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The Covid-19 pandemic has upended the way we work, raising challenges but also rapidly accelerating the adoption of digital technologies to facilitate remote work. Although remote work poses certai...

The new internet standard 5G offers new possibilities to combine and connect different platforms like artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT) which will influence almost all aspects of people's lives. The connectivity of all these things will revolutionize the way information will be transferred and distributed. In 2025 the amount of connected devices will approach 75 billion worldwide, a five-time increase in the last ten years [1]. These devices can be handled in wireless sensor networks (WSN), acting in structural health monitoring, autonomous driving, smarter agriculture, etc.

Remote interaction and manipulation of physical objects is one of the promising directions in networked services across the connected world. In formalizing an enabling architecture, the IEEE P1918.1 Standard for the Tactile Internet (TI) is being developed to outline tactile interactions and democratizing skills. For the Tactile Internet to become a reality, advancements in network technologies, orchestrated with haptic-technologies and artificial intelligence, are necessary. The standardization of 5G, rolling out as the next generation of mobile communications, is paving the way for supporting the Tactile Internet vision. The IEEE P1918.1 Working Group (WG) has been developing the architecture, objectives, reasoning and future use cases of the Tactile Internet. This paper focuses on the potential for enabling TI-based remote surgery, and introduces a specific use case (cholecystectomy) that is mapped to the IEEE P1918.1 standard reference architecture. Challenging issues such as network design, Quality of Service (QoS), and multiplexing are taken into account and discussed. This work also emphasizes the role of deterministic message exchanges that would support Tactile Internet in carrying out a remote operation.

Training and education are essential for medical students. During the COVID-19 outbreak, numerous schools and universities have had to close. Ensuring pedagogical continuity requires alternatives to the traditional classroom, especially in medical education. Usual distance learning tools such as videos and downloadable handouts are not sufficient to promote efficient teaching. Distance learning requires self-motivation and does not give you direct access to your instructor. Some students fear the loss of human contact with an instructor - like asking questions during and after class - which promotes learning, understanding and communication. Moreover, classical distance learning methods do not offer immediate feedback that can help students in their understanding of the lecture. In this context, interactive pedagogic tools (IPT) could be useful for medical education continuity and for maintaining human contact necessary in pedagogy. We briefly evaluated interactive pedagogic tool compared to traditionnal distancial tools on medical students. This study showed the importance to have direct contact with a teacher and feedback during a lecture and to not exclusively perform distance learning without direct interaction and feedback. Hence, in the present context, we encourage teacher to use this type of tools to maintain direct interaction with students - which is essential in pedagogy - and ensure a qualitative pedagogical continuity.

IoT security is one of the most important challenges for the development of IoT. A large number of resource-constrained nodes in IoT have insufficient storage space, limited computing power, unstable communication links, and cannot adopt internet standard security protocols to guarantee the end-to-end security of communication, which becomes the weakness of IoT. Combining the characteristics and development trend of IoT, this paper proposes an edge computing based IoT security architecture and proposes a novel security transmission scheme. In this scheme, an end-to-end security approach based on proxy datagram transport layer security is adopted. Analysis and experiments show that the scheme can enable resource-constrained devices in the IoT to communicate securely end-to-end using internet-standard security protocols, and has good scale, scalability, and practical feasibility

TCP congestion control and particularly its initial congestion window (IW) size is one long-debated topic that can influence Web performance. Its size is, however, assumed to be static by IETF recommendations—despite being network- and application-dependent—and only infrequently changed in its history. To understand if the standardization and research perspective still meets Internet reality, we study the IW configurations in IPv4 and of major content delivery networks (CDNs). We have been regularly inspecting IPv4 for HTTP and TLS servers to investigate their IW configuration and found a steady increase in IETF-recommended configurations. We additionally study how CDNs configure their IWs given their relevance for content distribution. To shed light on network-dependent CDN configurations, we use a globally distributed infrastructure of VPNs giving access to residential access links. We observe that most CDNs are well aware of the IW’s impact and find a high amount of customization that is beyond current Internet standards. We find various initial window configurations, most below 50 segments, yet, with exceptions of up to 100 segments—the tenfold of current standards. This paper highlights that Internet reality has drifted away from recommended and standardized practices. Driven by these findings, we investigate the effects of this new reality on the slow start of Cubic and BBR congestion controlled TCP flows. We find that TCP pacing is a key to enable increased IWs when competing against other traffic.

Introduction. The internet network of things, objects and devices connected to the internet is growing exponentially, due to the fact that the deployment and design of equipment has been carried out in a very diversified way, since there is no Internet standard for IoT things, so it has become cumbersome control and management of computer security in the networks connecting devices to the Internet of things. Objective. To propose the development of a standard protocol for the internet of things, considering the specifications of the existing devices and the current communication technologies, such as those that are in the deployment stage based on 5G.Based on the standard internet protocol of things, a methodology of risk management and IT security for IoT devices is proposed. Materials and methods. A generalized methodology is proposed, which combines good praxis to manage the risks in a system of connection of intelligent objects to the internet of things, reviewing the main factors of the security of the IoT connection system.

Online discussion boards offer opportunities for individualized and interactive learning in higher education and are frequently used in health professions education. This article investigates the ways in which discussion board activities foster cognitive and affective domain learning among health professions students and contribute to the professional competencies that are required of emerging clinicians. In addition, pedagogical challenges, including the need to develop sophisticated interpersonal affective domain skills, promote problem-based learning, and prepare students for standardized examinations, are addressed. Considerations for practice, which include the importance of specific teaching strategies such as the shaping of student and instructor roles, scaffolding, and online debates and role-playing, are discussed.

While initially conceived as a system for cryptocurrency transactions' validation among untrusted parties, blockchain technology has gained momentum as a tool that can theoretically be applied to many domains beyond the intended one. Among these domains, one of the biggest and most promising is the Internet of Things. The IEEE 1931.1 WG is currently working on the definition of an Internet standard for technical and functional interoperability of federated IoT systems for Real-Time Onsite Operations Facilitation (ROOF) that operate and function in a secure, semi-autonomous, and decentralized manner. Blockchain technology can play a key role in accomplishing this goal. In this article, after discussing the use of blockchain technology in the IoT, the architectural framework as well as the use of blockchain technology in the IEEE 1931.1 standard are discussed in terms of advantages brought, criticalities, and future improvements that are necessary for fruitful deployment within ROOF.

The IEEE Tactile Internet Standards Working Group (WG), designated the numbering IEEE P1918.1, undertakes pioneering work on the development of standards for the Tactile Internet. This chapter describes the WG, its intentions, its developing baseline standard, and the associated reasoning behind that, and touches on a further standard already initiated under its scope: IEEE P1918.1.1 on the Haptic Codecs for the Tactile Internet.

The goal is to map out some policy problems attached to using a club good approach instead of a public good approach to manage our internet protocols, specifically the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Behavioral and information economics theory are used to evaluate the standardization process of our current generation HTTP/2 (2.0). The HTTP update under scrutiny is a recently released HTTP/2 version based on Google’s SPDY, which introduces several company-specific and best practice applications, side by side. A content analysis of email discussions extracted from a publicly accessible IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) email server shows how the club good approach of the working group leads to an underperformance in the outcomes of the standardization process. An important conclusion is that in some areas of the IETF, standardization activities may need to include public consultations, crowdsourced volunteers, or an official call for public participation to increase public oversight and more democratically manage our intangible public goods.

This study presents an authentication security scheme for implementation on the Internet of Things (IoT). This scheme is reliant on the prevailing Internet standards, particularly on the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol. The reliance of this scheme on an existing standard facilitates the reuse of the existing engineering techniques, implementations, and security features in the new scheme, thereby enabling easy security uptake. The scheme proposed in this study is based on RSA, which is the commonly used public-key cryptographic framework. Its design supports execution over the standard communication stacks that offer UDP/IPv6 networking for 6LoWPANs. In this study, DTLS was implemented from the perspective of a systems framework. The feasibility of the scheme in terms of high interoperability and low overheads is also proven via several evaluations on a suitable hardware platform for IoT.

The QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connection) protocol suite is going to approach its final stages of standardization to become part of the official Internet standards (RFCs) and of the new HTTP/3 specification. Some of its disruptive characteristics, such as the 0-RTT establishment of secure communications and a connection-oriented management over a UDP-based connection-less transport, can be reused and tailored in the framework of a Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP) architecture for the effective management of multiple links. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a QUIC-based splitting solution to enhance the communication across multiple backhaul links, each associated with a different network technology (e.g., satellite and terrestrial). After discussing the working principles of the designed QUIC-based proxy, we present a software implementation, as well as preliminary results obtained, through a set of meaningful test-cases deployed over a Linux based testbed.

The 3GPP has provided its first standard specifications for network slicing in the recent Release 15. The fundamental principles are specified which constitute the standard network slicing framework. These specifications, however, lack the session continuation mechanisms among slices, which is a fundamental requirement to achieve inter-slice mobility. In this paper, we propose three solutions which enable session continuation among slices in the current 3GPP network slicing framework. These solutions are based on existing, well-established standard mechanisms. The first solution is based on the Return Routability/Binding Update (RR/BU) procedure of the popular Internet standard, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). The second solution is based on the 3GPP standard GPRS Tunnelling Protocol User Plane (GTPv1-U), which establishes a GTP tunnel between previous and new slice for session continuation. The third solution is a hybrid solution of both MIPv6-RR/BU and GTPv1-U protocols. We compare the performance of all these solutions through analytical modelling. Results show that the GTPv1-U based and the hybrid MIPv6/GTPv1-U solutions promise lower service disruption latency, however, incur higher resource utilization overhead compared to MIPv6-RR/BU and 3GPP standard PDU Session Establishment process.

Public opinion is shaped in significant part by online content, spread via social media and curated algorithmically. The current online ecosystem has been designed predominantly to capture user attention rather than to promote deliberate cognition and autonomous choice; information overload, finely tuned personalization and distorted social cues, in turn, pave the way for manipulation and the spread of false information. How can transparency and autonomy be promoted instead, thus fostering the positive potential of the web? Effective web governance informed by behavioural research is critically needed to empower individuals online. We identify technologically available yet largely untapped cues that can be harnessed to indicate the epistemic quality of online content, the factors underlying algorithmic decisions and the degree of consensus in online debates. We then map out two classes of behavioural interventions-nudging and boosting- that enlist these cues to redesign online environments for informed and autonomous choice.

In multiconnectivity scenarios, the end-user devices can simultaneously connect to multiple networks based on different access technologies and network architectures like WiFi, LTE, DSL. Both the quality of experience of the users and the overall network utilization and efficiency may be improved through the smart selection and combination of access and core network paths that can dynamically adapt to changing network conditions. This document presents a unified problem statement and introduces a solution for managing multiconnectivity. The solution has been developed by the authors based on their experiences in multiple standards bodies including the IETF and 3GPP, but is not an Internet Standard and does not represent the consensus opinion of the IETF. This document describes the requirements, solution principles, and an architectural framework that aims to provide best performance while being easy to implement in a wide variety of multiconnectivity deployments. It specifies the protocol multi-access management to: 1) flexibly select the best combination of access and core network paths for uplink and downlink; as well as 2) determine the user plane treatment and traffic distribution over the selected links ensuring network efficiency and application performance.

The future Internet paradigm Named Data Networking (NDN) and networking architecture like Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Internet of Things (IoT) has caught the attention of research community. NDN is a future internet standard that builds on the practices of current Internet standard TCP/IP. NDN replaces the nodes address with named data that enhance the availability of data. SDN is a good solution for the emerging technologies, efficient resource utilization and communication. Flexible and high-level programmable nature of the SDN caught the attention of the world towards it. IoT enable everything interconnected with other devices and the internet. In dense IoT scenarios, Broadcast storm problem occurs because of the broadcast nature of NDN. Same type of packets cause this problem, that increase the total number of requests and retransmissions. In-time and fast transmission of highly important packets is an issue in IoT. In this paper, we proposed a Controller based Broadcast Storm Avoidance Mechanism (CBAM)in NDN enabled IoT that reduces the broadcast problem with the help of controller. Our scheme used the efficient flow management of SDN controller to control the broadcast storm and efficient transmissions of packets. We also categorized the packet according to the importance and priority. A naming criteria decides the priority of the packet. CBAM outperforms GIF and traditional NDN Flooding in total number of Interests and content retrieval time.

The book addresses representation of the public interest in Internet standard developing organisations (SDOs). Much of the existing literature on Internet governance focuses on international organisations such as the United Nations (UN), the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The literature covering standard developing organisations has to date focused on organisational aspects. This book breaks new ground with investigation of standard development within SDO fora. Case studies centre on standards relating to privacy and security, mobile communications, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and copyright. The book lifts the lid on internet standard setting with detailed insight into a world which, although highly technical, very much affects the way in which citizens live and work on a daily basis. In doing this it adds significantly to the trajectory of research on Internet standards and SDOs that explore the relationship between politics and protocols. The analysis contributes to academic debates on democracy and the internet, global self-regulation and civil society, and international decision-making processes in unstructured environments. The book advances work on the Multiple Streams Framework (MS) by applying it to decision-making in non-state environments, namely SDOs which have long been dominated by private actors. The book is aimed at academic audiences in political science, computer science, communications, and science and technology studies as well as representatives from civil society, the civil service, government, engineers and experts working within SDO fora. It will also be accessible to students at the postgraduate and undergraduate levels.

The importance of secure development of new technologies is unquestioned, yet the best methods to achieve this goal are far from certain. A key issue is that while significant effort is given to evaluating the outcomes of development (e.g., security of a given project), it is far more difficult to determine what organizational practices result in secure projects. In this paper, we quantitatively examine efforts to improve the consideration of security in Requests for Comments (RFCs)--- the design documents for the Internet and many related systems --- through the mandates and guidelines issued to RFC authors. We begin by identifying six metrics that quantify the quantity and quality of security informative content. We then apply these metrics longitudinally over 8,437 documents and 49 years of development to determine whether guidance to RFC authors changed these security metrics in later documents. We find that even a simply worded --- but effectively enforced --- mandate to explicitly consider security created a significant effect in increased discussion and topic coverage of security content both in and outside of a mandated security considerations section. We find that later guidelines with more detailed advice on security also improve both volume and quality of security informative content in RFCs. Our work demonstrates that even modest amounts of guidance can correlate to significant improvements in security focus in RFCs, indicating a promising approach for other network standards bodies.

Internet standards are very important for the effective operation of organizations. This study extends on the model of Internet standards adoption by examining the effect of organizational factors on adoption of Internet standards across different cultures. We propose attitude, top management support, and participation as important organizational factors influencing Internet standards adoption. Surveys were conducted in Australia and China, and the results show that organizational factors indeed play an important role in Internet standards adoption. Moreover, the effects of organizational factors are significantly different between the two countries. Discussion and implications of these findings are provided to conclude this study.

Technology has changed the way medicine is practiced. This commentary considers the effect of digital communications and offers advice on e-mail etiquette.

The ubiquitous use of technology in medical education creates increasing tensions related to the benefits and disadvantages of the ease of access to content and the opportunity to monitor online behavior. We recommend a collaborative understanding by all stakeholders, from learners and educators to higher education institutions and professional regulatory authorities, to inform future practice and policy.

The development and adoption of new protocols (or of extensions to existing protocols) is arguably central to the Internet’s evolution. However, and in spite of over 40 years of experience with this process, we have limited understanding of what factors may contribute to a protocol’s success. A sound technical design and a well-grounded purpose are obviously important, but we have many examples of failures that met those two criteria. What other factors affect a protocol’s likelihood of success, and under what circumstances? We investigate this question through a statistical approach, based on analyzing a set of about 250 Internet standard documents, Internet engineering task force request for comments (RFCs). We characterize these RFCs using a number of key features, which we then seek to associate with positive or negative odds when it comes to success. Our high-level results are intuitive, e.g., protocols that call for Internet-wide adoption face greater challenges. Focusing on more targeted subsets of protocols reveals more subtle and possibly more interesting differences between areas of the Internet landscape. We also apply our prediction framework to IPv6, and use different “what-if” scenarios to explore what might have affected its deployment.

There is a wide variety of policy instruments that political entrepreneurs wishing to influence policy outcomes in the field of Internet Governance may choose from. There is a strategic dimension to this choice. This paper studies how standards and laws interact in the governance of Web privacy, by looking at the case of two groups within the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): the Tracking Protection Working Group and the Privacy Interest Group. Despite the prevalence of discourses stating that the realm of Internet standards are free from the “weary giants of flesh and steel” John Perry Barlow referred to in his Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace, laws, or at least some of them, do exercise a significant amount of influence in the shaping of Web standards dealing with privacy. Laws were quoted as arguments by participants trying to settle disagreements. They influenced certain – but not all – sections of the proposed Do Not Track specifications. This influence should not, however, be understood as meaning that there is a clear recognition by standard-setters that laws are, or even should be superior to standards in a hierarchy of norms that would be impossible to establish due to the nation-bounded nature of laws against the global scope of Web standards.

This article examines the soft-law politics of regulating behaviours on the internet in the European Union (EU) context. It shows the struggles behind internet standards, and delegation of power to commercial actors, while looking at spam and web-cookies as a case study. This article argues that by creating a false division between private and public spaces on the internet, it was possible to legitimize certain practices over others, despite being similar. In this way, spam was categorized as unsolicited communication associated with private space, whereas web-cookies were categorized as wanted communication in public space. By influencing and lobbying EU legislation and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) technical standards, the advertising industry and tech companies simultaneously authorize and institutionalize their own practices and illegalize people’s ‘problematic’ behaviour and other advertising companies. In this way, EU legislation and internet standards create a naturalized discourse...

When Google's executives floated a vision for the Stadia cloud-gaming service, which could make graphically intensive gaming available on any device, they knew the company wouldn't have to build all the necessary technology from scratch. Instead, the tech giant planned to leverage its expertise in shaping Internet standards and installing infrastructure to support its YouTube video service for more than a billion people worldwide.

IoT refers to an emerging paradigm that consists of a continuum of unique things that communicate with each other to form dynamic global networks. IoT, such as objects, appliances, and sensors, is the network of unique identified connected devices with computing services. The IoT term is relatively new and has been the concept of combining computers and networks to monitor and control devices for decades. For example, by the end of the 1970s electric grid remote monitoring meters via telephone lines had already been used in commercial use. Advanced wireless technology has also become extensive for the machine-to-machine companies and industrial solutions for monitoring and operation of equipment where closed-end networks or proprietary industry-specific standards have been used instead of Internet Protocol (IP) and internet standards. Since the beginning of the use of IP to connect devices in the early 2000s, a robust research and development field in the networking of intelligent objects leads to the foundation of IoT today. The term IoT is now popular for scenarios in which internet connectivity and computing capabilities extend to a variety of objects. The idea behind the IoT can also be seen in Fig. 4.1. A refers to technology globalization (anytime, anywhere, any device, any device, any network, etc.) and C reflects IoT’s collection, convergence, connectivity, computing, etc. properties. But the IoT of today has extended beyond the A and C range.

Live VM Migration allows a running virtual machine or service to be moved from one host to another without the need to be shut down. This critical process offers many benefits for Internet services, including load balancing and service availability especially during host maintenance. Nevertheless, VM migration has been limited to layer 2 environments where the VM’s IP address can be migrated with the VM. This is because the IP address must remain reachable after the migration. This necessarily restricts the ability to migrate VMs, limiting their potential and utility.In this paper, we show how a new Internet standard, Multi-Path TCP, can be used to seamlessly migrate live VMs across WAN boundaries. This allows services to migrate closer to their clients while preserving active TCP connections, improving performance, responsiveness, and user engagement. We show this by designing and implementing LSM-MPTCP, a system for VM Migration over the WAN. We demonstrate how our approach can improve throughput and latency in a real cloud environment, achieving throughput improvements up to 6 times and reducing round-trip times by 99%. We also expose subtle networking issues related to migration that can heavily affect loss rates.

Objective In a pilot study, our group showed that an internet-based self-management program improves self-efficacy in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The objective of the current study was to compare an internet-based self-management program to a patient-focused educational book developed to assess measures of self-efficacy and other patient-reported outcomes in patients with SSc. Methods We conducted a 16-week randomized, controlled trial. Results Of the 267 participants who completed baseline questionnaires and were randomized to the intervention (internet: www.selfmanagescleroderma.com) or control (book) group, 123 participants (93%) in the internet group and 124 participants (94%) in the control group completed the 16-week randomized controlled trial (RCT). The mean ± SD age of all participants was 53.7 ± 11.7 years, 91% were women, and 79.4% had some college or a higher degree. The mean ± SD disease duration after diagnosis of SSc was 8.97 ± 8.50 years. There were no statistical differences between the 2 groups for the primary outcome measure (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms: mean change of 0.35 in the internet group versus 0.94 in the control group; P = 0.47) and secondary outcome measures, except the EuroQol 5-domain instrument visual analog scale score (P = 0.05). Internet group participants agreed that the self-management modules were of importance to them, the information was presented clearly, and the website was easy to use and at an appropriate reading level. Conclusion Our RCT showed that the internet-based self-management website was not statistically superior to an educational patient-focused book in improving self-efficacy and other measures. The participants were enthusiastic about the content and presentation of the self-management website.

Driven by their quest to improve web performance, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are known adaptors of performance optimizations. In this regard, TCP congestion control and particularly its initial congestion window (IW) size is one long-debated topic that can influence CDN performance. Its size is, however, assumed to be static by IETF recommendations---despite being network- and application-dependent---and only infrequently changed in its history. To understand if the standardization and research perspective still meets Internet reality, we study the IW configurations of major CDNs. Our study uses a globally distributed infrastructure of VPNs giving access to residential access links that enable to shed light on network-dependent configurations. We observe that most CDNs are well aware of the IW's impact and find a high amount of customization that is beyond current Internet standards. Further, we find CDNs that utilize different IWs for different customers and content while others resort to fixed values. We find various initial window configurations, most below 50 segments yet with exceptions of up to 100 segments---the tenfold of current standards. Our study highlights that Internet reality drifted away from recommended and standardized practices.

The global energy Internet standard support system plays a vital role in global energy interconnection. However, the system brings convenience to the global energy interconnection and introduces new security issues. Due to the diversity of users, the complexity of the environment and the internationalization, there will be more and more malicious network intrusions from outside and inside. The security system of the global energy Internet standard support system faces great challenges. To this end, this paper proposes a security architecture that combines active and passive, establishing a chain of trust between the active security architecture and the passive security architecture, ensuring a new security architecture, a security organization framework, a security policy framework, a security operation framework, and a closed-loop system that integrates the security technology framework. A deep learning algorithm was introduced for network intrusion learning to achieve sustainable management of the information security life cycle. The combination of active and passive security systems and continuous monitoring strategies based on deep learning fully ensure the security of the global energy Internet standard support system.

This chapter applies genre theory to the history of voluntary standardization. Drawing from research on electrical, Internet, and Web standardization reported in Yates and Murphy (Engineering rules: global standard setting since 1880. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2019), I show how genres shape and reflect the values and processes for arriving at product and performance standards across firms in voluntary standard setting, and how they change when new values and media are adopted. The traditional genres of standardization used through most of the twentieth century (demonstrated in genres used in radio frequency interference standardization in the 1960s through 1980s) reflected values of technical orientation, consensus, balance of stakeholders, respect for all stakeholder views, willingness to spend time on due process through repeated balloting, and (at the international level) internationalism. In the late 1980s, new standards organizations emerged to set standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web. In them, new or altered genres arose, reflecting and revealing shifts in values toward transparency, timeliness, and free availability of standards, and less emphasis on balance, respect, due process, and international representation. The move to electronic communication occurred from the beginning in the new standards organizations, also shaping the new genres. In contrast, the old organizations simply reproduced existing genres in new media, reinforcing my earlier work identifying values more than media as the key driver in genre change. More broadly, this study argues that genres are useful tools for historical and contemporary social analysis in many realms.

The IEEE "Tactile Internet" (TI) Standards working group (WG), designated the numbering IEEE 1918.1, undertakes pioneering work on the development of standards for the TI. This paper describes the WG, its intentions, and its developing baseline standard and the associated reasoning behind that and touches on a further standard already initiated under its scope: IEEE 1918.1.1 on "Haptic Codecs for the TI." IEEE 1918.1 and its baseline standard aim to set the framework and act as the foundations for the TI, thereby also serving as a basis for further standards developed on TI within the WG. This paper discusses the aspects of the framework such as its created TI architecture, including the elements, functions, interfaces, and other considerations therein, as well as the novel aspects and differentiating factors compared with, e.g., 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication, where it is noted that the TI will likely operate as an overlay on other networks or combinations of networks. Key foundations of the WG and its baseline standard are also highlighted, including the intended use cases and associated requirements that the standard must serve, and the TIs fundamental definition and assumptions as understood by the WG, among other aspects. Funding Agencies|UK DCMS 5G Rural Integrated Testbed Project; ELLIIT; Center for Industrial Information Technology

Low-power wireless networks provide IPv6 connectivity through 6LoWPAN, a set of standards to aggressively compress IPv6 packets over small maximum transfer unit (MTU) links such as 802.15.4.The entire purpose of IP was to interconnect different networks, but we find that different 6LoWPAN implementations fail to reliably communicate with one another. These failures are due to stacks implementing different subsets of the standard out of concern for code size. We argue that this failure stems from 6LoWPAN’s design, not implementation, and is due to applying traditional Internet protocol design principles to low- power networks.We propose three design principles for Internet protocols on low-power networks, designed to prevent similar failures in the future. These principles are based around the importance of providing flexible tradeoffs between code size and energy efficiency. We apply these principles to 6LoWPAN and show that the modified protocol provides a wide range of implementation strategies while allowing implementations with different strategies to reliably communicate.

Researchers are making it safer for children to use the Internet for educational purposes. Researchers are making it safer for children to use the Internet for educational purposes.

Zstandard, or "zstd" (pronounced "zee standard"), is a data compression mechanism. This document describes the mechanism, and registers a media type and content encoding to be used when transporting zstd-compressed content via Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). Despite use of the word "standard" as part of its name, readers are advised that this document is not an Internet Standards Track specification, and is being published for informational purposes only.

The September 11 Digital Archive and Hurricane Memory Digital Bank, both developed by the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (CHNM) of George Mason University, are among two of the best known and most successful digital archiving initiatives. Though relatively old by internet standards and no longer receiving new submissions, both present a new understanding of what an archive is and its role regarding memory in contemporary society. Digital archives represent a convergence of social time and computer time, thus speeding the production of memory until it is contemporary of the event itself. This stretches the historical event beyond its limits but also means that the archive is created along with the event – it is an instant archive, so to speak. This contribution ends with a discussion on data accumulation in relation to Hayden White's notion of the practical past.

Background Since 2001, a recommendation of no more than 2 h per day of screen time for children 2 years of age or older was adopted in many countries. However, this recommendation was rarely examined empirically. The goal of the present study was to question this recommendation in today's connected world. Methods We used data from the ado@internet.ch survey (spring 2012), a representative sample of 8th graders in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland (n = 2942, 50.6% female). Internet use, health outcomes, substance use, well-being and socio-demographic characteristics were considered. Bi-variate statistical analyses were performed. Results All outcomes were significantly associated with the time spent on internet, more time being associated with a higher prevalence of adverse consequences. Youth spending on average one more hour on Internet per day than the reference category (1.5-2.5 h) did not differ in terms of adverse health outcomes. Differences began to appear on sleeping problems, tobacco use, alcohol misuse, cannabis use and sport inactivity with youth spending between 3.5 h and 4.5 h per day on internet. Conclusions This study demonstrates the absence of justification for setting a limit to only 2 h of screen time per day. Significant effects on health seem to appear only beyond 4 h per day and there may be benefits for those who spend less than an hour and a half on internet.

It is unclear whether individuals searching the Internet for assistance with thoughts of suicide are likely to encounter predominantly helpful or harmful resources. This study investigated websites retrieved by searching Google for information and support for suicidal thoughts. Google searches retrieved a high percentage of irrelevant websites (26%, n = 136). Of the 329 relevant websites retrieved, the majority were suicide preventive (68%); however, a considerable proportion of sites expressed mixed (22%) or neutral (8%) suicide attitudes, and 1% were explicitly pro-suicide. The results highlight a need for suicide prevention organization websites to be made more easily accessible. In the meantime, clinicians should be aware of appropriate websites to recommend to clients.

In June 1992, the Internet Activities Board sought to push the Internet Engineering Task Force into a solution for the Internet's address depletion problem. Its actions provoked a management crisis that forced a restructuring of the Internet standards governance process. Although the events have been characterized as a revolt by the Internet Engineering Task Force, this article revisits the preceding five years to show that the IETF, at least initially, sought to avoid the crisis.

These updates to RFC 5280 provide alignment with the 2008 specification for Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) and add support for Internationalized Email Addresses in X.509 Certificates.

Web service has become irreplaceable for service-oriented application in both academia and industry in recent years. Quality of Service (QoS) is used to describe the nonfunctional characteristics of Web service. Identifying Web service QoS is crucial for service-oriented application designers because service users may obtain very different QoS performance of the same service in the client-side due to dynamic changes of Internet environment as well as user context. However, evaluating QoS performance of a large scale of Web services requires considerable time and resources in real-world. Existing methods can make a personalized prediction for average QoS values by employing historical data but fail to take into consideration the fluctuation feature of Web service QoS values. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel method for personalized QoS prediction of dynamic Web Services. First, a novel approach is used to extract feature points of QoS sequences and dynamic time warping distance is used to compute the similarity instead of Euclidean distance. By finding the most similar QoS sequences of the target QoS sequence, the missing QoS values can be predicted without extra Web services invoking. To validate our method, we conduct a large number of experiments based on real-world Web service QoS data set. The experimental studies show that our method has higher accuracy rate compared with the existing methods.

The paper studies a dynamic model of the decision to continue or abandon a research project. Researchers improve their ideas over time and also learn whether those ideas will be adopted by the scientific community. Projects are abandoned as researchers grow more pessimistic about their chance of success. It estimates the structural parameters of this dynamic decision problem using a novel data set that contains information on both successful and abandoned projects submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), an organization that creates and maintains internet standards. Using the model and parameter estimates, it also simulates two counterfactual policies: a cost-subsidy and a prize-based incentive scheme. For a fixed budget, subsidies have a larger impact on research output, but prizes perform better when accounting for researchers’ opportunity costs.

Background:The internet offers major opportunities in supporting mental health care, and a variety of technology-mediated mental and behavioral health services have been developed. Yet, despite growing evidence for the effectiveness of these services, their acceptance and use in clinical practice remains low. So far, the current literature still lacks a structured insight into the experienced drivers and barriers to the adoption of electronic mental health (eMental health) from the perspective of clinical psychologists.Objective:The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the drivers and barriers for psychologists in adopting eMental health tools, adding to previous work by also assessing drivers and analyzing relationships among these factors, and subsequently by developing a structured representation of the obtained findings.Methods:The study adopted a qualitative descriptive approach consisting of in-depth semistructured interviews with clinical psychologists working in the Netherlands (N=12). On the basis of the findings, a model was constructed that was then examined through a communicative validation.Results:In general, a key driver for psychologists to adopt eMental health is the belief and experience that it can be beneficial to them or their clients. Perceived advantages that are novel to literature include the acceleration of the treatment process, increased intimacy of the therapeutic relationship, and new treatment possibilities due to eMental health. More importantly, a relation was found between the extent to which psychologists have adopted eMental health and the particular drivers and barriers they experience. This differentiation is incorporated in the Levels of Adoption of eMental Health (LAMH) model that was developed during this study to provide a structured representation of the factors that influence the adoption of eMental health.Conclusions:The study identified both barriers and drivers, several of which are new to the literature and found a relationship between the nature and importance of the various drivers and barriers perceived by psychologists and the extent to which they have adopted eMental health. These findings were structured in a conceptual model to further enhance the current understanding. The LAMH model facilitates further research on the process of adopting eMental health, which will subsequently enable targeted recommendations with respect to technology, training, and clinical practice to ensure that mental health care professionals as well as their clients will benefit optimally from the current (and future) range of available eMental health options.

The accuracy and diversity of recommendation algorithms have always been the research hotspot of recommender systems. A good recommender system should not only have high accuracy and diversity, but also have adequate robustness against spammer attacks. However, the issue of recommendation robustness has received relatively little attention in the literature. In this paper, we systematically study the influences of different spammer behaviors on the recommendation results in various recommendation algorithms. We further propose an improved algorithm by incorporating the inner-similarity of user’s purchased items in the classic KNN approach. The new algorithm effectively enhances the robustness against spammer attacks and thus outperforms traditional algorithms in recommendation accuracy and diversity when spammers exist in the online commercial systems.

Diabetes self-management education is a cornerstone of successful diabetes management. Various methods have been used to reach the increasing numbers of patients with diabetes, including Internet-based education. The purpose of this article is to review various delivery methods of Internet diabetes education that have been evaluated, as well as their effectiveness in improving diabetes-related outcomes.Literature was identified in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science databases through searches using the following terms: "type 2 diabetes AND internet/web based AND education" and "type 2 diabetes AND diabetes self-management education (DSME) AND web-based/internet OR technology assisted education." The search was limited to English language articles published in the last 10 years. The search yielded 111 articles; of these, 14 met criteria for inclusion in this review. Nine studies were randomized controlled trials, and study lengths varied from 2 weeks to 24 months, for a total of 2,802 participants.DSME delivered via the Internet is effective at improving measures of glycemic control and diabetes knowledge compared with usual care. In addition, results demonstrate that improved eating habits and increased attendance at clinic appointments occur after the online DSME, although engagement and usage of Internet materials waned over time. Interventions that included an element of interaction with healthcare providers were seen as attractive to participants.Internet-delivered diabetes education has the added benefit of easier access for many individuals, and patients can self-pace themselves through materials. More research on the cost-benefits of Internet diabetes education and best methods to maintain patient engagement are needed, along with more studies assessing the long-term impact of Internet-delivered DSME.