the notary public. Its approach after 15 years since the approval of the aforementioned international Convention and its not yet clearly adequate in Ecuadorian legislation justify the importance of its study in matters of Social Law for the disabled and Ecuadorian Notarial Law.

Humanitarians are saviours, people employed by organisations that were created to provide neutral and professional help in times of conflict, disaster or other emergencies. We assume that we can trust the humanitarians.1 This, at least, is the theory of humanitarianism. However, news outlets depict the actions of humanitarians somewhat differently. The accusations levied at humanitarian actors, including Oxfam and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) within the past three years, include that individuals have committed crimes against those they are meant to be helping, organisations have swept said abhorrent behaviour under the rug, and that the consequences for the individuals concerned are, at worst, being ‘let go’ or demoted. These scandals have besmirched the reputation of the humanitarian profession. In some instances, the scandals have undermined perceptions of humanitarian actors and, consequently, mired funding for the important work that they do. Although a multitude of actors’ act in the same spaces and places, including in armed conflict and disasters, only some are subject to accountability and responsibility on the international stage. Our question is what can and could be done at the international level to address the accusations and, in some cases, unlawful behaviour? This article explores avenues within and outside of the international legal system to ensure responsibility of those embroiled in illegal acts.

Studying trust at the international level is one of the greatest challenges for trust studies. In this article I seek to expand on work which has sought to study trust between states in a way which avoids anthropomorphising the state, and retains the salience of interpersonal trust. To do this, I consider trust between states as existing in a web of relationships, from relationships between government figures, to military personnel, to members of society. In this article I demonstrate the value of incorporating actors beyond leaders in the most minimal sense: through including boundary spanners, those whose relationships and interactions span across boundaries, whether those boundaries be state borders or segments of government and society. Furthermore, I seek to begin a process of categorising the types of roles that boundary spanners can play in the development of trust between states. To illustrate their impact, I deploy a multidimensional approach to trust which is used to assess the relationship between leaders, and the impact of intermediary figures on both trust between the leaders, and in the relationships developed between the intermediary and their respective leader. One case study is used to exemplify the utility of this approach: the relationship between Harold Macmillan and John F. Kennedy and their respective official ambassadors David Ormsby-Gore and David Bruce.

Inserido na discussão da segurança regional, o objetivo central deste artigo é analisar a construção de um componente de segurança e defesa na América do Sul, ao verificar se o Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano (CDS) pode ser entendido como parte do processo de concepção de uma identidade sul-americana, e como sua agenda e estrutura se adequam ou não às necessidades da região. A cooperação regional, enquanto um processo que tende a aproximar Estados por meio da convergência de interesses, abriga uma ampla variedade de temas, dentre os quais estão a segurança e a defesa. Neste sentido, o CDS representa a primeira iniciativa de cooperação em segurança e defesa entre todos os países da América do Sul. Por esta razão, a análise está situada na interseção dos níveis regional e doméstico, o que não exclui a interação com o nível internacional, cuja compreensão é necessária para se pensar as dinâmicas regionais. A amplitude teórica dos Complexos Regionais de Segurança é utilizada como lente para a reflexão, já que, segundo esta proposição, os problemas de segurança enfrentados pelos Estados de determinada região não podem ser pensados de forma separada, o que abre espaço para a possibilidade de se pensar esses assuntos de maneira conjunta, via instituições.

Az Europai Uniot fenyegető biztonsagi kihivasok osszetettsege es az uj keletű veszelyek elkerulhetetlenne teszik, hogy a hirszerző es biztonsagi kozosseg altal beszerzett informaciok gyorsan, biztonsagosan es feldolgozottan keruljenek a politikai donteshozok asztalara. A szinergiak a fuzios kozpontokban csucsosodnak ki, amelyek eredetileg allami szervekkent jottek letre. Az EU akkent tud leghatekonyabban hozzajarulni a tagallamok es az integracio egesze biztonsaganak fenntartasahoz, ha maga is műkodtet informacioegyesitő kozpontokat. Az unios intezmenyrendszert, az ugynoksegek feladat- es hataskoreit megvizsgalva arra a kovetkeztetesre juthatunk, hogy tobb EU-s szerv is magan viseli a fuzios kozpontok jellemzőit. Mindamellett az EU alkotmanyos berendezkedeseből es az egyuttműkodes jelenlegi melysegeből fakadoan e fuzios kozpontok szamos tekintetben kulonboznek a nemzeti rendszerektől. A kozos biztonsag kerdese egyre inkabb befolyasolja az unios agendakat, holott a tagallamok e teruleten joval ovatosabban műkodnek egyutt egymassal. Ez a kettősseg feszultseget es az integracio iranyarol kulonbozően gondolkozo (foderalista vagy szuverenitasparti) tagallamok kozott torespontot is eredmenyezhet, amelyet az erdek osszeuropai karakterere tekintettel kivanatos volna elkerulni.Alternate abstract:Due to hybrid activities below the thresholds of traditional conflicts, the civil sphere and the surrounding information environment has become part and, in some cases, the tool for conflicts between states or certain groups. Disinformation activities, which have been part of social deception for centuries, have become increasingly prominent in recent years but are also gaining prominence at the political level due to globalisation and changes in technological and information consumption patterns that have accelerated in recent times. The spread of disinformation is a serious challenge for democracies and recent lessons have shown that it poses a direct threat to human health and life. Due to the rapid development of technology and the low cost of the dissemination of disinformation, state-sponsored activities have unprecedented proportions capable of influencing democratic discourse and a state's internal affairs, as well as escalating conflicts between states on the international level.

This article studies, over the period 2006 to 2019, both the structure and the evolution of corporate networks built on shared board directors between the largest listed firms of three European countries: France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It offers a longitudinal and up-to-date analysis of the state of links between companies through examining interlocking directorates. Contrary to previous studies which have emphasized a decline of interlocks when analyzed at the board director level, we observe relative stability of these networks at the corporate level with a number of connected firms remaining quite stable despite a decline of board ties. As a result, the most central companies remain mainly the same at the national and international level over the considered period. Our findings provide evidence for the resource perspective: access to key resources seemingly pushes firms to continue their network participation despite strengthened national regulations on directors with multiple board seats. This evolution echoes the concept of weak ties of Granovetter (Am J Sociol 78: 360–1380, 1973). Lastly, it is worth noting that it cannot be affirmed that there has been an emergence of a cross-national network which operates to substitute national board ties.

Agricultural products have experienced sudden changes in prices in recent years as a result of volumes of production and demand at the international level. Volatility is a key element in understanding the difficulties that the market may have. However, the traditional formula for volatility only considers historical information and does not consider decision makers' knowledge and skills. To improve this approach and obtain more accurate results consistent with the reality of the market, the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator is used. These new approaches are the OWA-Volatility, Induced OWA-Volatility, Heavy OWA-Volatility, Probabilistic OWA-Volatility, Induced Probabilistic OWA-Volatility and Induced Heavy OWA-Volatility. In addition, some particular cases are presented in which the aggregation process is only applied to one part of the formula or quasi-arithmetic means are used. An example of volatility calculations for corn prices in 2017 is presented.

Background: Every effort needs to be made to better understand the current state of practice and trends relating to root caries management which will be of benefit to dentists universally in the practice of dentistry. Aim: This article presents a multicountry questionnaire survey of the current state of practice in the management of root caries among dentists in nine different countries to get a wider range of opinions and perspectives. Methodology: A questionnaire related to root surface caries was distributed among practicing dentists in nine different countries, namely the United Kingdom, Libya, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Brazil, India, Malaysia, and Iraq. Questionnaire responses were analyzed, and the results were compared among groups. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences among dentists in most questionnaire aspects. Bleeding is the greatest obstacle facing dentists when restoring root surface lesions. Reported survival rates reflect uncertainty about the material and/or approach of choice in the management of root surface caries. Conclusion: This questionnaire survey revealed the current status of management of root surface caries in clinical practice in various countries. Substantial attention is required to bridge the knowledge gap and address the current void of uncertainty as relates to root caries management by providing a common ground for communication between dentists from all around the globe. In all, this work found a degree of consensus at the international level on what appears to work well among the dental practices surveyed and identified several issues with existing approaches that need to be addressed in future studies.

INTRODUCTION. The Eurasian economic union (EAEU) institutions have a huge competence delegated by the EAEU Member-States. Effective implementation of such competence, especially in foreign trade, entails relevant international activity of the EAEU institutions. In this connection the article analyses international capability of the EAEU, relevant experience of the European Union as well as actual status and perspectives of the EAEU international activity in foreign trade.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research is based on the analysis of the EAEU legislation, recent works of relevant researchers, experience of the European Union in respect of international cooperation. Methodological instruments are analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and analogy.RESEARCH RESULTS. Successful development of foreign trade activity of the EAEU Member-States depends on effectiveness of the EAEU international activity. The research shows that EAEU international activity in foreign trade is not as effective as it could be. This has a negative impact on foreign market accessibility for the EAEU Member-States goods. In view of the above a thorough research of appropriate EU legal base was conducted. It shows, that effectiveness of the EU in promotion of its interests on the international stage, including in the foreign trade, is based on relevant legal mechanisms, which allows to take into account both positions of the EU and its Member-States. Such experience with combination of the specific characters of Eurasian integration will help to make necessary amendments to the EAEU legal base to increase its effectiveness.DISCUSSION AND CONLUSIONS. The author makes conclusion on the necessity of amendments to the EAEU international activity legal base, with use of the researched European Union experience. In particular, the EAEU institutions need additional competence for more independence and flexibility at international level. This will improve the EAEU international activity, including conclusion of free trade agreements (regardless of concluded agreements of the EAEU, the scale of international activity of the EAEU is not comparable with the European Union’s one), create conditions for export promotion, and help to strengthen the EAEU image as independent participant of international relations.

For many decades, the issues of systematization of international criminal law, if not in the center of attention of the subjects of international lawmaking, are at least not removed from the agenda. At the same time, the negotiation process on this topic, even at the present time, is far from over; a significant number of problems of both a legal-technical and a political nature remain unresolved. An analysis of the historical experience of the codification of international criminal law, an attempt to bring it into a single report is the main task of this article, while its purpose is to determine the most significant stages of the codification of international criminal law, to establish the prerequisites for decisions of a law-making nature adopted at the international level, their logic and significance for the current state of the system of international criminal policy. The methodology of this research is made up of such methods as formal legal, logical and systemic interpretation of law, historical and comparative analysis. Both the main and the final parts of this study represent a short excursion into the formation of international criminal policy, indicate the main guidelines in the study of various areas of international criminal law.

يمر المجتمع المصرى فى الأونة الأخيرة بالعديد من التغيرات من الناحية الصحية، والتکنولوجيه، والاقتصادية. وکذلک العديد من الأزمات والتى من أبرزها جائحة کورونا، وتأثيرها على العديد من القطاعات سواء على المستوى الدولى. وکذلک المستوى المحلى. وبإعتبار التعليم أحد أهم قطاعات المجتمع، فقد تعرض إلى العديد من المشکلات تباعا لجائحة کورونا. وکذلک التدريب الميدانى لطلاب الخدمة الاجتماعية، وکذلک غلق الکثير من المؤسسات الخاصة بالتدريب الميدانى، فکانت هناک حاجة لإسخدام بعض الأنظمة التکنولوجيه لما لها من أثار إيجابية من توفير الوقت، وسهولة تکيف المتعلم داخل البيئة التکيفية للتعليم؛ ولهذا سعى البحث الحالى إلى التحقق من إمکانية تطبيق التعلم التکيفى لإستدامة التدريب الميدانى لطلاب الخدمة الاجتماعية وذلک من خلال العديد من المؤشرات، کما تم الرجوع إلى الخبراء والمتخصصين من أعضاء هيئة التدريس وأخصائى نظم، وتوصل البحث إلى قبول کافة الفروض، والتوصل لنموذج مقترح للتدريب التکيفى.Egyptian society has recently gone through many changes in terms of health, technology, and economics. As well as many crises, most notably the Corona pandemic, and its impact on many sectors, whether at the international level. As well as the local level. As education is one of the most important sectors of society, it has been exposed to many problems following the Corona pandemic. As well as field training for social service students, as well as the closure of many institutions for field training, there was a need to use some technology systems because of their positive effects of saving time, and ease of adaptation of the learner within the adaptive environment of education; Therefore

Public development banks (PDBs) — at sub-national, national, regional or international level — can cooperate and become central in the implementation of sustainable economic models. PDBs are over 5...

The purpose of the article. It consists in identifying and classifying the features, tasks, forms of cooperation of representatives of this specialty with choreographic groups of Lviv. The methodology consists in the complex application of historical, source and comparative methods. This methodological approach allows to reveal and analyzing the specifics of the interaction of the leaders of the leading Lviv choreographic groups with accordionists in comparison with a set of tools and creative concepts. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the implementation of the first special study of the features, tasks, forms of cooperation of accordionists with choreographic groups of a particular region. Conclusions. The most prominent representatives among the musicians of this specialty in the choreographic groups of Lviv have been singled out, their achievements and reaching the international level have been specified. The requirements of professional training of an accordionist to perform these functions are specified.

Private International Law is nowadays, to a large extent, regulated by European and international law and the scope of the application of autonomous national law is therefore limited. However, in case of non-contractual obligations with cross-border elements, this scope is still relatively broad, as certain matters are excluded from the regulation on the European and international level. The aim of this article is to analyze the regulation of non-contractual obligations with cross-border elements under the Czech Act on Private International law, namely its regulation of international jurisdiction, applicable law, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the literature regarding the impact of global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) pandemic on PLs and their management responses during COVID-19 pandemic as well as for the post-pandemic era.Design/methodology/approachThe systematic literature review is based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) method and includes publications in the English language published at online scholarly resources during the period of COVID-19 outbreak, i.e. from January 2020 to June 2021.FindingsThe number of the eligible and relevant studies for the COVID-19 impact on PLs was 79, which were included in the literature review profiling and in the qualitative analysis.Originality/valueThe systematic review provides a useful overview of existing PL management paradigms that could be contemplated at an organizational, national or international level while developing a strategy for public libraries in the post-pandemic era.

La arquitectura del Movimiento Moderno a nivel internacional y en el contexto regional de América Latina, constituye un referente para el estudio de las soluciones espaciales y el papel jugado por la envolvente en la relación interior-exterior de cualquier arquitectura local. En el presente artículo se ofrecen los resultados del estudio de una muestra intencional de edificios de apartamentos del Movimiento Moderno en el centro histórico de Camagüey, que brindan soluciones propias a partir de la asimilación de los postulados del Movimiento Moderno internacional. Se exponen las características espaciales de los edificios de apartamentos del Movimiento Moderno en el centro histórico de Camagüey, que los definen, y se reflexiona sobre la percepción y valoración subjetiva de sus habitantes.

Resumen Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable (ODS) constituyen un marco para poder cumplir con los propósitos de la sustentabilidad en sus múltiples dimensiones sociales, económicas y ambientales. Por cuanto, las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) pueden ser consideradas como un actor social determinante para impulsar su cumplimiento. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo sintetizar criterios para el análisis de los ODS a partir de cuatro funciones sustantivas de la actividad universitaria: gestión institucional, prácticas y cultura ambiental de la universidad; educación y aprendizaje; investigación; y liderazgo social. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un análisis hermenéutico durante el periodo comprendido de enero a junio de 2020, en el que los productos obtenidos fueron ocho marcos analíticos y referenciales de diversas instituciones tanto mexicanas como internacionales. En este análisis se consiguió como resultado la coincidencia de 32 criterios clasificados de acuerdo con las funciones sustantivas de las IES, lo que permitirá comprender los alcances y limitaciones de las IES para el cumplimiento de los ODS y el impulso de la sustentabilidad. De manera preliminar, a pesar de que no se tiene una comprobación in situ se puede concluir que las IES, a través de las funciones sustantivas, pueden facilitar los ODS y la dimensión ambiental de la sustentabilidad. Abstract The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) establish a framework to be able to fulfil the purposes of sustainability in its multiple social, economic, and environmental dimensions. While the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), can be considered as a determinant social actor to support their fulfilment. The aim of this article proposes a compilation of criteria for the analysis of the SDGs based on four main functions of university activity: institutional management, environmental and culture university practices; education and learning; research; and social leadership. For this a literature review was conducted during the period January to June 2020, in which the outputs were eight analytical and reference frameworks of various institutions at the international level and in Mexico has been carried out, which resulted in the coincidence of 32 criteria classified according to the main functions of the HEIs; which allowed the elaboration of word clouds to determine the key elements for indicators, thus also allowing for an understanding of the achievements and limitations of the HEIs for the fulfilment of the SDGs and the promotion of sustainability. Preliminarily, although there is no in situ verification, it can be concluded that HEIs can facilitate the SDGs and the environmental dimension of sustainability through their substantive functions.

Este artigo procura demonstrar as reações políticas dos trabalhadores às transformações tecnológicas e organizacionais, isto é, à reestruturação do processo de produção e de prestação de serviços, que acompanha as transformações do cenário histórico mundial, como frutos dos seus condicionantes tecnocientíficos, econômicos, políticos, sociais, culturais, nacionais e internacionais. Embora não se abrace a tese do dedterminismo tecnológico, as novas condições de trabalho são aqui consideradas como um dos fatores determinantes das formas de resistência dos trabalhadores e da orientação política dos movimentos sindicais em todos os países do mundo. Surge dessa compreensão, com fundamento na vasta literatura sobre os movimentos sindicais no Brasil, a relação entre taulorismo;fordismo e sindicalismo de confronto; toyotismo e sindicalismo de negociação; quarta revolução tecnológica e tendência à independência dos sindicatos e das centrais sindicais, graças aos meios tecnológicos de comunicação direta entre os pares, para a apresentação, organização e luta por novas reivindicações.

The quality of drinking water differs across countries, so households show different levels of willingness to pay (WTP) to improve it, which is also influenced by their income levels. This study presents a meta-analysis using studies from 30 developed and developing countries, representing 4.7 billion inhabitants. At the international level, by standardizing these values (PPP) to international US dollars of 2011, developing countries show, on average, a greater WTP than developed countries relative to their income and an inverse correlation between their water footprint and their WTP. HIGHLIGHTS A comparative meta-analysis between developed and developing countries.; Developing countries are willing to pay more to improve their drinking water.; Policy-makers can use these results to guide their decisions.; Developing countries are willing to pay more to improve their freshwater, but do not trust their governments.; Developing countries are willing to pay more for the freshwater in relation to their income.

El artículo se centra en los estudios experimentales sobre el comportamiento mecánico de los pilotes geotérmicos. Se presenta de forma resumida el proyecto español PITERM (2011-2013), sobre un pilote experimental de hormigón prefabricado, hincado en Valencia, y sometido a cargas mecánicas y térmicas, simulando su funcionamiento durante el verano, en modo climatización. Se incluye una breve revisión de pruebas experimentales realizadas en diferentes países, cuyos resultados van al encuentro de los obtenidos en PITERM, confirman el modelo conceptual representativo de un comportamiento termo-elástico, para los niveles de cargas térmicas esperables en las aplicaciones reales, y revelan la importancia del perfil de terreno atravesado y de las condiciones de restricción en pie y cabeza del pilote. Se hace también una pequeña revisión de trabajos experimentales sobre modelos a escala reducida en centrífuga, y se finaliza con algunos apuntes sobre las líneas de investigación más recientes a nivel internacional.

Systematic reviews are research synthesis methods increasingly used in educational research to support evidence-based decision making. The conduction of a systematic review is a complex process with several phases usually supported by software tools. These tools used at the international level are not currently common in the Italian educational research. This work describes four software tools used in the international educational research and evaluates their general functionality and specific features’ usability to conduct the systematic review phases of study screening and selection. For this purpose, this study uses two methods: a feature analysis (Kitchenham et al., 1997) and an expert survey (Harrison et al., 2020). The results of both investigation methods agree to consider Covidence and Rayyan the most functional software tools in conducting SR. Among the four tools, ASReview has the greatest potential for making the process of a SR more efficient. Una valutazione dei software per condurre revisioni sistematiche: analisi delle caratteristiche e sondaggio a esperti Le revisioni sistematiche sono metodi di sintesi di ricerca sempre più utilizzati in campo educativo al fine di supportare il processo decisionale basato su evidenze. La conduzione di una revisione sistematica, poiché complessa e su più fasi, è sovente supportata in ambito internazionale da software specifici attualmente poco diffusi nella ricerca educativa italiana. Il contributo presenta quattro software utilizzati nella ricerca educativa internazionale e valuta le funzionalità generali e l’usabilità di caratteristiche specifiche per condurre le fasi di screening e di selezione degli studi. A questo scopo lo studio impiega i metodi dell’analisi delle caratteristiche (Kitchenham et al., 1997) e del sondaggio ad esperti in revisioni sistematiche (Harrison et al., 2020) in campo educativo. I risultati di entrambi i metodi di indagine concordano nel ritenere Covidence e Rayyan gli strumenti più funzionali per condurre revisioni sistematiche, mentre ASReview risulta il software con maggiore potenzialità per rendere il processo più efficiente.