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Food handlers regardless of whether preparing or serving food, play key roles in the transmission of food‐borne infections. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in food handlers in Iran. In the present study, a comprehensive literature search was carried out in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), Iran Medex and Iran Doc, to identify all the published studies from 2000 to 31st April 2019. A total of 25 articles from different regions of Iran were identified and fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Totally, 140,447 cases were examined and 1163 cases were infected with intestinal parasites. Of all cases, 19,516 were male and 5901 were female with 1163 and 652 infected cases, respectively. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was evaluated 14.0% [95% CI: 11.0‐17.0%]. It is revealed that protozoan, such as Giardia lamblia, with prevalence of 41.0% [95% CI: 25.0‐59.0%], Blastosystis hominis with 28.0% [95% CI: 15.0‐44.0%] and Entamoeba coli with 22.0% [95% CI: 16.0‐29.0%] had the highest prevalence while, Dientamoeba fragilis 5.0% [95% CI: 4.0‐7.0%], Iodamoeba bütschlii 5.0% [95% CI: 2.0‐8.0%], Chilomastix mesnili 5.0% [95% CI: 2.0‐9.0%] and Endolimax nana with 3.0% [95% CI: 1.0‐7.0%], were less prevalent. Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides7.0% [95% CI: 0.0‐29.0%] was more prevalent helminth followed with Enterobius vermicularis 3.0% [95% CI: 1.0‐5.0%], Hymenolepis nana 2.0% [95% CI: 1.0‐3.0%], Taenia spp. 2.0% [95% CI: 0.0‐7.0%] and Trichuris trichiura 1.0% [95% CI: 0.0‐1.0%]. The high prevalence of commensal parasites, such as Entamoeba coli, which does not need cure is indicating the importance of personal hygiene in food handlers. Our results revealed the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in food handlers in Iran. Monitoring programs to prevent and controlling of transmission to individuals are needed., Food handlers regardless of whether preparing or serving food, play key roles in transmission of food‐borne infections. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in food handlers.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de enteroparasitos em escolares do 6º ao 9º ano de uma escola de rede pública de ensino do município de Bandeirantes, Paraná, e abordar ações educativas na prevenção dos parasitos intestinais. As amostras fecais foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea, centrífugo-flutuação em sulfato de zinco a 33% e Kato-Katz modificado. Para análise da associação dos resultados e os dados obtidos do questionário epidemiológico foram realizados os testes de qui-quadrado (?2), exato de Fisher e razão de chances (Odds Ratio-OR), com nível de significância de 5%. Das 112 amostras fecais analisadas, 9,8% (11/112) foram positivas para algum enteroparasito. Em 10 amostras foi constatado monoparasitismo para os seguintes parasitos: Giardia sp 36,3% (4/11); Entamoeba coli 27,3% (3/11); Iodamoeba butschlii 9,1% (1/11); Endolimax nana 9,1% (1/11) e Enterobius vermicularis 9,1% (1/11). O poliparasitismo foi observado em apenas uma amostra, com Endolimax nana e Iodamoeba butschlii. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p> 0,05) entre as variáveis associadas aos resultados das análises de fezes. As ações educativas abrangeram 88,9 % (273/307) dos escolares. Os parasitos E. coli, I. butschlii e E. nana, apesar de serem comensais ao trato intestinal humano, são indicadores de falha na higiene pessoal, já que o seu mecanismo de transmissão se dá pela via fecal-oral. Contudo, apesar da baixa frequência encontrada, pode se observar que há circulação por parasitos intestinais na população em estudo, fortalecendo a importância de ações educativas no papel da prevenção, que auxiliam na higienização pessoal e dos alimentos de forma adequada

Waterborne parasites are primary parasites that are ubiquitous and affect humans, pets, and wildlife throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization, more than 80 human diseases transmitted by water in developing countries, 60% of the population do not have access to clean drinking water .Waterborne diseases occur worldwide, and outbreaks caused by the contamination of community water systems have the potential to cause disease in large number of consumers. This study dealt with the database of studies of waterborne parasites in Iraq. Which includes the following classes of parasites: Nematodes asAscaris lumbericoides,Trichuris sp.,Strongyloides stericorailisandEnterobius vermicularis. Cestodes asTaenia sp. andHymenolips nana. Trematodes asFasciola sp. andSchistosoma haematobium. Protozoa asEntamoeba histolytica,Trichomonus vaginalis,Chilomastix sp.,Iodamoeba butschlii,Naegleriae sp.,Coccidia sp.,Acanthamoeba sp.,Cryptosporidium parvum,Cryptosporidium muris,Giardialamblia,Blantidium sp., andEntamoeba coli.

Children with disabilities are excluded from many aspects of life. Unfortunately, they have an increased risk of infection from many kinds of pathogens including intestinal protozoa. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and to evaluate the associated factors among children with disabilities in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted at school with special needs between June-December, 2019. A total of 150 participants were recruited through simple random sampling. Stool samples were examined microscopically by formalin-ether concentration and Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Age was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney tests, while the other variables used chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with intestinal protozoan infections. The adjusted prevalence ratio with a 95% confidence interval at a 5% level of significance was used to measure the strength of association. Overall, there were 15 children infected by intestinal protozoan among 130 subjects with mean age of participants of 9.83 ± 3.1 years. The intestinal protozoan species were Entamoeba histolytica 7 (5.38%), Giardia lamblia 4 (3.08%), Blastocystis hominis 7 (5.38%) and Iodamoeba butschlii 1 (0.77%). Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection among children with disabilities in Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Special Region was 11.54%. There were no significant correlations between the risk factors and intestinal protozoan infection among children with disabilities (p>0.05).ABSTRAKPenyandang disabilitas memiliki kesempatan terbatas dalam berbagai aspek. Anak penyandang disabilitas berisiko terinfeksi berbagai patogen termasuk infeksi protozoa usus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalensi infeksi protozoa usus pada anak penyandang disabilitas dan faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap infeksi protozoan usus di Kabupaten Bantul, Provinsi DIY. Penelitian dilakukan di Sekolah Luar Biasa, dengan metode potong lintang pada bulan Juni-Desember, 2019. Sejumlah 150 anak penyandang disabilitas direkrut dengan metode simple random sampling. Sampel tinja diperiksa secara mikroskopis dengan metode terkonsentrasi formalin-eter dan Ziehl-neelsen untuk mendeteksi protozoan usus. Variabel usia dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney sedangkan variabel jenis kelamin, status sosial, status ekonomi, tingkat pendidikan orang tua, perilaku, kebersihan diri, dan lingkungan dianalisis dengan chi square. Analisis regresi logistik digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi kekuatan faktor risiko terhadap infeksi protozoan usus. Prevalence ratio ditetapkan dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% pada level signifikansi 5%. Lima belas anak (11,54%) dari keseluruhan 130 subyek terinfeksi protozoan usus dengan rerata usia anak adalah 9,83±3,1. Spesies protozoan usus diantaranya Entamoeba histolytica 7 (5,38%), Giardia lamblia 4 (3,08%), Blastocystis hominis 7 (5,38%) dan Iodamoeba butschlii 1 (0,77%). Tidak terdapat faktor risiko yang signifikan terhadap infeksi protozoan usus (p>0,05). Prevalensi infeksi protozoan usus pada anak penyandang disabilitas usia sekolah di Kabupaten Bantul, Provinsi DIY adalah 11,54%. Tidak terdapat faktor risiko signifikan terhadap infeksi protozoan usus di antara anak penyandang disabilitas (p>0,05).

Aim of the present study was to identify protozoones which are difficult to define through wet slide in fresh fecal samples by using different fixatives with modified Trichrome stain within five minutes. Two different fixatives prepared for the alternative approach. The slides were fixed by two different fixatives, one of them (fixative-1) was based ethylalcohol, formalin, acetic acid, distilled water and the other one (fixative-2) based ethylalcohol, formalin, citric acid, distilled water included a mordant [divalent or polyvalent metals which make coordination complex with some dyes] consisted copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4 .5H2 O). Slides prepared by the two different fixatives were stained by a different modification of Gomori's trichrome stain that we made. Samples fixed by Schaudinn fixative including mercury chloride were stained by Wheatley modification of Gomori's trichrome stain as a gold standard for control and comparison. We worked with 50 fecal samples which we thought included human intestinal protozoones after the wet slide examination. Comparing the methods, slides prepared with the method including citric acid gave almost similar results with the classical method excluded Entamoeba coli cystes. Slides prepared with the methode including acetic acid gave low performance compared with the classical method especially E.coli cystes and Blastocystis spp., Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, E.hartmanni. Both new fixatives gave superior performance at the slides included Dientamoeba fragilis and approximately shorten the procedure process ten times than the classical method. When the both alternative methods compared in each other, the slides prepared with fixative-2 exposed better performance for the protozoones Blastocystis spp., E.nana, I.butschlii and E.hartmanni while the fixative-1 displayed minimal superiority for D.fragilis including criterias that we based. The fixative-2 and modified stain methode that we used in our study, makes available the diagnostic phase ten times faster than the classical method in human stool parasitological tests excluding the E.coli cystes at parasitology and microbiolgy laboratories. It seems to be a good option to the classical method for routine usage.

International audience; Parasitic intestinal diseases are widespread in the world with a higher prevalence in developing countries. They are generally a serious public health problem in tropical countries. In October 2020, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients visiting Fermathe Hospital in Haiti. Data were collected on stool results with the presence of parasites and we used systematic sampling for further information regarding patients with parasitology problems. A summary field survey was also carried out in the surrounding areas with more cases recorded such as Corail, Calbasse, Fort Jacques, Center / Marché Kenscoff, Doco, and Douret for direct observations of the inventory and voluntary interviews with the residents of the area on hygiene practices. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 31.26% and the most common species were: Endolimax nana (39.13%), followed by Blastocystis hominis (14%), Blastocystis hominis / Giardia intestinales (12.07%), Entamoeba coli (5.31%), and others like Iodamoeba butschlii, Ascaris lumbricoides or combined parasites were less than 5%. The field survey revealed a strong relationship between parasitosis and drinking water, parasitosis, and place of defecation. Although there are health centers in the area, many people use self-medication or empiric therapy. The study highlights the important causes of gastrointestinal disorders that present themselves in this hospital and confirms intestinal parasitosis as a major public health problem in Haiti.

Entre mayo y agosto del 2006, se realizó un estudio sobre prevalencia del parasitismo intestinal y factores epidemiológicos en 205 escolares del centro poblado de Pucchún del distrito Mariscal Cáceres, Provincia Camaná, Departamento de Arequipa, Perú. Se aplicó una encuesta epidemiológica y se recolectó una sola muestra de heces a cada escolar que fue procesada en el laboratorio mediante los métodos de Teleman modificado y de sedimentación rápida. Se encontró un 92,68% de prevalencia a uno o más parásitos intestinales, con el predominio de los protozoos frente a los helmintos: Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispar (33,17%), Giardia intestinalis (31,71%), Hymenolepis nana (47,17%), Diphyllobothrium pacificum (0,49%) y Fasciola hepatica (0,49%); siendo más frecuente el poliparasitismo con 42,63%. La prevalencia para los parásitos no patógenos fue: Entamoeba coli (72,68%), Blastocystis hominis (48,29%), Endolimax nana (35,61%), Iodamoeba butschlii (23,90%) y Chilomastix mesnilli (16,58%). Los principales factores epidemiológicos que influyen en la prevalencia del parasitismo intestinal en los escolares son: edad entre 8 a 10 años, eliminación de basuras en el peridomicilio y campo abierto, presencia de roedores y vectores, y consumo de verduras tanto crudas como cocidas.

Background The possibility that maternal health status and breastfeeding practices contribute to growth faltering before 6 mo is underexplored. Objectives This longitudinal study investigated whether indicators of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and breast inflammation, maternal fecal-oral contamination, and/or breastfeeding practices were associated with infant anthropometry or growth velocity before 6 mo. Methods Indigenous Mam-Mayan mother-infant dyads (n = 140) were recruited. Breast milk was collected at early (, Two maternal health conditions, the presence of subclinical mastitis and nonpathogenic protozoa, could underscore infant growth faltering in breastfed infants. Feeding colostrum is protective and improved hygiene practices are warranted.

Giardia intestinalis is one of the most common causes of parasite-induced diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, and malabsorption. Yet, data on the epidemiology of G. intestinalis infections in North Africa are limited. The purpose of this study was to carry out a retrospective survey on the level of intestinal parasitism with a particular emphasis on G. intestinalis in children and adults in Algiers, Algeria. A total of 2,054 individuals from outpatient clinics or hospitalized at Beni-Messous University Hospital of Algiers undergoing stool microscopy for ova and parasites were included. The overall parasite infection rate was 28%. In the 567 parasite-positive samples, Blastocystis was found most frequently (57.3%), followed in frequency by Endolimax nana (41.0%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (19.6%), G. intestinalis (17.1%), Entamoeba coli (13.9%), Chilomastix mesnili (1.0%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (0.7%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.5%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (0.2%). Intestinal parasites were generally more common in adults than in children, except for Giardia, which was more common in children (P = 0.0001). Giardia infection was independent of gender (P = 0.94). Compared with other intestinal parasitic infections, clinical manifestations, such as abdominal pain (P = 0.28) and diarrhea (P = 0.82), were found not to be significantly linked to Giardia infection. In conclusion, G. intestinalis is common in individuals referred to the University Hospital of Beni-Messous with digestive symptoms, particularly so in children. However, in our study, intestinal symptoms appeared not to be more linked to Giardia than to other intestinal parasites.

As parasitoses intestinais são frequentes em escolares públicos de baixo poder aquisitivo em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram: verificar a prevalência das parasitoses intestinais em estudantes de escolas públicas do município de Jequié-BA, e auxiliar na prevenção com um programa de educação. Foram utilizadas metodologias lúdicas nas oficinas educativas ministradas em duas escolas municipais. Foi utilizado o método de sedimentação espontânea para a análise do material fecal. A prevalência das parasitoses intestinais foi determinada de 2014 a 2017. Foram analisadas 352 amostras de fezes de estudantes de 7 a 14 anos de idade. Os resultados positivos para um ou mais parasitas foi de 55,97%. As crianças e adolescentes que apresentaram resultado positivo foram encaminhados ao tratamento. O parasita de maior frequência foi o Schistosoma mansoni 79 (22,4%) seguido pelo A. lumbricoides 69 (19,6%) e T. trichiura 45 (12,8%); Ancilostomídeos 28 (8,0%); H. nana 15 (4,3%); E. vermicularis 09 (2,6%). Entre os protozoários parasitas e comensais o de maior prevalência foi a Entamoeba coli 59 (16,8%); E. histolytica/dispar 52 (14,8%); G. lamblia 45 (12,8%); Endolimax nana 45 (12,8%), e Iodamoeba butschlii 30 (8,5%). Conclui-se que, apesar dos programas de prevenção existentes, ainda existe elevado índice de parasitoses intestinais na periferia de Jequié, revelando a importância de estudos de prevalência e educação em saúde., The parasites, highlighting the intestinalis were frequently in public students of low aquisity power in developing country like Brazil. The aim of the work was to verify the prevalence of intestinal parasites infections in public students, and help to prevent with an education program. The ludic activities were using in two public schools of Jequié of Bahia-Brazil. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was determinate between 2014 until 2017. The fecal material was concentrated by spontaneous sedimentation. It was examined 352 fecal samples collected from children and teenagers from 7 to 14 of age. The positive results for one or more parasites was 55.97%. The students that had an intestinal infection received medical treatment. The most prevalent parasite was Schistosoma mansoni 79 (22,4%), following by A. lumbricoides 69 (19,6%); T. trichiura 45 (12,8%); Hookworm 28 (8,0%); H. nana 15 (4,3%) and E. vermicularis 09 (2,6%). The highest prevalence of intestinal parasites and commensals protozoan was the Entamoeba coli 59 (16,8%). Following by E. histolytica/dispar 52 (14,8%); G. lamblia 45 (12,8%); Endolimax nana 45 (12,8%), and Iodamoeba butschlii 30 (8,5%). It is concluded that these results show that although the educations programs, there is still a significant environmental contamination with intestinal parasites in periphery of Jequié revealing the importance of prevalence estimation and health education.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are among the most important etiologies of gastrointestinal disorders in developing countries. The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of IPIs in rural inhabitants of Fouman, northern Iran. Methods: Overall, 31 villages were randomly selected during 2015-2016. Stool samples were collected from 1500 inhabitants aged 2-87. The samples were examined by direct wet smear, formalin ethyl-acetate concentration and agar plate culture. Trichrome staining and modified acid-fast staining were used as confirmatory tests for intestinal amoeba and flagellates and cryptosporidium spp., respectively. Data were analyzed with Chi-Square and Fisher exact tests using SPSS. Results: 8.06% of participants were positive for at least one intestinal parasite. The prevalence of mixed parasitic infections was 0.87%. The most prevalent IPIs were caused by Trichostrongylus spp. (3.13%), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (1.5%), Giardia lamblia (1.3%), and Entamoeba coli (1.0%), Blastocystis hominis (0.86%), E. histolytica/dispar (0.53%), Endolimax nana (0.26%), Iodamoeba butschlii (0.13%), Trichuris trichiura (0.07%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.07%), Hook worm (0.07%) and E. hartmani (0.07%). Statistically, the prevalence of IPIs showed significant differences regarding the age groups, education status, occupation (P

Demographic and social studies, as well as economic and cultural factors in a community are important regarding public health. This study identified demographic, socioeconomic and cultural aspects correlated with intestinal parasites in the population of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia-Brazil, from July to October 2015. 53 semi-structured questionnaires were applied to the rural population of the municipality with previous clarification on the purpose of the study. There were questions related to the individual’s gender, family income and parental level of education. Laboratory parasitological analyzes were performed to investigate enteroparasites and produced the following results: 53.7% (n=58) were female; 62.8% (n=66) with monthly family income lower or equal to the minimum wage and 48% (n=48) of adults with incomplete basic education. The main enteroparasites found in this population were: Iodamoeba butschlii, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar complex, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba coli and Endolimax nana in addition to some geohelminths, such as hookworms and Enterobius vermicularis. The profile visualized can be understood as a risk factor for the development of certain parasitic infections that are intrinsically associated to the social and economic aspects of vulnerable populations.KEY WORDS: Teenager; adult; child; parasitic diseases.

Introduction: Dientamoeba fragilis, an intestinal trichomonad, occurs in humans with and without gastrointestinal symptoms. Its presence was investigated in individuals referred to Milad Hospital, Tehran. Methodology: In a cross-sectional study, three time-separated fecal samples were collected from 200 participants from March through June 2011. Specimens were examined using traditional techniques for detecting D. fragilis and other gastrointestinal parasites: direct smear, culture, formalin-ether concentration, and iron-hematoxylin staining. The presence of D. fragilis was determined using PCR assays targeting 5.8S rRNA or small subunit ribosomal RNA. Results: Dientamoeba fragilis, Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, and Iodamoeba butschlii were detected by one or more traditional and molecular methods, with an overall prevalence of 56.5%. Dientamoeba was not detected by direct smear or formalin-ether concentration but was identified in 1% and 5% of cases by culture and iron-hematoxylin staining, respectively. PCR amplification of SSU rRNA and 5.8S rRNA genes diagnosed D. fragilis in 6% and 13.5%, respectively. Prevalence of D. fragilis was unrelated to participant gender, age, or gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: This is the first report of molecular assays to screen for D. fragilis in Iran. The frequent finding of D. fragilis via fecal analysis indicated the need to include this parasite in routine stool examination in diagnostic laboratories. As the length of amplification target correlates to the sensitivity of PCR, this assay targeting the D. fragilis 5.8S rRNA gene seems optimal for parasite detection and is recommended in combination with conventional microscopy for diagnosing intestinal parasites.

Sabrina S Andrade,1 Layane M Teodoro,1 Daniel JS Viana,1 Egleise M Canuto-Sales,2 Gustavo H Bahia-de-Oliveira,2 Suedali Villas Bôas,3 Ricardo A Barata1 1Department of Biological Sciences, 2Department of Pharmacy, 3Department of Basic Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil Background: Intestinal parasites’ eggs, larvae, or cysts can be carried in public transport buses, and contribute to the increased incidence of diseases. This study aimed to detect biological forms of intestinal parasites in samples from public buses in the town of Diamantina, Minas Gerais, in order to know the local situation and propose interventions to improve public health. Materials and methods: In November 2014, six samples were obtained in buses of the two stations by using Graham method, in duplicate, by affixing a 6×5 cm clear tape, six times on each collection site of the bus, in an area of ~30 cm2. Then, each tape was positioned longitudinally on a slide microscope, and the identification of the biological forms of the parasites was performed with the aid of a 40× objective optical microscope. Results: A total of 216 slides were analyzed, of which 86 (39.8%) were positive for at least one intestinal parasite. Cysts of Entamoeba coli were the most frequently found in this study (52.1%), followed by Endolimax nana cysts (30.7%), Iodamoeba butschlii (6.5%), helminth larvae (4.7%), Giardia lamblia cysts (3.6%), Hymenolepis nana eggs (1.2%), Enterobius vermicularis eggs (0.6%), and Entamoeba histolytica cysts (0.6%). Top right handrails and right stanchions had the highest occurrence of biological forms, with 18.3% and 14.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated the need for better cleaning of the buses and better personal hygiene by users, since pathogenic and non-pathogenic intestinal parasites were found, suggesting fecal contamination of these sites, representing a risk to public health. Keywords: intestinal parasites, enteric parasite infection, public transport, Diamantina

Objective: To identify the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and associated factors in elderly persons resident in the community. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed involving 236 elderly persons in Aiquara, in the state of Bahia, Brazil, in 2015. Data were collected through a coprological survey and a questionnaire for information relating to sociodemographic characteristics, health and lifestyle. The presence of parasites in stools was verified by the Hoffman method. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites among the elderly was 30.5%. Among infected elderly persons, 26.3% had monoparasitism, 3.8% biparasitism and 0.4% polyparasitism. There was a predominance of protozoa (80.8%) over helminths (19.2%). The most prevalent parasites were Entamoeba coli (44.6%); Endolimax nana (21.7%) and Iodamoeba bütschlii (14.5%). In the population studied, the independent variables analyzed were not associated (p>0.05) with the presence of intestinal parasites. Conclusion: the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in elderly people living in the urban area of the municipal region of Aiquara, Bahia, was high and there was no association between intestinal parasites and sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle or health. Resumo Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de parasitoses intestinais e fatores associados em idosos residentes em comunidade. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 236 idosos do município de Aiquara, BA, Brasil, no ano de 2015. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um inquérito coprológico e questionário para obter informações referentes às características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e estilo de vida. A presença dos parasitas nas fezes foi verificada por meio do método de Hoffman. Resultados: a prevalência de parasitoses intestinais nos idosos foi de 30,5%. Entre os idosos infectados, observou-se 26,3% de monoparasitismo, 3,8% de biparasitismo e 0,4% de poliparasitismo. Houve predominância de protozoários (80,8%), em relação a helmintos (19,2%). Os parasitas mais prevalentes foram Entamoeba coli (44,6%); Endolimax nana (21,7%) e Iodamoeba butschlii (14,5%). Na população avaliada, as variáveis independentes analisadas não foram associadas (p>0,05) à presença de parasitoses intestinais. Conclusão: a prevalência de parasitoses intestinais em idosos residentes na zona urbana do município de Aiquara, BA foi alta e não houve associação entre parasitoses intestinais e características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e condições de saúde.

Background Determination of the prevalence and distribution pattern of intestinal parasites is a fundamental step to set up an effective control program to improve the health status. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county, southeast of Kerman province, southeastern Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 861 stool specimens were collected from inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county through a multistage cluster sampling method in 2018. The collected specimens were examined by parasitological methods including, direct wet-mounting (for the fresh specimens with a watery consistency), formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation and agar plate culture. Results The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 34.2% (95% CI 30.1 to 38.2). The prevalence of protozoan parasites 32.3% (95% CI 28.4 to 36.5) was significantly higher than helminthic parasites 3.2% (95% CI 2.1 to 4.7). Blastocystis sp. (13.3%), Entamoeba coli (11.4%) and Giardia lamblia (10.6%) as protozoan parasite and Hymenolepis nana (2.4%) as helminthic parasite were the most common detected intestinal parasites in the study. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (1.5%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (1.0%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.4%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%) and Ascaris lambercoides (0.3%) were other detected parasites. Multiple logistic regression revealed a significant association of intestinal parasitic infections with source of drinking water and residency status (rural/urban). Multiple infections with 2 or 3 parasitic agents constituted 22.7% of 295 infected cases. Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county. Intestinal parasites especially protozoans remain a challenging public health problem wherever sanitation and health measures are limited in Iran.

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminths and protozoa in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and to estimate the influence of the anti-parasitic therapy on the course of the disease.The study was conducted at the Research Institute of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and Coloproctology Department of the Republic Clinical Hospital №1 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. One hundred UC patients and 200 healthy individuals were examined by triple coproscopy. Additionally, 20, 25 and 22 UC patients with Blastocystis infection were treated with nitazoxanide (1.0 g/day), mesalazine (1.5-2 g/day) or a combination of nitazoxanide (1.0 g/day) and mesalazine (≥1.5-2 g/day) for 14 consecutive days, respectively. Parasitological, clinical and endoscopic examinations were conducted before therapy, immediately after and 6 and 12 weeks after therapy completion.The overall prevalence of helminths in UC patients and control individuals was not significantly different: 14±3.4% and 8.5±1.9%, respectively (OR: 1.7524; 95% CI: 0.8258 to 3.7186; P=0.1). Giardia lamblia was the most prevalent parasite in both groups, but the difference compared to the control was insignificant (OR: 0.4565; 95% CI: 0.2020 to 1.0318; P=0.05). A significantly higher prevalence of Blastocystis sp., Chilomastix mesnili and Iodamoeba butschlii in UC patients compared to control individuals was found (P0.0005): 65.0%, 14.0% and 22.0%, respectively. During all follow-up periods, the clinical response and clinical remission were not statistically different between the groups (P0.05). Mucosal healing immediately and 6 weeks after therapy with a combination of nitazoxanide with mesalazine was significantly better than with a monotherapy of nitazoxanide, respectively (P0.05). UC patients treated with a combination of nitazoxanide with mesalazine showed better mucosal healing than in patients treated with a monotherapy of mesalazine (P0.05).Diagnosis of Blastocystis sp. should be introduced in the complex examination of UC patients. Further clinical studies are necessary for assessment of the efficiency of anti-Blastocystis therapy in UC patients.

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among mentally retarded individuals and the staff of the center in Bandar Abbas, south of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in central institution for mentally retarded in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, from 2016 to 2017. A triple fecal specimen was collected from each one of the 163 participants and were evaluated using wet mount and formalin-ethyl acetate methods. Trichrome and Ziehl-Neelsen staining were used to confirm suspected cases of protozoa. As well as Baermann and Harada-Mori techniques and agar plate culture were implemented to diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis. Results: Overall, 163 subjects were examined including 126 mentally retarded individuals and 37 personnel. Ninety (55.2%) cases of participants were infected with at least one of the intestinal parasites, 69 (54.7%) of mentally retarded and 21 (56.7%) of personnel. Twenty-six mentally retarded individuals were infected with S. stercoralis (20.6%), Blastocystis hominis 30.2%, Entamoeba coli 25.4%, Giardia lamblia 5.6%, Enterobius vermicularis 1.6%, Hymenolepis nana 0.8% and Iodamoeba butschlii 1.6%. Twelve staff (32.4%) harbored B. hominis, E. coli 27%, S. stercoralis 2.7%, G. lamblia 10.8%, H. nana 2.7% and Endolimax nana 2.7%. Conclusion: High rate of intestinal parasites particularly, S. stercoralis compared to the most recent studies of general population. Therefore, regular screening and tracking the positive cases, disinfection of the living environment, training and financing of the staff, increasing the number of the workers, recruiting of professionals and trained personnel in these centers are suggested.

This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of parasitic infections among the food handlers of Saqqez County in 2016. Stool samples collected from 1530 food handlers. All samples were examined by both direct technique and sedimentation technique using formalin-ethyl acetate for detecting the intestinal parasites. Of total participants, 1462 (95.6%) were male and 62 (4.4%) female. Intestinal parasitic infections were found in 92 (6.01%) individuals. The highest infection rate was due to Giardia lamblia (4.1%) and the lowest associated with Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, and Hymenolepis nana (0.1%). No significant correlation between the intestinal parasitic infections and age, gender, education level, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, and the type of profession, was established. The results of the present study revealed that only a small number of food handlers in Saqqez County were infected with intestinal parasites with G. lamblia as the most common cause of infection. More strict health control for those working in food industries is of vital importance and continuous education to improve the level of general health in these people is undoubtedly considered as a key determinant towards lower number of parasitic infections.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os fatores associados à prevalência das parasitoses intestinais em escolares da rede municipal de Cambé, Paraná. Foram analisadas 1996 amostras de fezes, coletadas entre 2006 e 2009, pelos métodos de Hoffmann, Pons e Janer (1934), de Faust e colaboradores e de Kato-Katz. A prevalência encontrada foi de 23,2%. Os parasitas encontrados foram Entamoeba coli (10,4%); Endolimax nana (9,6%), Giardia lamblia (6,4%), Enterobius vermicularis (1,5%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (0,3%), Trichuris trichiura (0,4%), Iodamoeba butschlii, Hymenolepis nana e Ancilostomídeos (0,2%) e Ascaris lumbricoides e Schistosoma mansoni (0,1%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa com relação ao sexo. A faixa etária, a renda familiar, o grau de instrução da mãe, o consumo de água não tratada, a ausência de esgoto e o hábito da criança frequentar córregos apresentaram associação com a presença de enteroparasitas. Apesar da maior prevalência ser de protozoários comensais este dado é preocupante, pois indica que a transmissão fecal-oral está presente nesta população podendo ocorrer aumento na transmissão das formas patogênicas, já que estas possuem as mesmas vias de transmissão. Foram identificados casos de esquistossomose que não eram autóctones, porém o diagnóstico precoce desta infecção foi importante para se evitar a contaminação do meio ambiente.

Introducción: el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis se realiza de rutina en los laboratorios clínicos; sin embargo, su detección se dificulta debido a la baja excreción parasitaria y la baja sensibilidad de las pruebas parasitológicas empleadas. Objetivo: diseñar y estandarizar una PCR en tiempo real (qPCR) para la detección de ADN de Strongyloides stercoralis en muestras de materia fecal. Materiales y métodos: se establecieron las condiciones de qPCR y se evaluaron: a) la especificidad analítica mediante análisis BLASTn de secuencias obtenidas de muestras positivas para Strongyloides stercoralis, b) sensibilidad analítica mediante diluciones seriadas de muestras que contenían larvas de Strongyloides stercoralis y c) la ocurrencia de reacciones cruzadas con otros parásitos e inhibidores de la amplificación. Resultados: se amplificó un fragmento de 101 pb del gen 18S del ARN ribosomal. El valor de Ct osciló entre 23 y 29, tomando un Ct ≤35 como el punto de corte para muestras positivas. El análisis BLASTn de las secuencias obtenidas mostró un porcentaje de identidad del 98% con secuencias 18S del ARN ribosomal de Strongyloides stercoralis reportadas en la NCBI. El límite inferior de detección de la qPCR fue 0,9 ng/µL. No se evidenció reacción cruzada con Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Uncinarias, Hymenolepis nana, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Giardia intestinalis e Iodamoeba bütschlii. No se detectaron inhibidores en las muestras de materia fecal. Conclusiones: la sensibilidad y la especificidad analítica de la qPCR comparado con el examen directo de heces son del 100%; sin embargo, aún no es posible interpretar su utilidad clínica.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) lead to significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric and adult populations worldwide. Intestinal parasitism during pregnancy is of interest as it may affect the health of pregnant women and their offspring. This study determined the prevalence of IPI in pregnant women living in substandard conditions in three urban districts of Bogotá, Colombia. Associations between prevalence and sociodemographic factors, housing, and living conditions were also evaluated. Methods: In a cross-sectional and community-based study, pregnant women were recruited from three districts of Bogotá. A total of 550 participants answered a questionnaire; 331 of these also provided stool samples, with 233 providing one and 98 providing two stool samples. Questionnaire responses were associated with the presence of intestinal parasites, which was determined using a standard combined microscopy technique including direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration. Results were verified by supplementary examination of 48 stool samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: Among pregnant women who lived in selected poor residential areas in Bogotá, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasitism was 41% with 9% polyparasitism. Pathogenic parasites were present in 1.2% of the 331 participants including Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides. Higher prevalence was found for parasites with debated pathogenicity, including Blastocystis hominis (25%), Endolimax nana (15%), Entamoeba coli (8%), and Iodamoeba butschlii (2%). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar complex was also detected (1.5%). When comparing a subset of stool samples using the combined microscopy technique and qPCR, the latter detected a higher 58.3% overall IPI prevalence. Higher prevalence of infections by any intestinal parasite was found in participants who had never been dewormed (p = 0.01). Higher but not statistically significant associations were found between any parasite and women living with a partner, and intestinal polyparasitism and being from a minority group and not having a water sink. Conclusions: This first study of the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in Bogotá focused on pregnant women living in poverty, found a high prevalence of intestinal parasites of debated pathogenicity, and confirmed a low prevalence of pathogenic intestinal parasites. These results highlight the need for educational interventions to disrupt transmission routes for prevalent parasites. © 2018 The Author(s).

The most important transmission path of intestinal parasites is the consumption of contaminated water and food. This survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers in Kashan, central Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried on 1018 food handlers who referred to the health centers in order to receive health certificate in 2017–2018. Stool samples of food handlers were collected and examined using direct and formalin-ethyl acetate methods. Results were recorded in information form along with some demographic data such as sex, age. The data were analyzed based on the tests of descriptive statistics by SPSS 16. Of the 1018 individuals examined 851 (83.6%) were men and 167 (16.4%) were female. Infection rate was 10.2% among the population and 9 types of parasites were diagnosed totally. Rate of infection to protozoan intestinal parasites were: Blastocystis sp. 7.17%, Giardia duodenalis 1.2%, Entamoeba coli 1.27%, Endolimax nana 1.08%, Dientamoeba fragilis 0.3%, Iodamoeba butschlii 0.3%, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar 0.2%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.1%. Hymenolepis nana (0.1%) was the only intestinal worm that observed. In this investigation, 8.9% of the individual were infected by one parasite, 1.08% by two and 0.2% by 3 or more parasites. This study showed that infection to intestinal helminthic is rare among food handlers in Kashan but the prevalence of protozoan intestinal parasites is high that similar to other regions of Iran. To reduce the rate of parasitic infections and inhibition of their transmission, continuing the process of promoting the health level is recommended.

Parasitic infection is highly prevalent throughout the developing countries of the world. Food handlers are a potential source of infection for many intestinal parasites and other enteropathogenic infections as well. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasite carriers among food handlers attending the public health center laboratory in Sari, Northern Iran for annual check-up. The study was performed from August 2011 through February 2012. Stool samples were collected from 1041 male and female food handlers of different jobs aged between 18 to 63 years and were examined following standard procedures. Sociodemographic, environmental and behavioral data analysis of the food handlers were recorded in a separate questionnaire. Intestinal parasites were found in 161 (15.5%) of the studied samples. Seven species of protozoan or helminth infections were detected. Most of the participants were infected with Giardia lamblia (53.9%) followed by Blastocystis hominis (18%), Entamoeba coli (15.5%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5.5%), Cryptosporidium sp. (3.1%), Iodamoeba butschlii (3.1%) and Hymenolepis nana (1.9%) as the only helminth infection. The findings emphasized that food handlers with different pathogenic organisms may predispose consumers to significant health risks. Routine screening and treatment of food handlers is a proper tool in preventing food-borne infections. Infecção parasitária é altamente prevalente entre os países em desenvolvimento do mundo. Manipuladores de alimentos são fonte potencial de infecção de muitos parasitas intestinais assim como de outras infecções entero-patogênicas. O propósito deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de portadores de parasitas intestinais entre pessoas que manipulam alimentos e atendem o centro de saúde pública em Sari, norte do Iran para possível check-up. O estudo foi conduzido de agosto de 2011 até fevereiro de 2012. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 1041 manipuladores de ambos os sexos e de diferentes funções entre a idade de 18 e 63 anos e foram examinados de acordo com procedimentos standard. Em questionário separado foram colocadas as análises sóciodemográficas, ambientais e de comportamento dos manipuladores de alimentos. Parasitas intestinais foram encontrados em 161 (15,5%) das amostras estudadas. Sete espécies de protozoários ou infecções por helmintos foram observadas. A maior parte dos participantes estava infectada com Giardia lamblia (53,9%) seguida por Blastocystis hominis (18%), Entamoeba coli (15,5%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5,5%), Cryptosporidium sp. (3,1%), Iodamoeba butschlii (3,1%) e Hymenolepis nana (1,9%) como a única infecção por helminto. Os achados enfatizaram que os manipuladores de alimentos, com diferentes organismos patogênicos podem se constituir risco significante para os consumidores. Exames rotineiros e tratamento dos manipuladores de alimentos são as ferramentas apropriadas para prevenir as infecções originadas de alimentos.

Background: In most developing countries, intestinal parasites are the major cause of morbidity and mortality killing millions of patients each year. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoans in HIV/AIDS patients on ART in three hospitals in the North West region of Cameroon. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out in three Hospitals in the North West Region of Cameroon, focusing on HIV/AIDS patients who were enrolled for ART in these Hospitals. A total of 320 HIV/AIDS patients aged 1-70 years, of both sexes (230 females and 90 males) participated in the study. Stool samples were collected and processed using direct wet mount, formol-ether concentration technique and modified Ziehl-Neelson staining techniques. Original Research Article Ntonifor et al.; BMRJ, 7(6): 269-275, 2015; Article no.BMRJ.2015.119 270 Results: Results obtained showed that out of the 320 stool samples examined, 120 (37.5%) were infected with at least one species of intestinal protozoa. Males showed a significantly higher prevalence of 41.1% (37) as compared to the females 36.09% (83). Prevalence was also significantly higher in the rural areas 42.4%, (87) than in the urban areas 28.7%, (33). The age group with the highest prevalence was that of 31-40 years 40.6%, (43). The prevalence for parasite species was 14.4% for Cryptosporidium parvum, 13.4% for Entamoeba coli, 11.3% for Entamoeba histolytica, 7.8% for Microsporidia, 2.2% for Iodamoeba butschlii and 1.9% for Cystoisospora belli. Conclusion: The results indicated that opportunistic intestinal infections are a threat to HIV patients in the studied area. Therefore public health measures should be strongly encouraged to improve the life quality of the patients.

We tested 114 faecal samples from wild simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-positive (n = 43) and SIV-negative (n = 71) chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites by direct smear. We observed cysts from different protozoa (Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica / Entamoeba dispar, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Chilomastix mesnili, Balantidium coli and Blastocystis cells) and trophozoites from Troglodytella abrassarti and Balantidium coli. Eggs from different helminths (strongylids, Ascaris lumbricoides, Abbreviata caucasica, Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Enterobius anthropopeci, Bertiella sp., Hymenolepis diminuta and an undetermined fluke) were also observed. Finally, we observed eggs that could not be properly identified and classified. We did not observe any differences between the SIV + and SIV − samples except for the unidentified eggs. The studied chimpanzees were highly parasitised by strongylid (85.1 % of prevalence), Troglodytella (43.8 %) and Blastocystis (2.9 %), and the frequency of the other parasites ranged from 0.9 to 8.8 %. These high levels of parasite infections could represent an additional burden in a population where there is a high rate of the SIV virus in circulation.

The prevalence of intestinal parasites among children in developed and developing countries is striking. We decided to survey the prevalence of intestinal parasites among children in the day care centers of Ham, Iran, given that this has not been investigated in this region. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in preschool children. For this study, we enrolled 650 children whose parents filled out a consent form. A fresh stool sample was obtained from each child and analyzed using direct methods, including saline and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. A standardized questionnaire which included demographic information, socioeconomic status, type of drinking water, personal hygiene, parental age and education and number of family members, was prepared for each child. Of the 650 children, 310 were male and 340 were female. All of them were under the age of 6 years. The overall infection rate of intestinal parasites was 14. The parasites identified in the samples, with their prevalence in parentheses, include Giardia lamblia (11.7), Hymenolepis nana (7.84), Ascaris lumbricoidese ggs (3.84), Entamoeba coli (10.76), Blastocystis hominis (5.69), Dientamoebafragilis (4.30), Iodamoeba butschlii (6.61) andEntamoeba histolytica (2.92). Mixed infections were seen inl8 of the samples. The highest and lowest prevalence was seen with G. lamblia and E. histolytica, respectively. The parents' educational level was significantly associated with prevalence of parasites (p

Objective: This study deals on the hygienic quality of lettuce commercialized in the city of Teresina, Piaui, by small horticulturists and supermarkets. Methods: In the period of January to April 2016aleatory samples of lettuce were collected in community horticulture yards and supermarkets and, then, taken to the Laboratory of Parasitology of Federal Institute of Piaui for parasitological analysis, following the modified methodology of Hoffman, Pons, and Janer. The positivity of the samples was confirmed by visualization of evolutive forms of enteroparasites in one of the tests. Results: The rate of contamination by parasitary forms was 66.5% (21/32) of the samples analyzed, being 64.7% (11/17) and 66.5% (10/15) for supermarkets and community horticulture yards respectively. The protozoa found were the commensals Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii, and the pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia sp., and Eimeria sp. Among the helminths, Ascaris sp, Ancylostoma sp, and Strongyloides sp occurred. The presence of enteroparasites in lettuce points that hygienic-sanitary conditions along the productive chain is not satisfactory, increasing the risk of infection by the consumers. Conclusion: Lettuces commercialized in Teresina-PI are contaminated. Such data suggest that a better hygienization strategy should be taken for the consumption of lettuce by the population of the studied area.

The current study determined the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among the Orang Asli schoolchildren in Pos Senderut, Pahang, Malaysia. The overall intestinal protozoan infection rate was 85% (261 out of 307). The highest prevalence rates were due to Entamoeba coli (24.4%), Giardia lamblia (21.8%), Blastocystis hominis (21.2%) and Entamoeba histolytica (15.0%). The prevalence of Iodamoeba butschlii was only 2.9%. Among the positive samples, mixed infection with B. hominis and E. histolytica was 3.3%, B. hominis and G. lamblia was 2.9%, G. lamblia and E. histolytica was 2.0% and triple infections (B. hominis, G. lamblia and E. histolytica) was 1.0 %. The prevalence of the infection was high in all age groups (6-14 years old). Thus, we can conclude that intestinal protozoan infections are still representing a serious public health problem in aboriginal communities, especially among children.

Objective To study the distribution of intestinal parasites in a population in Qazvin city in north of Iran. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with suspicious intestinal parasitic infections referred to the Zakaria Razi Laboratory in Qazvin, north of Iran, was conducted from April 21, 2009 to October 20, 2012. A total of 5 739 stool specimens from 4 053 (70.6%) males and 1 686 (29.3%) females were examined for intestinal parasites using direct wet mounting, formol-ether concentration and modified acid-fast staining techniques. Results The overall infection rate of intestinal parasite was 5.8% (3.7% in males and 2.1% in females). The distribution of intestinal parasites detected in stool specimens was as follows: 116 (2.0%) Entamoeba coli , 110 (1.9%) Giardia lamblia , 49 (0.85%) Blastocystis hominis , 30 (0.5%) Enodolimax nana , 12 (0.2%) Iodamoeba butschlii , 2 (0.03%) Trichomonas hominis , 9 (0.1%) Hymenolepis nana , 1 (0.01%) Strongyloides stercoralis , 1 (0.01%) Dicrocoelium dendriticum , and 1 (0.01%) Trichuris trichura . Parasites detected in cellophane tape specimens included 5 (0.08%) Enterobius vermicularis . Conclusions In this regard, findings of this study can be used as a basis to develop strategies and preventive programs for targeting groups at greater risk of intestinal parasitic infections.

El presente trabajo investiga los protozoarios parásitos de importancia para la salud pública transportados por Musca domestica. El estudio se llevó a cabo entre los meses de junio y diciembre de 1998, en los distritos de Comas y San Juan de Lurigancho de la provincia de Lima. Se estudiaron 3014 moscas colectadas en la basura acumulada en la vía pública de los pueblos jóvenes de los distritos mencionados. Las capturas se agruparon en lotes constituidos por un promedio de 30 moscas. Se estudiaron un total de 100 lotes. Las moscas fueron disecadas y procesadas con agua destilada estéril para obtener un macerado intestinal. Para la observación de los parásitos se utilizó el método directo simple y la coloración tricrómica de Gomori ácido resistente modificado. Se encontraron los siguientes protozoarios que parasitan al hombre: Blastocystis hominis (9,0%), Giardia lamblia (3,0%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2,0%), Cyclospora cayetanensis (1,0%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (17,0%), Endolimax nana (5,0%) y Chilomastix mesnili (3,0%). Se reporta por primera vez para el Perú a B. hominis y Cyclospora cayetanensis en M. domestica. At the present work we had investigated protozoa parasite picked up by Musca domestica. Surveys were carry out between June and December 1998 in districts of Lima (Comas and San Juan de Lurigancho). A total of 3014 flies were collected around garbage accumulated in the streets. Each survey were considered a lot with a mean of 30 flies. A total of 100 lots were studied. The flies were dissected and processed with sterilised distilled water for obtain the intestinal macerated. Observations were made by the simple direct method and with Gomori trichromic stain modified acid-fast. The following protozoa parasites of human were found: Blastocystis hominis (9,0%), Giardia lamblia (3,0%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2,0%), Cyclospora cayetanensis (1,0%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (17,0%), Endolimax nana (5,0%) and Chilomastix mesnili (3,0%). B. hominis y Cyclospora cayetanensis were reported for the first time in M. domestica from Peru.

Objective This study was performed to present the distribution of intestinal parasites in parients admitted to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Health Research and Training Hospital of Yuzuncu Yil University in 2009. Methods A total of 6267 patients (3037 female, 3230 male; 3798 of 13 years and under, 2469 of 14 years and over) were included. The stool samples were examined by native-Lugol, flotation and sedimentation methods in the Parasitology Laboratory of the hospital. Trichrome and modified acid-fast staining methods were also applied to suspicious stools. Results One or more than one parasite species were found in 28.5% of 6267 examined stool samples. Parasitosis was determined in 28% of female and 29% of male. Distribution of the parasites determined in the patients was as follows: 15.4% Blastocystis hominis, 6.6% Giardia intestinalis, 4.9% Entamoeba coli, 3.2% plenty B. hominis, 1.7% Chilomastix mesnili, 1.3% Hymenolepis nana, 0.7% Iodamoeba butschlii, 0.5% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.1% Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, 0.1% Endolimax nana, 0.1% Enteromonas hominis, 0.1% Trichomonas hominis, 0.1% Cyclospora cayetanensis, 0.1% Enterobius vermicularis, 0.03% Entamoeba hartmanni, 0.03% Dicrocoelium dendriticum,0.03% Taenia saginata and 0.02% Trichuris trichiura. Conclusion This research shows that the intestinal parasitosis problem still continues in the province.

Aim: Enteric parasitic diseases pose a serious public health problem worldwide and yet are neglected. To refocus attention on these diseases, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of enteric infections in patients referred to referral hospital in Kenya. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from April to December 2015 and involved a randomly selected sample of 185 patients. Fecal specimens were collected and delivered to laboratory for analysis. Preliminary macroscopic assessment of specimens for segments, larvae, and adult stages was done. To confirm the presence of ova, trophozoites, cysts, and oocysts, direct wet smear, formol–ether concentration, and modified Ziehl–Neelsen techniques were used. Results: Overall prevalence of 46.5% of enteric parasitic diseases was confirmed. Highest and lowest prevalence was due to protozoans and helminthes, respectively. Protozoan parasite prevalence was Entamoeba histolytica (23.9%), Cryptosporidium parvum (13%), Entamoeba coli (6.5%), Giardia lamblia (6.5%), and Iodamoeba butschlii (6.5%). Helminth prevalence was Ascaris lumbricoides (1.6%), Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura, and Ancylostoma duodenale each (0.5%). There was no significant difference in prevalence in age groups and gender (P = 0.05). Females were at the highest risk of C. parvum infection. Polyparasitism was prevalent among protozoans than helminthes. Conclusion: High prevalence of protozoan infections was observed among referred patients in comparison to helminthiasis. Based on reported multiple infections, deworming programs targeting helminthiasis should be restructured to incorporate diagnosis and treatment of enteric protozoan infections to reduce prevalence of enteric parasitic infections.

Context: The magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection in renal transplant recipients requires careful consideration in the developing world. However, there have been very few studies addressing this issue in Iran. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in renal transplant recipients in Iran. Materials and Methods: Stool specimens from renal transplant recipients and control groups were obtained between June 2006 and January 2007. The samples were screened for intestinal parasitic infections using direct smear, formalin-ether sedimentation, Sheather's flotation and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods. Statistical Analysis Used: A comparison of the frequency of parasites between cases and controls was performed using Chi-square test. Subsequently, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare multiple parasitic infections in cases and controls. P value

Background: Intestinal parasites are one of the most important human infections in many tropical and sub-tropical areas. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their association with some demographic factors in patients referred to the Ghamar Bani Hashem hospital Khoy, West Azarbaijan province. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2014 to March 2016. Stool samples of 5610 patients referred to the Ghamar Bani Hashemhospitalwere examinedusing the formalin-ether concentrationand direct smearmethods. Determinationof intestinal parasites was based on the morphological characteristics of the parasites. The scotch tape method was used for detection of Enterobius vermicularis ova in 133 suspected individuals. Microscopic results were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 5610 people (51.6% male and 48.4% female) were examined. The mean age of the patients was 47.26 ± 1.3. Among these, 32.1% were infected to at least 1 of the intestinal parasites. Prevalence of protozoa and helminths parasites was 30.1% and 1.2%, respectively. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites was: Blastocystis sp.12.9%, Giardia lamblia 11%, Entamoeba coli 4.1%, Iodamoeba butschlii 2.1%, Endolymax nana 1.5%, Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispar 0.25%, Trichomonas hominis 0.09%, Ascaris lumbricoides 0.09%, Hymenolypis nana 0.03%, and Enterobius vermicularis 4.5%. Although the highest prevalence was in the age group of 20 - 29 years (31.8%), there was no significant relationship between age and parasite infection. However, a significant relationship was observed between the Giardia lamblia infection and age. Conclusions: Human intestinal parasite infections, especially protozoan infection, are still abundantin the Khoy region. Adequate knowledge andperiodic surveillance of theprevalence of parasites andthe variables that affectfrequency are importantfor effective control.

In Germany, an increase of notified giardiasis was observed between 2002 (n = 3,101) and 2007 (n = 3,651) with 62% of cases acquired in Germany. The highest incidence was reported in 1- to 5-year-olds (2001-2007, 11.5/100,000 on average) and Berlin is one of the most affected states (17.5/100,000). We performed a cross-sectional study in five Berlin kindergartens differing in socioeconomic status and migrant proportion in order to estimate the prevalence and investigate routes of transmission among children under 6 years of age. Stool samples were screened for Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum using microscopical and antigen detection. Giardia-positive samples underwent PCR and subtyping. Two hundred two children participated (mean age 3.4 years). We found three girls (1.5%) who tested positive for G. lamblia genotype-A3, all clustering in one kindergarten (prevalence 5.5%). No common source was identified. Two children were symptomatic. Possible dog-to-child transmission was established for one of the symptomatic cases. All contact-tracing results were negative. Other microscopically detected parasites (Blastocystis hominis, Endolimax nana cysts, Entamoeba coli cysts and Iodamoeba bütschlii cysts) were found in 4% of children. In summary, a substantial level of Giardiasis may be prevalent in some of Berlin's kindergartens, despite standard hygienic measures being followed. The relatively high prevalence in one kindergarten indicates the need for further studies to identify risk factors for children, which may help to guide possible interventions and strategies. Giardiasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in children with unclear gastrointestinal symptoms. Additional education and training on proper toilet and food hygiene may further reduce the possibility of child-to-child transmission.

In the Holy City Makkah, during Hajj "season 1428 Hegira (2007)", 504 food handlers from twenty one countries were investigated for the infection of intestinal parasites. Stool samples were examined by direct smear techniques, Ritchie concentration technique and trichrome permanent staining technique. Intestinal parasites were detected in 31.94% of food handlers. Fifteen different intestinal parasites were identified; Trichuris trichiura (10.70%), Blastocystis hominis (9.33%), Hook worms (7.54%), Endolimax nana (6.15%), Entamoeba coli (4.37%), Entamoeba histolytica (2.78%), Giardia lamblia (1.98%), Entamoeba hartmanni (1.79%), Schistosoma mansoni (1.59%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.00%), Iodamoeba butschlii (0.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.8%), Hymenolepis nana (0.6%), Diantamoeba fragilis (0.2%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.2%). In conclusion, the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections suggests stool analysis for intestinal parasites should be periodically carried out in addition to the sanitation education and health special care for food handlers working in Makkah. This study is the first during any Hajj season to investigate distribution of intestinal parasites among food handlers in the Holy City Makkah.

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of intestinal parasites and commensals among children in four peripheral districts located in the northern, southern, eastern and western sectors of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, using the Baermann methods as modified by Moraes and Lutz. Out of 160 individuals studied, 93 (58.1% CI: 50.4-65.7) were infected, distributed among the sectors as follows: northern (72.5%), southern (47.5%), eastern (57.5%) and western (55%). The positive findings according to age groups were: 0-5 years (26.9%), 5-10 years (21.2%) and 10-15 years (10%). Male children presented 2.7 times higher risk of infection than females did (OR: 2.7; CI: 1052-7001). The parasites and commensals identified were: Giardia lamblia (27.5%), Entamoeba coli (20.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (14.4%), Enterobius vermicularis (8.8%), Hymenolepis nana (7.5%), Hymenolepis diminuta (5%), hookworms (3.1%), Trichuris trichiura (2.5%), Endolimax nana (2.5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2.5%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.3%), Iodamoeba butschlii (1.3%) and Capillaria hepatica (0.6%). The infection rate in these children was high and showed the need to implement prophylactic education programs in the community.

A prospective, comparative study of the prevalence of enteric protozoa was determined among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sydney, Australia. A total of 1,868 patients submitted stool specimens; 1,246 were from MSM (628 HIV positive and 618 HIV positive) and 622 from non-MSM were examined over a 36-month period. A total of 651 (52.2%) stool specimens from MSM were positive for protozoa compared with 85 (13%) from non-MSM. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar complex, Entamoeba hartmanni, Iodamoeba butschlii, and Enteromonas hominis detected between MSM and non-MSM (P < 0.001). The only notable difference between HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM was that HIV-infected MSM were found to more likely have a Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Entamoeba histolytica was found in 3 patients, E. dispar in 25, and E. moshkovskii in 17, all of whom were MSM. When compared with a control group, MSM were significantly more likely to harbor intestinal protozoa and have multiple parasites present. The results of this study show high rates of enteric parasites persist in MSM and highlight the importance of testing for intestinal parasites in MSM. This is the first report of E. moshkovskii from MSM. Copyright © 2007 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Objectives. Determine the presence and the type of endoparasites with zoonotic potential in swine and human of two technified and two semi-technified farms in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Materials and methods . Three serial samplings of feces were taken in a pen row within intervals of 15 days, in two technified and two semi-technified farms in different age groups distributed as follows: pregnant-sows, nursing-females, boars, weaners, suckling-piglets, and growing-pig. By means of informed consent thirty-three people agreed to enter the study. Thirty-three samples from men and women of different ages were received. The pool and individual samples of fecal were evaluated by direct analysis, qualitative flotation and sedimentation techniques and modified Ziehl- Neelsen stain. Results. For the porcine population, on the average, the results obtained from both technified farms showed that Balantidium coli (42%), Endolimax nana (21.9%) and Iodamoeba butschlii (7.8%) were the most common parasites. In semi-technified farms they were: Entamoeba coli (40%), Endolimax nana (35%), Iodamoeba butschlii (25%) and Balantidium coli (5%). By means of the test chi2 it is possible to conclude that there is a significant difference between the parasites species and the type of farm. The results obtained in human showed the presence of parasites as: E. coli (42.2%), Entamoeba hystolitica/dispar (12.1%), E. nana (9.1%), B. coli (9.1%), I. butschlii (3.0%) and Blastocystis hominis (3.0%). Conclusions. The presence of parasites such as Balantidium coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii and Entamoeba coli in swine and human suggests a possible rotation of parasitic species between hosts.

Worms are still a serious public health issue in the country, being easily transmitted in school-age children because of their immature immune system and the precarious maintenance of a healthy personal hygiene. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of parasites and the socioeconomic profile of the school population of Flores da Cunha, RS. Fecal samples of students were collected for further analysis by the means of spontaneous sedimentation, and questionnaires were applied on the matter of parasites and socioeconomic status to those in charge at the school. Of the 341 samples evaluated, 10.0% were positive, revealing the presence of 55.9% of cysts of Endolimax nana, 26.5% of Entamoeba coli, 5.9% of Iodamoeba butschlii, 2.9% of Ascaris lumbricoides, 2.9% of Giardia lamblia and 5.9% of individuals with multiple parasitosis (Entamoeba coli and Endolimax nana). Most of the school’s people responsible for the matter emphasized that they sought information about worms from health professionals (49.7%), even though 49.9% of the personnel still think the information given is not enough. Regarding the city’s sanitation facilities, 57.2% believe that they have collection and treatment of sewage, 67.2% have some rain storage system, thus preventing accumulations in the area nearby, and 47.2% perform some kind of pest control. Around 79% of the students had never had stool tests or been diagnosed with parasites, and yet 85.9% claimed to have used antiparasitic drugs. The low prevalence of parasites found in this study is explained by the constant use of antiparasitics. Thus, it is important to improve the dissemination of guidelines on the prevention of parasites and the danger of self-medication.

Background : Diarrhea is one of the main public health problems occurring in West Java. One of the affected areas is Subdistrict Jatinangor. Inappropriate management of sanitation facilities around Jatinangor area causes contamination of water. Cikeruh River is one of the water sources in Jatinangor Area, from which people obtain water for daily activities. Water borne illness due to poor sanitation condition can lead to parasitic infection such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum which can cause a prolonged diarrhea. There has not been any study done regarding the presence of parasitical infection causing diarrhea around Jatinangor. Methods : In order to identify the parasitic infection, a descriptive study was carried out on 16 fecal samples collected from diarrheal patient who visited Puskesmas Jatinangor from September–November 2012. The parasites were checked by using wet mount method Results : The parasites found were Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, but none of Giardia lamblia. There were also other findings such as Iodamoeba butschlii and Entamoeba coli. Conclusion : Positive findings of Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrhea patients is most probably due to contaminated water and food. Measures need to be done to improve sanitary condition in Cikeruh River to prevent diarrhea. [AMJ.2015;2(1):213–16]

Fecal samples were collected from black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in north central Belize and analyzed for evidence of endoparasite life stages. At least six types of endoparasites were found in Alouatta pigra fecal samples collected in the Lamanai Archaeological Reserve and the Community Baboon Sanctuary in 1999. These include a digenean trematode, an oxyurid nematode, a strongyle-type nematode, an ascarid presumed to be Ascaris sp., Entamoeba coli and Iodamoeba butschlii. Higher trematode prevalence was found in adult Alouatta pigra compared to juveniles and higher prevalence of nematode larvae in all animals was found in the wet season compared to the dry season.

We report the finding of Iodamoeba butschlii amebic cysts on a liquid-based anal Pap smear from an HIV-positive male. Iodine staining of the smear confirmed the diagnosis. It is important to distinguish I. butschlii from pathogenic ameobae and other organisms seen on anal Pap smears.

From March to September 2001, 315 specimens from “nonrepeat” patients that were submitted for ova and parasite examination were stained using the Kinyoun modified acid-fast stain to detect the intestinal coccidians. Four patients (1.3%) were infected with coccidians, 2 with Cryptosporidium parvum and 2 with Cyclospora cayetanensis. No infections with Isospora belli were detected. In comparison, 15 patients (4.8%) had infections with one or more intestinal parasites detected by routine trichrome staining: 5 had Giardia lamblia; 2, Dientamoeba fragilis; 3, Strongyloides stercoralis; 1, Iodamoeba butschlii; 3, Endolimax nana; 6, Blastocystis hominis; and 1, Entamoeba coli. Four patients were multiply infected. Coccidians made up 29% of the clinically significant parasitic infections. The coccidians were missed in all 4 cases because no special staining was ordered. Clinicians need to be reminded that additional tests should be ordered to fully evaluate patients with chronic diarrhea in which no diagnosis is found by routine testing.

On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, nonhuman primate pets come into frequent contact with humans, presenting the possibility of zoonotic and anthropozoonotic disease transmission. We collected fecal samples from 88 pet macaques representing six of the seven macaque species currently recognized as endemic to Sulawesi (Macaca nigra, M. nigrescens, M. hecki, M. tonkeana, M. maura, and M. ochreata) as well as two non-endemic species (M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina) in order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in this population. Seven taxa of intestinal protozoa (Blastocystis hominis, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Chilomastrix mesnili, Endolimax nana, and Retortamonas intestinalis) and three taxa of nematodes (hookworm, Trichuris spp., and Ascaris spp.) were detected. The overall parasitization rate was 59.1%. Commensal organisms predominated in this population. Parasitization was not statistically correlated with macaque age group, sex, species, or location, or with the owner's level of education. These findings are discussed in the context of primate pet ownership practices in Sulawesi.

We report prevalences and eggs/protozoa per g (EPG; PPG) of helminths and protozoa in gorillas, chimpanzees, agile mangabeys, indigenous Ba'Aka and Bantu, and western researchers at a remote field site in the Central African Republic. We examined fecal samples for eggs, larvae, proglottids, cysts, amoeba, trophozoites, and flagellates. For helminths, strongylates were most prevalent, infecting 82–94% of nonhuman primates (NH) and 30–93% of human (H) groups, followed by ascaroids (14–88% NH; 0–15% H), and threadworms (0–22% NH; 0–29% H). For protozoa, Entamoeba histolytica (2–100% NH; 33–52% H) and trichomonads (11–88% NH; 0–54% H) were most prevalent. Among gorilla samples (n = 156) there were significant age/sex differences in EPG/PPG for strongylates, threadworms, Entamoeba histolytica, and trichomonads, with infants exhibiting the highest mean EPG/PPG for all parasites except trichomonads. Between group analyses revealed that the Ba'Aka had significantly higher mean EPG of strongylates, ascaroids and threadworms than all other primate groups, except the mangabeys. For Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli, Balantidium coli, and Iodamoeba butschlii, the agile mangabeys had significantly higher mean PPG than other groups; for trichomonads, the chimpanzees, and mangabeys had the highest mean PPG. Relative to other African ape sites, the gorillas and chimpanzees at Mondika appear to have high prevalences of intestinal parasites. This may be the result of the high proportion of swamp and seasonally flooded areas, which provide optimal viability for parasite eggs and ova. At Mondika, the significantly higher parasite levels of Ba'Aka probably result from more traditional methods of hygiene and lack of available medical treatment. All workers at research sites should be monitored and treated to minimize cross-transmission between humans and local fauna.

The purpose of the current research was to determine the prevalence and risk factors linked to intestinal parasites in a population aged from 5 to 14 years who attend to public schools and high schools from Riobamba city, Riobamba-Chambo district. The prospection was carried out between October and November 2015. The population studied was identified and classified according to their age, gender, and educational institution they belong to. In addition, the relation of risk factors linked to the identified parasites was estimated. For this, it was necessary to apply a coprology examination to 2020 boys, girls and teenagers. The fecal samples collected were analyzed using the fresco technique with lugol and saline solution at 0.85%. The total intestine parasite prevalence found was 35.1%. The highest parasite prevalence was detected in groups aged 5 (12.84%), in groups aged 8 (11.71%) and in groups aged 11 (11.56%), while Combatientes de Tapi Educational Unit registered a 34% in both genders. Any significant parasite difference was found among p

Intestinal parasites are among the most commonly found pathogens in humans and are considered a public health problem. The frequency of intestinal parasites was evaluated in children and staff at two day care centers in the city of Ituiutaba, Brazil and health encouragement activities were developed. For parasite detection in stool samples the Ritchie’s technique and the Hoffman-Pons-Janer, Baermann-Moraes, Willis and Ziehl-Neelsen methods were applied. Of 140 children, 88 (62.9%) were positive, where Giardia intestinalis cysts were present in 65 children (51.1%), Entamoeba coli in 22 (17.3%), Endolimax nana in 12 (9.4%), Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar in 9 (7%), Hymenolepis nana eggs were found in 5 (4%), hookworms in 4 (3.1%), Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis in 3 (2.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Cryptosporidium spp. and Iodamoeba butschlii in one child (0.8%). Among the 41 employees examined, 10 (24.3%) were positive, E. coli cysts were found in 6 samples (35.2%) and E. nana in 5 (29.4%), followed by E. histolytica/E. dispar in 4 (23.6%) and G. intestinalis and E. vermicularis eggs in (5.9%). The data show the high frequency of intestinal parasites in fecal samples analyzed and demonstrate the importance of adopting preventive measures such as health and education involving the community.