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Тема ВКРбакалавра: «Обоснование выбора модели интернационализации бизнеса в ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ÑÑ Ñ†Ð¸Ñ„Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹ экономики на примере ПАО «X5 Retail Group»». Цель работы – анализ текущего состояния теории интернационализации и разработка мероприятий по выбору модели интернационализации бизнеса. Работа выполнена на Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ð°Ð»Ð°Ñ : отчетность компании ПАО «X5 Group». Использованные методы: SWOT-анализ, PEST-анализ, Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾-экономический анализ, сбор и обработка Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ , методы оценки эффективности проектов. Результаты работы: - сформулированы критерии ÑƒÑÐ¿ÐµÑ Ð° интернационализации бизнеса; - проведена оценка деятельности компании ПАО «X5 Group»; - проведено обоснование выбора модели интернационализации компании ПАО «X5 Group»; - разработан комплекс мероприятий практической реализации выбранной модели; - проведена оценка эффективности и инвестиционной привлекательности данного проекта. Область применения результатов ВКР– торговые применение результатов работы в деятельности компании «X5 Group» и возможности масштабирования проекта. Выводы. Задачи ВКРрешены, цель достигнута, определена область применения результатов.Â, The title of the bachelor graduate qualification work: «Justification of the choice of a business internationalization model in the digital economy on the example of X5 Retail Group». The aim of the graduate qualification work is analysis of the current state of the theory of internationalization and development of measures for choosing a business internationalization model. The work has been carried out on the materials of reporting of the company "X5 Group". Research methods used: SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, technical and economic analysis, data collection and processing, methods for evaluating the effectiveness of projects. The main results of the graduate qualification work: - the criteria for the success of business internationalization are formulated; - the assessment of the activity of the company PJSC "X5 Group" was carried out; - justification of the choice of the internationalization model of «X5 Group» has been carried out; - a set of measures for the practical implementation of the selected model has been developed; - an assessment of the effectiveness and investment attractiveness of this project was carried out. The areas of the graduate qualification work results application application of the results of the work in the activities of the X5 Group company and the possibility of scaling the project. Conclusions of graduate qualification work. Tasks have been solved, aim has been achieved, the areas of the results application have been determined.

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53 p., Starting from an academic research done for five of the most important banks in the South American financial sector and based in the different theories of the internationalization process exposed by some authors, a strategic model was identified in order to be used by any financial Colombian company in order to begin activities in other country of the region. Different key strategies of competence in the Colombian financial sector were identified as: service quality, interest rates, administrative costs, number of branches and different channels of attention, among others. Equally, it was concluded that the high degree of overcrowding in the financial sector is caused by the strategies used by institutions, for that reason it is necessary to increase market share in different countries in the region in order to increase profitability. Based on the different theories of internationalization, strategies used by five financial institutions that participate in different countries were identified the acquisition of other entities and mergers are the most successful strategies. The internationalization model helps to develop a new way to interact it all the growing markets around the globe. This ensures that the banking sector can remain competitive. As long as the invest is coming from abroad its possible to incur in strategic markets and be competitive., A partir de un estudio realizado a cinco de los bancos más importantes del sector financiero sudamericano y utilizando las diferentes teorías del proceso de internacionalización que han expuesto diferentes autores, se logró identificar un modelo estratégico a seguir que puede ser utilizado por cualquier entidad financiera colombiana que desee iniciar actividades en algún país de la región. Se lograron identificar características de competencia claves en el sector financiero colombiano como son: calidad del servicio, tasas de interés de captación y colocación, costos administrativos, red de oficinas y los diferentes canales de atención, entre otros. Igualmente, se pudo concluir que, debido al alto grado de hacinamiento en el sector financiero ocasionado por las estrategias utilizadas por las entidades, se hace necesario aumentar la participación del mercado en diferentes países de la región con el fin de incrementar la rentabilidad. Teniendo como base las diferentes teorías de internacionalización, se identificaron estrategias utilizadas por cinco entidades financieras que tienen participación en diferentes países, siendo la adquisición y fusión entre entidades las más exitosas. Los procesos de internacionalización en el sector financiero aseguran mantenerse competitivos en los mercados mundiales y, así poder crecer en una forma uniforme para poder controlar las economías de escala basados en los modelos de internacionalización de otras entidades financieras., Pregrado, Administrador de Negocios Internacionales, Introducción .................................................................................................................................. 10 1. Descripción del Proyecto .......................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Planteamiento del problema .................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Formulación del problema ...................................................................................................... 13 2. Objetivos ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Objetivo General ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Objetivos Específicos .............................................................................................................. 14 3. Justificación .............................................................................................................................. 15 4. Metodología .............................................................................................................................. 16 4.1 Tipo de Estudio o Investigación ............................................................................................. 16 4.2 Diseño Metodológico .............................................................................................................. 16 5. Marco Teórico ........................................................................................................................... 18 5.1 Concepto de Internacionalización ........................................................................................... 18 5.2 Aproximación a las teorías de internacionalización ............................................................... 19 5.3 Modelos económicos .............................................................................................................. 20 5.4 Globalización .......................................................................................................................... 22 5.5 Integración Económica ........................................................................................................... 24 5.6 Internacionalización ................................................................................................................ 25 6. Marco Conceptual ..................................................................................................................... 28 6.1 Teoría Macroeconómica ......................................................................................................... 28 6.2 Teoría de la Internacionalización ............................................................................................ 29 6.3 Teoría de Monopolización ...................................................................................................... 30 6.4 Teoría de la ventaja competitiva ............................................................................................. 31 6.5 Teoría de la ventaja competitiva ............................................................................................. 31 6.6 Condiciones de la demanda .................................................................................................... 31 6.7 Sectores conexos y auxiliares ................................................................................................. 32 6.8 Estrategia, estructura y rivalidad de la empresa ...................................................................... 32 6.9 Teoría de la organización industrial ........................................................................................ 33 7. Procesos de internacionalización de la empresa DAVIVIENDA S.A. ..................................... 34 7.1 Modelos por Procesos: Escuela Uppsala. ............................................................................... 34 7.2 Modelo Jordi Canals ............................................................................................................... 35 7.3 Modelo del ciclo de vida del producto .................................................................................... 38 7.4 Modelos por Redes ................................................................................................................. 40 7.5 Teoría de Johanson y Mattson ................................................................................................ 41 8. Política de negoción internacional de DAVIVIENDA S.A. y líneas de crédito internacional (REDES) ....................................................................................................................................... 44 8.1 Banco Davivienda: Localización de sucursales en América .................................................. 44 8.2 Redes Internacionales ............................................................................................................. 44 8.3 Productos y Servicios ofrecidos. ............................................................................................. 44 8.4 Estrategia de internacionalización. ......................................................................................... 45 8.5 Estrategia futura de internacionalización ................................................................................ 46 8.6 Estrategia para continuar con los procesos de internacionalización ....................................... 47 9. Conclusiones ............................................................................................................................. 50 10. Recomendaciones ................................................................................................................... 51 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................................................. 52, Ej. 1

Technology has transformed the world, especially the business market; it is the cause of disruption for many industries that had to adapt to this new generation and develop new ways of doing business and expanding their knowledge. As a consequence, a new internationalization theory was developed to explain companies' behaviors related with international commerce: the born-global model. Born-globals are companies that direct their sells to the international market right from the start, they do not focus in a single market and do not follow a step-by-step internationalization. This model is normally used by small and medium companies that do not have many resources and therefore opt by using the internet as their most valuable resource to reach their target market. The present case study reflects a Portuguese successful case of born-global: the shoes brand "Josefinas", founded in 2011. Filipa Júlio was inspired by her grandmother Josefina, the person who took her to ballet classes when she was little and made her life an adventure. Since the beginning the brand opted for selling its products exclusively online as it does not require a great amount of investment and has the advantage to have a constant feedback of what customers want. This case will, therefore, focus on the critical success factors of "Josefinas", the analysis of how the brand is integrated in the luxury footwear industry, how the characteristics of a team contribute to the success of a brand and, finally, how technology impacts this type of companies. A tecnologia transformou o Mundo e, em particular, o mundo dos negócios; é causa de disrupção em muitas indústrias que tiveram de se adaptar a esta nova geração e desenvolver novas formas de negócio e expandir os seus conhecimentos. Como consequência, um novo modelo de internacionalização foi desenvolvido para explicar o comportamento das empresas relativamente ao comércio internacional: o modelo "Born-global". As "born-globals" são empresas que dirigem as suas vendas para o mercado internacional desde a sua criação, não se focando apenas num único mercado e não seguindo, por isso, uma internacionalização por fases. Este modelo é geralmente usado por pequenas e médias empresas que não possuem muitos recursos e optam, assim, por utilizar a internet como o seu recurso mais importante para ter acesso ao seu mercado-alvo. O presente caso de estudo reflete um caso português de sucesso de uma "born-global": a marca de sapatos "Josefinas", fundada em 2011. Filipa Júlio inspirou-se na sua avó Josefina, a pessoa que a levava às aulas de ballet quando era criança e que sempre tornou a sua vida uma aventura, para criar a marca. Desde a sua criação que a marca escolheu vender os seus produtos apenas online, uma vez que não requer um grande investimento e possui a vantagem de ter um feedback constante das clientes. Este caso irá, assim, focar-se nos fatores críticos de sucesso das "Josefinas", na análise da integração da marca na indústria de sapatos de luxo, em como as características da equipa contribuem para o sucesso da marca e, finalmente, no impacto que a tecnologia tem neste tipo de empresas.

Рукопись поступила в редакцию 11 января 2018 г. В статье предпринята попытка концептуализации и анализа теоретических моделей интернационализации образования, характерных для ряда стран Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона (АТР). Применяются методы сравнительного и ситуационного анализа. Предложенная автором классификация моделей интернационализации основывается на выявлении общих и специфических черт национальных реформ высшей школы, а также стратегических ориентиров указанных государств на мировой арене. Охарактеризованные национальные практики в сфере интернационализации образования дают представление о достоинствах/недостатках выделенных моделей, позволяют определить место и дальнейшую траекторию России на пути реализации эффективной образовательной политики на азиатско-тихоокеанском направлении. In this article, the author conceptualizes and analyzes the theoretical education of internationalization models, typical for a number of Asia-Pacific countries. The author applies the methods of comparative analysis and case study. The proposed classifi cation of internationalization models is based on the identifi cation of the specific features in national reforms of higher education as well as the strategic goals of these states in the world. Describing national practices in education internationalization allows to defi ne the advantages and disadvantages of the models, and to suggest the further steps of Russia on the way to effective educational policy in the Asia-Pacific direction.

Fashion is one of retailing’s most actively internationalizing sectors. Relatively little is known about the diverse aspects of fashion brand internationalization, despite unprecedented levels of activity in this area for the past two decades. This introductory chapter reviews the characteristics of the fashion industry, the main differences between manufacturing internationalization and retailing internationalization, and traditional approaches to internationalization. Major trends in fashion brand internationalization are also introduced, including: the increased internationalization of Asian apparel brands; the increase in international outshopping both online and offline; the acquisition of leading global fashion brands by companies in developing countries; and Chinese influences on fashion brand development. The opportunities and challenges for global apparel brand companies created by this changing environment are discussed.

The aim of the investigation is to show possible variants of audit in the higher educational institution while processes of internationalisation (procedures of definition of its level); to find out an estimation method of the received results in the given sphere. Methods. The methods involve comparative analysis, synthesis, range and systematization of information concerning the discussed problem. Results and scientific novelty. The necessity of universities participating in internationalization processes is proved. Existing approaches to internationalization evaluation levels are reviewed, as well as best practices for each criterion. Level indicators of considered process are proposed due to summarising the results of the given review, and also as a result of the coordination of criteria NAFSA and authors’ system of indicators: international programs supporting by a university administration, curricular changes, faculty involving into international research, faculty involving into teaching process, students participation, abroad study support, international students and teachers support. The research demonstrates that to improve the adequacy the system of indicators has to be supplemented with some indicators to evaluate the conformity of a university’s internationalization to its mission; the conformity of a university’s internationalization to the government geopolitics; extracurricular activities of students; cultural aspects of internationalization including communication with local ethnical groups; attractiongetting mechanisms for international students. Practical significance. The proposed system of indicators can be used for an estimation of high school development in internationalisation sphere, and under certain correction and improvement for efficiency definition of development of its academic divisions in the given field Цели статьи – показать возможные варианты аудита в высшем образовательном учреждении процессов интернационализации (процедур определения ее уровня) и решить проблему выбора способа оценки полученных результатов в данной сфере. Методы. Сравнительный анализ; синтез; систематизация материалов относительно обсуждаемой проблемы. Результаты и научная новизна. Обоснована необходимость участия вузов в процессах интернационализации. Представлен обзор существующих подходов к интернационализации вузовского пространства и лучших практик ее осуществления и оценки. По итогам данного обзора, а также в результате согласования критериев NAFSA и авторской системы показателей отобраны индикаторы рассматриваемого процесса: поддержка программы администрацией вуза, изменения учебных планов, вовлеченность преподавательского состава в международные научные исследования, вовлеченность преподавательского состава в процесс преподавания, участие студентов, поддержка обучения за рубежом, поддержка иностранных студентов и преподавателей. В ходе предпринятого исследования выявлено, что для повышения адекватности система индикаторов должна быть дополнена показателями, оценивающими соответствие интернационализации университета его миссии и геополитике государства; внеучебную студенческую жизнь в университете; культурологические аспекты этого процесса; механизмы привлечения иностранных студентов. Практическая значимость. Разработанная система показателей может быть использована для оценки развития вуза в сфере интернационализации, а при определенной коррекции и для определения эффективности развития его академических подразделений в данном поле деятельности

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the most dynamic part of economy and have a significant impact on the economic development of every country. Growth and development, even survival of a company whose domestic market is small - as it is the case with Croatia, is not possible without internationalization. Basic problems of SMEs are a lack of resources and high perceived risk of doing business abroad due to numerous entry barriers. Limited knowledge regarding doing business abroad and regarding the ways of applying theory in practice, indicates a need for creating simple guidelines that will help SMEs to face the complexity of internationalization and reduce the perceived risk. In this paper, the authors reviewed models of internationalization of enterprises with the aim of developing guidelines to facilitate the internationalization of Croatian SMEs. The theoretical part provides a framework which is the basis of the proposed guidelines for the internationalization of SMEs. The framework includes company’s generic strategies and internationalization, barriers to internationalization, methods of selecting foreign markets, market entry strategies, a discussion on standardization and adaptation, and models of internationalization. The empirical part consists of a case study of a small Croatian company that has an innovative and highly competitive export product and presents the internationalization of that company based on the proposed guidelines. It also provides practical steps to all SMEs having intention to internationalize their operations.

This paper makes several contributions to the emerging literature on the post-entry behavior of international new ventures. Based on an extensive longitudinal data set, we investigate the dynamics of commitment, growth and survival of different types of newly internationalizing Belgian firms. Global start-ups have the highest initial and rapidly rising export commitment per market and are also more likely to continue exporting over time than geographically focused start-ups, and traditional staged exporters. However, global start-ups also display the highest failure rate. This high failure rate appears to result primarily fromthe ‘liability of newness’ and less from the added complexity associated with rapid and wide scope internationalization. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: International commitment, post-entry growth and survival of international new ventures journaltitle: Journal of Business Venturing articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.01.001 content_type: article copyright: Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ispartof: Journal of Business Venturing vol:29 issue:1 pages:101-120 status: published

In our master thesis “Fashionable strategies” we analyze the internationalization processof small and medium sized Nordic Fashion companies. In our study we conducted aquantitative survey and qualitative in-depths interviews to shed light on the topic. We usehereby an iterative research strategy through the triangulation analysis method as researchapproach. The combination of methodologies and perspectives allowed us to analyze ourtheoretical framework and the research questions in a favorable manner. The researchquestions we aim to investigate in our study were the following:· What are the reasons for the small and medium sized Nordic fashion companies wheninternationalizing, and what are the strategies the companies use hereby?· What influences the small and medium sized Nordic fashion companies in their choiceof strategy and market to enter?· Which barriers of entry and problems do the small and medium sized Nordic fashioncompanies see as critical in their internationalization process and how do theyovercome these issues?In the research we especially took a look at the following areas that we found mainlyimportant for fashion companies in their internationalization process: The reasons forexpanding, the choice of market, the entry modes that are used and barriers and problemsthat occur in the process. We take a view on the theoretical models of the Uppsala Model,Helsinki model, Revised Uppsala model and Born-Global Theory to explain the strategiesbehind the small and medium sized Nordic fashion companies.We see that the growth of the company and the profit increase are the main reasons for theNordic fashion companies when expanding their business. The entry modes used by thecompanies are agents and distributors, and when choosing the markets the fashioncompanies are contact-driven and focusing first on markets that have a rather smallerdistance to their own domestic market. The problems the companies have to overcome arecosts of entry, cash-flow and invoice payments which are all related to financial issues.We believe that our study has contributed with new information to the research field ofinternationalization concerning small medium fashion companies in the Nordic countries.

The 21st century would be a nightmare for Don Quijote: thousands of windmills are installed all over the globe and the number will increase tremendously over the next years. If climate change was an issue in the early 17th century, Don Quijote might have specialized in fighting nuclear or fossil fuel power plants. The change in power production is clearly pronounced, and it inspires the market to respond immediately. Numerous wind turbine manufacturers emerge, developing one technological innovation after another. The trend clearly goes in one direction: horizontal axis wind turbines in all possible variations. However, there are a few companies that do not follow the mainstream – they swim against the current and introduce new concepts, with the potential to set new standards in the industry. Nevertheless, the question whether these companies can establish operations and survive in an industry dominated by large multinational corporations arises. If these companies want to become recognized, they need to compete on an international scale from the outset – they become born globals. This master’s thesis investigates the preconditions under which an innovative start-up company can become born global in the wind turbine industry. For that, distinctive resources and capabilities of such companies, as well as key success factors for the industry are defined. Furthermore, enhancing or restricting parameters lying within company’s environment – in particular, within its networks – are discovered. These findings are based on and supported by the case study of an innovative vertical axis wind turbine manufacturer. In addition, the influence of this company’s university spin-off origin is investigated.

Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa For some time foreign marketing researches has been developed. There are several motivations and core relations mentioned in these researches, and is possible to identify as one of the most referred subjects the reasons that drive one firm toward exportation process. Furthermore, there are researches that suggest the existence of variables common to organizations that might provide general understanding about the exportation process reasons. Among the revised researches in this paper are Bilkey s (1978) and Cavusgil e Nevin s (1981) that identified exportation activity motivation from firms technological and entrepreneurship characteristics. Further to exportation profile comprehension it is important to understand whether the firms characteristics may provide a superior performance of the firm. This was the present study motivation, which established as general achievement the analysis of entrepreneurship and technology characteristics relationship of with internation performance of Brazilian industrial firms. It was studied the influence of exportation activities of one firm in its financial performance as well as the size contribution in this process. In order to progress on this research development 976 Brazilian industrial firms from Gazeta Mercantil database were contacted. 208 firms replied to the present research submited questionnaire, related to entrepreneurship profile, technology investments and exportation activities. The questionnaire data was complemented with size and financial performance information from Gazeta Mercantil database in a three years base. Statistics analysis demonstrated that exportation performance varies according to the industrial activity and it was influenced by firms characteristics. Furthermore, it showed influences of exportation degree to the performance of firms and that exportation performance is related to exportation activities persistence. Pesquisas relacionadas à exportação vêm sendo desenvolvidas há muito tempo. As motivações e as relações focadas pelos estudos desta área são muitas. Um dos principais temas discutidos é o motivo pelo qual as firmas exportam. Complementarmente estudos sugerem que podem existir algumas variáveis comuns às organizações exportadoras que podem fornecer um entendimento mais completo sobre o porquê das firmas exportarem. Entre os estudos examinados salienta-se o de Bilkey (1978) e Cavusgil e Nevin (1981), que apontam as características empreendedoras e tecnológicas da firma como motivação determinante da atividade de exportação. Além do entendimento do perfil do exportador é importante compreender se estas características das firmas podem levar a um desempenho de exportação superior. Esta foi a motivação deste estudo, que teve como objetivo geral analisar a relação entre as características empreendedoras e tecnológicas e o desempenho e a atuação internacional das firmas do setor industrial brasileiro. Avaliou-se também o impacto da atividade de exportação da firma no seu desempenho financeiro e a influência do tamanho da firma neste processo. Foram contatados para este estudo, 976 firmas do setor industrial brasileiro listado da publicação anual da Gazeta Mercantil - Balanço Anual. Destas, 208 aceitaram responder ao questionário da pesquisa, que continha questões relacionadas ao perfil empreendedor, aos investimentos em tecnologia e atividades de exportação. Foram associados aos dados coletados junto às empresas outros dados relativos ao tamanho da firma e ao seu desempenho financeiro, que estavam disponíveis no Balanço Anual citado. Dados de desempenho de três anos foram usados. Os resultados das análises estatísticas mostram que o desempenho de exportação varia significativamente por tipo de atividade industrial e é influenciado por variáveis que caracterizam a firma. Além disso, observou-se a influência do grau de exportação e o desempenho das firmas e que o desempenho de exportação está associado com a persistência da atividade exportadora.

Интернационализацията в сферата на услугите се е превърнала в самостоятелна сила, която има ясно изразена тенденция към нарастване. Тя се формира от най-различни фактори: икономически, политически, технологически, социално-демографски и психологически. В студията се разкрива значението на интернационализацията в сферата на услугите за развитието на българската икономика. Изследват се теоретични постановки, изясняващи този процес. На тази база се извеждат модели, обясня- ващи интернационализацията на българските фирми в сферата на услугите от различни гледни точки. Today internationalization in services has become an independent force that has a clear upward trend. It is formed by a variety of factors: economic, political, technological, socio-demographic and psychological. The study reveals the importance of internationalization of services for the Bulgarian economy. Theoretical formulations clarifying this process are investigated. On this basis, models are derived which explain the internationalization of Bulgarian companies in services sector from different perspectives.