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Background: Visualizing (micro)vascular structures remains challenging for researchers and clinicians due to limitations in traditional radiological imaging methods. Exploring the role of vascular development in craniofacial malformations in experimental settings can enhance understanding of these processes, with the effectiveness of high-resolution imaging techniques being crucial for successful research in this field. Micro-CT imaging offers 3D microstructural insights, but requires contrast-enhancing staining agents (CESAs) for visualizing (micro)-vascular tissues, known as contrast-enhanced micro-CT (CECT). As effective contrast agents are crucial for optimal visualization, this review focuses on comparative studies investigating such agents for micro-vascular tissue imaging using micro-CT. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utilization of B-Lugol solution as a promising contrast agent for acquiring high-quality micro-CT images of (micro)vascular structures in human embryonic samples. Method: This scoping review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols. PubMed database provided relevant articles, screened initially by title and abstract. Inclusion and exclusion criteria defined outcomes of interest. Results: From an initial search, 273 records were identified, narrowed down to 9 articles after applying our criteria. Additionally, two articles were added through citation searching. This, a total of 11 articles were incorporated in this study. Conclusion: This micro-CT contrast agent review underscores the need for tailored choices based on research goals. Both Barium sulfate and Iodine-based agents showing excellent results, providing high resolution (micro) vascular content, especially in ex-vivo specimens. However, careful consideration of protocols and tissue characteristics remains imperative for optimizing the effectiveness of micro-CT imaging for the study of cranio-facial vascular development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish a method for the quantitative analysis of iodine and its compounds in workplace air by ion chromatography pulsed amperometric detector. Methods Air samples were collected using alkaline -activated carbon solid -phase extraction tubes and eluted with 10 mL of the 20 mmol/L sodium bicarbonate solution for 30 minutes. The eluate was separated using the Dionex ICS -5000 ion chromatography system with the Dionex IonPac AS11 -HC high - performance anion separation column and detected by the pulsed amperometric detector, with the retention time for qualitative analysis and the peak area for quantitative analysis. Results The method had a correlation coefficient of 0.999 7 for the standard curve, a detection limit of 0.519 μg/L (25 μL injection volume), and a minimum quantifiable mass concentration of 2.3 μg/m³ calculated using a sampling volume of 7.5 L. The method had good reproducibility, with relative standard deviations ranging from 2.72% to 4.10% and an internal recovery rate of 95.8% to 98.0% for simulated samples. The average elution efficiency of alkaline-activated carbon solid-phase extraction tubes was more than (94.1% ± 2.65% ). Iodine and its compounds could be stably stored for 5 days at 4 ℃ . Conclusions The quantitative analysis method of the ion chromatography pulsed amperometric detector was fast, convenient, efficient, and accurate. It is satisfied with the requirement for the determination of iodine and its compounds in workplaces [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The indications for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAT) have expanded in recent years both for locally advanced and early-stage breast cancer, with different pathological complete response (pCR) rates among different molecular subtypes. This retrospective two-center study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Contrast-Enhanced Mammography (CEM) in assessing the response to NAT in breast cancer patients. The CEM sensitivity and specificity were 66.2% and 75.2%, with the highest specificity (80.9%) in HR+/HER2− and the highest sensitivity (70%) in triple-negative breast cancer. CEM is a valid tool to assess the pCR with different performances among the molecular subtypes and may be reliable in the decisional process of de-escalating surgical management. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAT) plays a crucial role in breast cancer (BC) treatment, both in advanced BC and in early-stage BC, with different rates of pathological complete response (pCR) among the different BC molecular subtypes. Imaging monitoring is mandatory to evaluate the NAT efficacy. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of Contrast-Enhanced Mammography (CEM) in BC patients undergoing NAT. This retrospective two-center study included 174 patients. The breast lesions were classified based on the molecular subtypes in hormone receptor (HR+)/HER2−, HER2+, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The histopathological analysis performed following surgery was used as a reference standard for the pCR. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were measured overall and for the different subtypes. We enrolled 174 patients, 79/174 (46%) HR+/HER2−, 59/174 (33.9%) HER2+, and 35/174 (20.1%) TNBC; the pCR was found in 64/174 (36.8%), of which 57.1% were TNBCs. In the total population, the CEM sensitivity and specificity were 66.2% and 75.2%, with a PPV of 61.4% and an NPV of 78.8%. The highest specificity (80.9%) and NPV (91.7%) were found in HR+/HER2−, while the highest sensitivity (70%) and PPV appeared (73.7%) in TNBC. The results indicate that CEM is a valid tool to assess the pCR, with different performances among the subtypes of BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electron donor–acceptor complex was utilized to generate alkoxy radicals from alcohols under mild conditions using visible light. This approach was combined with a hydroxybromination process to achieve the deconstructive functionalization of alkenes, leading to the production of geminal dibromides. Mechanistic investigations indicated the intermediacy of hypervalent iodine (III) compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hatcheries are hubs for incoming eggs and progeny flock output, making them a crucial component of the poultry production chain. This study involved performing quantitative microbiological tests in a commercial hatchery with numerous compartments, including an egg handling room, cold storeroom, setter room, hatcher room, and chick production hall. There were 150 air samples and 180 surface swabs collected in the incubator before and after disinfection over ten visits, in addition to 250 yolk sac and organ samples taken from late-dead embryos. As a result, surface swabbing could detect higher contamination levels than open-plate methods in all hatchery visits, mainly in handling eggs, cold storage, and hatcher halls. This study examines the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in hatchery environments and dead embryos. Biochemical and PCR testing were used to identify P. aeruginosa using 16SrDNA primers at 956bp and the toxA gene at 396bp. In hatchery environmental samples, the incidence rate was 10.7%, and in dead embryos, it was 10%; therefore, maintaining good hygiene, especially in hatcheries, is essential for Pseudomonas species control. Subsequently, in this study, a virulent strain of P. aeruginosa was subjected to an in vitro test with 10 disinfectants from six chemical groups. Iodine compounds with phosphoric acids, per-acetic acid, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) with glutaraldehyde compounds showed 100% microbial reduction even in the presence of organic matter with exposure times of 30 min. It was concluded that the most effective and cost-effective way to prevent and control infections is to use a disinfectant with sufficient concentration and exposure time in hatcheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In many countries worldwide, food fortification programs with iodine are carried out to minimise the risk of a deficiency of this element in the diet. However, preliminary studies have shown correlations between antioxidant activity and iodine content. Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the use of cauliflower and carrots as matrices for potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3) at different concentrations. It was hypothesised that iodine compounds and their concentrations affect the antioxidant activity of fortified cauliflower and carrots. Material and methods. The study tested variable iodine concentrations: 0.023; 0.23; 0.77; 1.30; 2.30 and 3.0 mg KIO3 or KI/100 g. These iodine concentrations were applied to two varieties of carrot and two varieties of cauliflower. After the fortification process and 60, 120, 180, 240, and 320 days of storage, the iodine content was determined. Additionally, after 320 days of storage, the antioxidant activity of all vegetable samples was analysed (based on two free radicals scavenging indices, the DPPH scavenging capacity (DPPH•) and the ABTS scavenging capability (ABTS•+)). Results. Covariance between the iodine compound (KI/KIO3) and the ABTS•+ and DPPH• test results of fortified carrots and cauliflower was noted. For the samples of dried carrots and cauliflower with iodine concentrations from 0.23 to 3.0 mg kg-1 of KI or 0.23 to 1.30 mg kg-1 of KIO3, the free-radical scavenging capacity indices were similar to those for samples not fortified with iodine. However, for the samples of both carrots and cauliflower with KIO3 at 2.30 to 3.0 mg kg-1, the capacity to terminate ABTS•+ and DPPH• was lower than in samples without iodine. This was especially true after storage. Conclusions. Cauliflower and carrots can be good iodine matrices. However, to maximise free radical scavenging indices, iodine should be fortified at concentrations of up to 2.30 mg kg-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Zinc-iodine batteries (ZIBs) have been recognized as a promising energy storage device due to their high energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the development of ZIBs is hindered by the shuttle effect of polyiodides which results in capacity degradation and poor cycling performance. Inspired by the ability of starch to form inclusion compounds with iodine, we propose to use a starch gel on the cathode to suppress the shuttle of polyiodides. Herein, porous carbon is utilized as a host for iodine species and provides an excellent conductive network, while starch gel is used as another host to suppress polyiodides shuttle, resulting in improved battery performance. The test results demonstrate that the conversion between I−/I 2 /I 3 − in the cathode and the effective inclusion role of starch suppress the shuttle of polyiodides during the charging process. Meanwhile, based on the electrochemical tests and theoretical DFT calculations, it is found that starch has a stronger ability to adsorb polyiodides compared to carbon materials, which enables effective confinement of polyiodides. The ZIBs used the cathode with starch gel exhibit high coulombic efficiency (>95 % at 0.2 A/g) and low self-discharge (86.8 % after resting for 24 h). This strategy is characterized by its simplicity, low cost and high applicability, making it significant for the advancement of high-performance ZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaseous iodine compounds especially radioactive iodine compounds such as CH 3 I from nuclear spent fuel, once discharged, being destructive to the environment and harmful to human health are usually captured by solid adsorption. The faujasite (FAU) composed of Si, Al, and O elements is a kind of porous material with a high specific surface area usually used as an adsorbent and catalyst carrier. Excessive micropores in the skeleton of FAU hinder the diffusion of gas molecules to reduce the adsorption efficiency. In the NH 4 F solution, the skeleton of FAU was selectively corroded by F - ions and rearranged to form the construction with different the distribution of pore size. Ag-oxide nanoclusters were deposited inside the mesoporous and microporous pores of corroded FAU by the photoreduction method. To regulate the distribution of pore size, FAU deposited Ag-oxide nanocluster with more mesoporous and microporous pores providing more sufficient space for the diffusion of gaseous CH 3 I presented more excellent adsorption performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A convenient and selective method for the preparation of substituted iodoalkynes, iodoalkenes based on the interaction of propargylic compounds with iodine in the presence of readily available cadmium (II) acetate in some solvents was developed. The highest yields of iodoalkynes and iodoalkenes were recorded using DMSO as the solvent. An excess of the alkylpropargyl substrate unambiguously led to iodolkynes. By varying the reaction conditions using a twofold excess of iodine in DMSO, methanol or ethanol it was possible to achieve a one‐pot preparation of triiodoalkenes. The interaction of iodine with propargyl substrates could be represented in two ways: formation and further nucleophilic transformation of the iodonium complex under the influence of the acetate ion and generation of π‐coordinated species and elimination of acetic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mini review article provides an overview on the use of hypervalent iodine compounds (HICs) in carbohydrate synthesis, focusing on their chemistry and recent applications. HICs are similar to transition metals in their reactivity but have the added benefit of being environmentally benign, and are therefore commonly used as selective oxidants and eco‐friendly reagents in organic synthesis. Herein, we summarize various synthetic uses of hypervalent iodine reagents in reactions such as glycosylation, oxidations, functionalization, and C−C bond‐forming reactions. The goal of this review is to illustrate the advantages and versatility of using HICs as an environmentally sustainable alternative to heavy metals in carbohydrate chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Mortimer Glover's contribution as the first to identify the anaesthetic effects of chloroform went unrecognized for over 130 years. Posterity now remembers Glover as the first to experimentally demonstrate the effects of chloroform, and yet, the scope and impact of the work for which he is remembered remains largely undiscussed. This historical article returns to Glover's dissertation, for which he won the Harveian Prize in 1842, and examines its experimental findings in their historical context. Departing from the body of literature which emphasizes the clinical orientation of early anaesthesiological research, it revisits the theoretical and methodological foundations of Glover's study, which, first and foremost, sought to examine the possibility of an analogy between chemical structure and physiological effect. In doing so, it establishes that Glover was not merely the first to realize the physiological effects of chloroform or even merely the earliest figure to recognize the effects of bromoform, potassium bromide, and "bromide of mercury," over two decades before Henry Behrend's or Protheroe Smith's classic papers. My examination concludes that Glover may have been the first to propose the existence of a unique class of anaesthetic compounds, establishing Glover as an early representative of anaesthetic pharmacology as a collective body of research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kainate receptors play a crucial role in mediating synaptic transmission within the central nervous system. However, the lack of selective pharmacological tool compounds for the GluK3 subunit represents a significant challenge in studying these receptors. Recently presented compound 1 stands out as a potent antagonist of GluK3 receptors, exhibiting nanomolar affinity at GluK3 receptors and strongly inhibiting glutamate‐induced currents at homomeric GluK1 and GluK3 receptors in HEK293 cells with Kb values of 65 and 39 nM, respectively. This study presents the synthesis of two potent GluK3‐preferring iodine derivatives of compound 1, serving as precursors for radiolabelling. Furthermore, we demonstrate the optimisation of dehalogenation conditions using hydrogen and deuterium, resulting in [2H]‐1, and demonstrate the efficient synthesis of the radioligand [3H]‐1 with a specific activity of 1.48 TBq/mmol (40.1 Ci/mmol). Radioligand binding studies conducted with [3H]‐1 as a radiotracer at GluK1, GluK2, and GluK3 receptors expressed in Sf9 and rat P2 membranes demonstrated its potential applicability for selectively studying native GluK3 receptors in the presence of GluK1 and 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor‐blocking ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetics of the reactions of colored carbanions (reference nucleophiles) with S‐(trifluoromethyl)dibenzothiophenium ions (Umemoto's reagents) and hypervalent trifluoromethyl‐substituted iodine compounds (Togni's reagents) have been determined photometrically using stopped‐flow techniques. The second‐order rate constants k2(20 °C) for the reactions of Umemoto's sulfonium ions (generation I and II) with the reference nucleophiles in DMSO follow the correlation lg k2(20 °C)=sN(N+E) and can be used to determine the electrophilicity parameters E of these trifluoromethylating reagents. It is shown that the conditions reported for the reactions of Umemoto's generation I reagents with a variety of C‐nucleophiles are in line with the electrophilicity parameter E≈−13 determined for these reagents. Though Togni's hypervalent iodine‐based trifluoromethylation reagents do not follow this linear free energy relationship, the kinetics of their reactions with carbanions indicate that they cover the same reactivity range as Umemoto's generation I and II reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of acetylcholine halides with H2O2 were studied at room temperature in initially deionized water, i.e., at pH ∼7. Acetylcholine (ACh), which catalyzes the decomposition of hydroperoxides and H2O2 into radicals in an organic medium, virtually does not affect the decomposition of H2O2 in aqueous solutions. In the case of AChI, hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the iodide anion to form diiodine and hydroxyl radical HO•, which was identified using the 5,5-dimethylpyrrolidine N-oxide spin trap. The rate constant of this reaction was estimated from the initial sections of the kinetic curves for the consumption of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPOL): k1 = (2.0±0.1)•10−3 L mol−1 s−1. A nontrivial combination of radical reactions and redox disproportionation reactions occurs in the AChI—H2O2—TEMPOL system in initially deionized water. In this medium, H2O2, iodine compounds, TEMPOL, and the formed hydroperoxide radicals HO2• have a dual ability to act as oxidants or reducing agents, which results in quasi-stationary concentrations of I2 and TEMPOL being established in the process. The I− oxidation by peroxides in acid medium, known in iodometric titration, generates hydroxide radicals when conducted in neutral solutions (pH ∼7) and can compete with the Fenton reaction in systems in which the presence of metal ions is excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific food supplements are essential during preconception and pregnancy to ensure adequate intake of vitamins and minerals to support fetal growth and development and metabolic changes in the maternal body. Our objective was to identify food supplement recommendations, particularly those of folic acid, iron, Vitamin D, and iodine, during preconception and/or pregnancy across a geographically diverse range of countries. Further, we investigated whether country location and income-level related to the recommendations. We performed an electronic search and identified country-specific preconception and pregnancy food supplement recommendations, policy documents, and official guidelines of national organizations informing recommendations. To ensure the data were as accurate as possible, country-specific experts were contacted. Data were collected in 2017 and reevaluated in 2022. Country income level was determined by the World Bank classification. Each inspected country (n = 43) recommended folic acid supplementation, typically 400 µg/day, before and during pregnancy. About half of the countries recommended an iron supplement (dose range, 16–195 mg/day) and one quarter Vitamin D (typically 10 µg/d in higher latitudes) and iodine (150–200 µg/day). Country location and income level had some influence on the recommendations. Vitamin D was more often recommended in higher latitude, high-income countries. Almost all upper-middle and lower-middle income countries recommended iron supplementation, whereas less than one third of high-income countries had a corresponding recommendation. Findings suggest that food supplement recommendations for pregnant women vary across countries, likely influenced by geographic location as well as income level. These data may be used in the harmonization of food supplement recommendations. Food supplement recommendations, especially those of folic acid, iron, Vitamin D, and iodine, during pregnancy or preconception were investigated across 43 geographically diverse range of countries. Recommendations for folic acid supplementation was found from each investigated country. Country location and income level influenced the Vitamin D, iron, and iodine recommendations. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cu(I)‐catalyzed synthesis of α‐arylated sulfoxonium ylides has been achieved from mesitylene‐derived diaryliodonium salts and α‐carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides. The reaction is believed to proceed via an electrophilic Cu(III)‐aryl intermediate that can be trapped upon nucleophilic attack of the sulfoxonium ylide precursor. The reaction was tolerant to both α‐keto and α‐ester‐derived sulfoxonium ylides, to drug‐derived ylide motifs and to electronically‐diverse arenes, and enabled the direct synthesis of 32 α‐aryl‐sulfoxonium ylides in 42–85% yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the evaluation of a new catalyst, 3 BArF, which is a bidentate iodine(III)-based halogen-bonding (XB) donor. The crystal structure of the catalyst was analyzed and compared to a known planar bis(iodolium) catalyst, 2 BArF. The comparison showed that 2 BArF is a stronger Lewis acid than 3 BArF. In a benchmark reaction involving the activation of trans-β-nitrostyrene, 2 BArF showed approximately 13 times higher turnover frequency (TOF) than 3 BArF. These results highlight the impact of catalyst structure on the properties of bidentate iodonium(III)-based XB donors. [Extracted from the article]

Diazomethyl‐substituted iodine(III) compounds with electron‐withdrawing groups (EWG) connected to diazo methyl center were a type of donor‐acceptor diazo compounds with potential reaction abilities similar to ordinary diazo compounds. Although several diazomethyl‐substituted iodine(III) compounds were synthesized and used in the nucleophilic substitution reactions as early as 1994, the synthesis and application of new iodine(III) diazo compounds have only been reported to a certain extent in recent years. In the presence of rhodium catalyst, photocatalyst, or nucleophiles, diazomethyl‐substituted iodine(III) compounds can be converted into rhodium‐carbenes, diazomethyl radicals, ester radicals or nucleophilic intermediates, which can be used as key intermediates for the formation of chemical bonds. The aim of this review is to give an overview of diazomethyl‐substituted iodine(III) compounds in organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biofilms are a major hindrance in the wound healing process, prolonging the inflammatory response phase, thus making them a target in treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the antibacterial properties of commercially available wound dressings, of various material composition and antibacterial agents, towards multiple in vitro microbial and biofilm models. A variety of in vitro microbial and biofilm models were utilised to evaluate the ability of wound dressing materials to sequester microbes, prevent dissemination and manage bioburden. Sequestering and dissemination models were used to evaluate the ability of wound dressing materials to prevent the biofilm‐forming bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, from migrating through dressing materials over a 24–72 h challenge period. Additionally, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Bioreactor and Drip Flow models were used to evaluate antibacterial killing efficacy towards established P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms using more challenging, wound‐like models. Controlled‐release iodine foam and silver‐impregnated carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) wound dressing materials demonstrated potent biofilm management properties in comparison to a methylene blue and gentian violet‐containing foam dressing. Both the iodine‐containing foam and silver‐impregnated CMC materials effectively prevented viable P. aeruginosa dissemination for up to 72 h. In addition, the controlled‐release iodine foam and silver‐impregnated CMC materials reduced P. aeruginosa bioburden in the Drip Flow model. The controlled‐release iodine foam demonstrated superiority in the CDC Bioreactor model, as both the silver‐ and iodine‐containing materials reduced S. aureus to the limit of detection, but P. aeruginosa growth was only completely reduced by controlled‐release iodine foam dressing materials. The data generated within the in vitro biofilm models supports the clinical data available in the public domain for the implementation of iodine foam dressings for effective biofilm management and control in wound care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypervalent iodine compounds are described with perfluoroalkyl chains and S‐perfluoromethyl sulfoximines as ligands of the halogen. The influence of these groups on the stability of the cyclic structure is studied. The crucial role of the trifluoromethyl chain is clearly highlighted as an efficient ligand for the hypervalency. The structure and the reactivity of the new skeletons are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine deficiency in the diet creates the need to search for innovative, more sustainable and more effective strategies for enriching food with this microelement. The adopted research hypothesis assumed that the use of organic forms of iodine for supplementation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), compared to mineral iodine, has a more favorable effect not only on the concentration of iodine, but also on the yield and the content of other chemical components determining its nutritional and health-promoting value. Lettuce was planted in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic study in a greenhouse. The following application of iodine compounds (all in 5 µM molar mass equivalents) were tested in the studies: control (without of iodine application); potassium iodate (positive iodine control), 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5- quinolinesulfonic acid, 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol, 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol and 4-hydroxy-8-iodo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. In this work, it was shown for the first time that iodoquinolines can be 1) a source of iodine for plants; 2) they have a biostimulating effect on their yielding and 3) they increase the resistance of crops to stress (due to a significant increase in the level of polyphenolic compounds). Lettuce with the addition of 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5- quinolinesulfonic acid was characterized by the highest content of iodine, which was 221.7 times higher than in control plants. The weight gain of the whole plant was particularly visible in the case of lettuce enriched with 5-chloro-7-iodo-8- quinolinol and amounted to 26.48% compared to the control. Lettuce biofortified with iodine in the form of iodoquinolines can successfully become part of a sustainable diet based on plant products, which has a low impact on the environment and contributes to the long-term good health of an individual or community. Reducing iodine deficiency through the use of organoiodine compounds can help achieve the sustainability goal of eliminating hidden hunger, improving nutritional status and promoting sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of trace elements such as iodine and selenium in agriculture is gaining great importance due to the benefits in plants before different types of biotic or abiotic stress. This research aimed to evaluate the seedling root priming with Na2SeO3 (0, 0,5, 1, 2, 3 mg L-1) and KIO3 (0, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg L-1) on the antioxidant compounds of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits and leaves. The crop was established under greenhouse conditions in 10-L polyethylene containers containing peat moss and perlite 1:1 (v/v), in a randomized complete block experimental design with a 5² factorial arrangement. In the fruits, the Na2SeO3 influenced the GHS, flavonoids, lycopene and β-carotene contents, while the KIO3 influenced the GHS, vitamin C and lycopene contents. The KIO3-Na2SeO3 interactions affected the GSH, phenols, flavonoids, lycopene and β-carotene contents in fruits. In the leaves the GHS content increased with the Na2SeO3, while the GSH, flavonoids, and chlorophyll contents increased with the KIO3 factor and KIO3-Na2SeO3 interactions. The evaluated enzymes in fruits and leaves decreased with the both the KIO3 and Na2SeO3 concentrations. The Na2SeO3 influenced the hydrophilic compounds by ABTS and DPPH, while the KIO3 influenced the hydrophilic compounds by ABTS. In the leaves, the KIO3 influenced the lipophilic compounds by ABTS. The KIO3-Na2SeO3 interactions influenced the hydrophilic compounds by ABTS in both the fruits and leaves. Seedling root imbibition in KIO3 and Na2SeO3 is a method that implemented in the tomato crop presents interesting aspects in the increase of the antioxidant capacity and the non-enzymatic compounds, suhc as vitamin C, phenols, flavonoids and GSH contents. However, this method presented an inhibition in the antioxidant enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Iodine and its compounds have several industrial uses, primarily in nutrition and healthcare. So far, no specific LCA data for industrial iodine production are available. The purpose of this study is to provide the first LCA using primary industry data for iodine production from caliche ore in Chile. Methods: The study is a process-based, attributional LCA and follows the relevant ISO standards 14040/44. Primary data were collected from the world's main producer representing their production for the years 2019 and 2020. Economic allocation was applied to deal with the by-product sodium nitrate. The impact assessment was performed with a set of CML 2001 indicators. Results and discussion: Cradle-to-gate total LCIA results per 1000 kg of iodine prill product include a GWP100 of 1.48E+04 kg CO2 eq., an AP of 2.53E+02 kg SO2 eq., a POCP of 1.20E+01 kg C2H4 eq., an EP of 9.60E+00 kg PO43− eq., and an ADP fossil of 2.44E+05 MJ. The main contributor across process steps and for most impact categories is electricity consumption. Other hotspots include diesel combustion, hydrogen peroxide, sulfur, sulfuric acid, kerosene, and sodium hydroxide. A scenario analysis with renewable electricity revealed a reduction potential for all impact categories. As an example, the GWP could be reduced by 33–38%. Conclusions: This study is the first LCA for iodine production from caliche ore based on primary industry data. The switch to renewable sources was identified as the main improvement potential for the hotspot electricity consumption, with a potential reduction of at least 25% for all impact categories except ODP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purposeAutomated CTP software is increasingly used for extended window emergent large-vessel occlusion to quantify core infarct. We aimed to assess whether RAPID software underestimates core infarct in patients with an extended window recently receiving IV iodinated contrast.Materials and methodsWe reviewed a prospective, single-center data base of 271 consecutive patients who underwent CTA ± CTP for acute ischemic stroke from May 2018 through January 2019. Patients with emergent large-vessel occlusion confirmed by CTA in the extended window (>6 hours since last known well) and CTP with RAPID postprocessing were included. Two blinded raters independently assessed CT ASPECTS on NCCT performed at the time of CTP. RAPID software used relative cerebral blood flow of

Hypervalent iodine compounds have found broad application in modern organic chemistry as reagents and catalysts. Cyclic hypervalent iodine reagents based on the benziodoxole heterocyclic system have higher stability compared to their acyclic analogues, which makes possible the preparation and safe handling of the reagents with special ligands such as azido, cyano, and trifluoromethyl groups. Numerous iodine‐substituted benziodoxole derivatives have been prepared and utilized as reagents for transfer of the substituent on hypervalent iodine to organic substrate. Reactions of these reagents with organic substrates can be performed under metal‐free conditions, in the presence of transition metal catalysts, or using photocatalysts under photoirradiation conditions. In this review, we focus on the most recent synthetic applications of cyclic hypervalent iodine(III) reagents with the following ligands: N3, NHR, CN, CF3, SCF3, OR, OAc, ONO2, and C(=N2)CO2R. The review covers literature published mainly in the last 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3,4‐ethylenedioxy thiophene (EDOT)‐based conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) were readily constructed via facile one‐step direct arylation polymerication of CH from simple EDOT as a linker and commercially available aryl bromides of different geometries as the knots, without preactivation of CH bonds of aromatic building blocks using organometallic reagents. In contrast to conventional coupling reactions, this synthesis strategy not only has atomic efficiency but also can use simple thiophene derivatives as building blocks for synthesizing thiophene‐based CMPs of different structures, which avoids the synthesis of complex thiophene derivatives and are important for applications, for example, fluorescent sensors. The resulting EDOT‐based CMPs were used to fluorescent sensing to 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), I2, and p‐nitrophenol (p‐NP), with high optimal Stern‐Volmer quenching constants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypervalent iodine reagents have the ability of inverting the polarity of functional groups bound to iodine, a reactivity known as umpolung. This reactivity makes hypervalent iodine compounds highly attractive for the creation of electrophilic synthons of known nucleophiles, resulting in novel synthetic disconnections and the formation of new Nu(nucleophile)−N bond. Electrophilic sources of nitrogen‐based groups have been known for many decades and are of great synthetic importance. Traditionally, these reagents are limited to few examples. With the use of hypervalent iodine, the transfer of a wide diversity of nitrogen sources became a possibility. This review compiles the latest reported examples of hypervalent iodine reagents capable of electrophilic transfer of nitrogen‐based groups. It showcases the preparation of such reagents, their synthetic utility, and reaction mechanisms involving these group transfer reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Di(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)iodo]benzene (1), a hypervalent iodine compound, is easy to prepare and stable as a solid, and was shown to be a useful functional group transforming agent in this report. Oxidative synthesis of symmetrical disulfides from thiols in the presence of compound 1 alone was performed in 58–100% yields. Furthermore, ESI-MS demonstrated that premixing of 1 and Ph3P yields the corresponding acyloxyphosphonium, which can acylate thiols to produce thioesters in 69–100% yields. With the assistance of a mixture of 1 and Ph3P, hydroxy and amino groups were benzoylated to esters and amides, respectively, also in 9–100% yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine (I) is considered a beneficial element or even micronutrient for plants. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular and physiological processes of uptake, transport, and metabolism of I applied to lettuce plants. KIO3, KIO3 + salicylic acid, 5-iodosalicylic acid and 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid were applied. RNA-sequencing was executed using 18 cDNA libraries constructed separately for leaves and roots from KIO3, SA and control plants. De novo transcriptome assembly generated 1937.76 million sequence reads resulting in 27,163 transcripts with N50 of 1638 bp. 329 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots were detected after application of KIO3, out of which 252 genes were up-regulated, and 77 were down-regulated. In leaves, 9 genes revealed differential expression pattern. DEGs analysis indicated its involvement in such metabolic pathways and processes as: chloride transmembrane transport, phenylpropanoid metabolism, positive regulation of defense response and leaf abscission, and also ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, circadian rhythm including flowering induction as well as a putative PDTHA (i.e. Plant Derived Thyroid Hormone Analogs) metabolic pathway. qRT-PCR of selected genes suggested their participation in the transport and metabolism of iodine compounds, biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites, PDTHA pathway and flowering induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an efficient radical‐mediated C−C coupling through photoredox‐catalyzed reactions of 4‐alkyl‐dihydropyridines (DHPs) and vinylbenziodoxol(on)es (VBX, VBO). This transition‐metal‐free and mild photocatalytic method has excellent functional group tolerance and affords vinylated products in good yields, with complete retention of the alkene configuration. The utility of the methodology is demonstrated by the diastereoselective synthesis of C‐vinyl glycosides. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the C−C bond formation is stereospecific and proceeds through a concerted radical coupling transition state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new inorganic-organic hybrid crystals based on PbI2 were assembled through the solvent evaporation method, namely, {[L1]·[Pb2I6]}n (1) and {[L2]2·[Pb3I10]}n (2). L1-L2 are a series of multivalent nitrogen-containing cationic ligands. Compounds 1–2 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, FT-IR, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric microanalysis. The results showed that the adsorption rate of 80 mg compound 1 to iodine reached 96.59%, indicating a high iodine capture performance in cyclohexane solution. In the meantime, the adsorption kinetics is most suitable for a pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption process is mainly chemisorption. Adsorption thermodynamics is most suitable for the Langmuir model, indicating that adsorption occurs on the surface of the monolayer. According to the adsorption mechanism, it can be inferred that the structure of compound 1 contains amino, benzene, N heterocyclic, and other active groups, that is, indirectly increases the adsorption site with iodine, and the chemical reaction with iodine improves the removal rate of iodine in cyclohexane solution. In addition, compound 1 was found to have good iodine adsorption and recyclability by cyclic experiments. Therefore, the synthesized compound 1 can be used as a potential and excellent iodide capture adsorbent, which may have a good application prospects in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this feasibility study was to investigate the impact of inflammation management on wound pH, temperature, and bacterial burden, using the principles of TIME and Wound Bed Preparation. A quantitative non‐comparative, prospective, descriptive observational design. Following ethical approval, 26 participants with 27 wounds of varying aetiologies were observed twice weekly for 2 weeks. Wounds were treated with cleansing, repeated sharp debridement, and topical cadexomer iodine. Wound pH (pH indicator strips), temperature (infrared camera), bacterial burden (fluorescence imaging) and size (ruler method) was monitored at each visit. The mean age of all participants was 47 years (SD: 20.3 years), and 79% (n = 19) were male, and most wounds were acute (70%; n = 19) and included surgical and trauma wounds, the remaining (30%; n = 8) were chronic and included vascular ulcers and non‐healing surgical wounds. Mean wound duration was 53.88 days (SD: 64.49 days). Over the follow up period, pH values ranged from 6 to 8.7, temperature (centre spot) ranged from 28.4°C to 36.4°C and there was an average 39% reduction in wound size. Inflammation management had a positive effect on pH, temperature, bacterial burden, and wound size. This study demonstrated that it was feasible to practice inflammation management using a structured approach to enhance wound outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypervalent iodine reagents are in high current demand due to their exceptional reactivity in oxidative transformations, as well as in diverse umpolung functionalization reactions. Cyclic hypervalent iodine compounds, known under the general name of benziodoxoles, possess improved thermal stability and synthetic versatility in comparison with their acyclic analogs. Aryl-, alkenyl-, and alkynylbenziodoxoles have recently received wide synthetic applications as efficient reagents for direct arylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation under mild reaction conditions, including transition metal-free conditions as well as photoredox and transition metal catalysis. Using these reagents, a plethora of valuable, hard-to-reach, and structurally diverse complex products can be synthesized by convenient procedures. The review covers the main aspects of the chemistry of benziodoxole-based aryl-, alkynyl-, and alkenyl- transfer reagents, including preparation and synthetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the image quality of low voltage chest computed tomography with enhancement (CECT) using low-concentration-iodine contrast media (LCCM). Method: From 9 December to 19 December 2019, three different protocols were used for 263 patients undergoing chest CECT. Chest CECT was done using routine (300 mgI/ml contrast media with 100 kVp) protocol (group 1), LCCM (240 mgI/ml contrast media)–100 kVp protocol (group 2) and LCCM–80 kVp protocol (group 3) in 91, 97 and 75 patients, respectively. The overall diagnostic acceptability, anatomical depiction, noise and contrast-related artifacts were assessed. Additionally, the mean attenuation, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and figure of merit (FOM) in the aorta and the main pulmonary trunk were measured. Results: The overall diagnostic acceptability scores were not significantly different between groups 1 and 2 (P =.261); group 3 demonstrated significantly lower overall diagnostic acceptability score compared with group 1 (P =.011) or group 2 (P <.001). However, in CECT with iterative reconstruction (IR), the overall diagnostic acceptability scores did not show significant difference among 3 groups. Group 3 showed significantly lower effective radiation dose compared with group 1 (2.33 vs 1.22 mSv, P <.001) or group 2 (2.28 vs.22 mSv, P <.001). Conclusions: In 100 kVp chest CECT, the image quality of using 240 mg/mL iodinated contrast media is comparable to that using 300 mg/mL iodine contrast media, regardless of application of IR; with IR, chest CECT using 80 kVp and 240 mg/mL iodinated contrast media results in acceptable image quality and lower radiation dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of [6,7,5]‐tricyclic compounds containing an oxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane system from 1,6‐enyne carbonyl. We also synthesized [6,7,6]‐tricyclic compound from 1,7‐enyne carbonyl through Au‐catalyzed cyclization. The synthesis of oxacyclic compounds using iodine or oxygen is environmentally friendly cyclization methods. Oxacyclic compounds are useful for synthesizing various diterpene alkaloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thionamide anti-thyroid drugs namely carbimazole, methimazole, and propylthiouracil, have been the predominant therapy modality for Graves' hyperthyroidism for over 60 years. Although these agents have proven efficacy and favorable side-effect profiles, non-thionamide alternatives are occasionally indicated in patients who are intolerant or unresponsive to thionamides alone. This review examines the available non-thionamide drug options for the control of Graves' hyperthyroidism and summarizes their clinical utility, efficacy, and limitations. We reviewed existing literature on mechanisms, therapeutic utility, and side-effect profiles of non-thionamide anti-thyroid drugs. Established non-thionamide agents act on various phases of the synthesis, release, and metabolism of thyroid hormones and comprise historical agents such as iodine compounds and potassium perchlorate as well as drug repurposing candidates like lithium, glucocorticoids, beta-blockers, and cholestyramine. Novel experimental agents in development target key players in Graves' disease pathogenesis including B-cell depletors (Rituximab), CD40 blockers (Iscalimab), TSH-receptor antagonists, blocking antibodies, and immune-modifying peptides. Non-thionamide anti-thyroid drugs are useful alternatives in Graves' hyperthyroidism and more clinical trials are needed to establish their safety and long-term efficacy in hyperthyroidism control. Ultimately, the promise for a cure will lie in novel approaches that target the well-established immunopathogenesis of Graves' disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a distinctive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is characterized by the t(15; 17) translocation forming the PML-RARα fusion protein. Recent studies have revealed a crucial role of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in PML-RARα′s tumorigenesis. This necessitates the development of dual RARα and RXRα targeting compounds for treating APL. Here, we developed a pair of brominated retinoid isomers, 5a and 5b , exhibiting RARα agonistic selectivity among the RAR subtypes and RXRα partial agonistic activities. In the treatment of APL cells, low doses (RARα activation range) of 5a and 5b degrade PML-RARα and strongly induce differentiation, while higher doses (RXRα activation range) induce G 2 /M arrest and apoptosis in both all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-sensitive and resistant cells. We replaced the bromine in 5a with chlorine or iodine to obtain compounds 7 or 8a. Interestingly, the chlorinated compound 7 tends to activate RXRα and induce G 2 /M arrest and apoptosis, while the iodinated compound 8a tends to activate RARα and induce differentiation. Together, our work underscores several advantages and characteristics of halogens in the rational design of RARα and RXRα ligands, offering three promising drug candidates for treating both ATRA-sensitive and resistant APL. [Display omitted] • Brominated retinoid isomers 5a and 5b act as dual RARα subtype-selective agonists and RXRα partial agonists. • Low doses of 5a and 5b degrade PML-RARα and induce differentiation, while higher doses cause apoptosis in APL cells. • SAR rules: I>Br>Cl for RARα activation and differentiation; Cl>Br>I for RXRα activation and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the cleanliness of the conjunctival sac following the use of iodine compounds (PAI) and levofloxacin as postoperative eye drops.A prospective open-label study.Either topical levofloxacin or fourfold-diluted PAI was administered for 1 week postoperatively in 128 eyes of 128 patients who underwent routine cataract surgery. Conjunctival samples were obtained at three time points: pre-surgery, 1 week postoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively.The respective positive bacterial culture rates for postoperative iodine and levofloxacin were 88.1% and 85.2% pre-surgery, 71.6% and 50.8% 1 week postoperatively, and 92.5% and 86.5% 1 month postoperatively. Positive bacterial culture rates in both groups significantly declined at 1 week, and the rates returned to the baseline level 1 month postoperatively. The magnitude of reduction of DNA copy number detected by polymerase chain reaction at 1 week was larger in the levofloxacin group, although no significant differences were seen at pre-surgery or 1 month postoperatively. In the levofloxacin group, only one strain was culture positive at 1 week, however, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. epidermidis was high (128 µg/ml). The MIC value increased from 2.31 ± 2.19 µg/ml pre-surgery to 57.14 ± 22.34 µg/ml 1 month postoperatively, while no significant change was found in the iodine group.Postoperative iodine and levofloxacin eye drops both reduced bacterial contamination in the conjunctival sac, with a superior level of disinfection in the levofloxacin group. However, postoperative levofloxacin eye drops enhanced the emergence of highly resistant bacteria, whereas no such development was seen in the iodine group.Study design: To compare the cleanliness of the conjunctival sac following the use of iodine compounds (PAI) and levofloxacin as postoperative eye drops.A prospective open-label study.Either topical levofloxacin or fourfold-diluted PAI was administered for 1 week postoperatively in 128 eyes of 128 patients who underwent routine cataract surgery. Conjunctival samples were obtained at three time points: pre-surgery, 1 week postoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively.The respective positive bacterial culture rates for postoperative iodine and levofloxacin were 88.1% and 85.2% pre-surgery, 71.6% and 50.8% 1 week postoperatively, and 92.5% and 86.5% 1 month postoperatively. Positive bacterial culture rates in both groups significantly declined at 1 week, and the rates returned to the baseline level 1 month postoperatively. The magnitude of reduction of DNA copy number detected by polymerase chain reaction at 1 week was larger in the levofloxacin group, although no significant differences were seen at pre-surgery or 1 month postoperatively. In the levofloxacin group, only one strain was culture positive at 1 week, however, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. epidermidis was high (128 µg/ml). The MIC value increased from 2.31 ± 2.19 µg/ml pre-surgery to 57.14 ± 22.34 µg/ml 1 month postoperatively, while no significant change was found in the iodine group.Postoperative iodine and levofloxacin eye drops both reduced bacterial contamination in the conjunctival sac, with a superior level of disinfection in the levofloxacin group. However, postoperative levofloxacin eye drops enhanced the emergence of highly resistant bacteria, whereas no such development was seen in the iodine group.Patients and methods: To compare the cleanliness of the conjunctival sac following the use of iodine compounds (PAI) and levofloxacin as postoperative eye drops.A prospective open-label study.Either topical levofloxacin or fourfold-diluted PAI was administered for 1 week postoperatively in 128 eyes of 128 patients who underwent routine cataract surgery. Conjunctival samples were obtained at three time points: pre-surgery, 1 week postoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively.The respective positive bacterial culture rates for postoperative iodine and levofloxacin were 88.1% and 85.2% pre-surgery, 71.6% and 50.8% 1 week postoperatively, and 92.5% and 86.5% 1 month postoperatively. Positive bacterial culture rates in both groups significantly declined at 1 week, and the rates returned to the baseline level 1 month postoperatively. The magnitude of reduction of DNA copy number detected by polymerase chain reaction at 1 week was larger in the levofloxacin group, although no significant differences were seen at pre-surgery or 1 month postoperatively. In the levofloxacin group, only one strain was culture positive at 1 week, however, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. epidermidis was high (128 µg/ml). The MIC value increased from 2.31 ± 2.19 µg/ml pre-surgery to 57.14 ± 22.34 µg/ml 1 month postoperatively, while no significant change was found in the iodine group.Postoperative iodine and levofloxacin eye drops both reduced bacterial contamination in the conjunctival sac, with a superior level of disinfection in the levofloxacin group. However, postoperative levofloxacin eye drops enhanced the emergence of highly resistant bacteria, whereas no such development was seen in the iodine group.Results: To compare the cleanliness of the conjunctival sac following the use of iodine compounds (PAI) and levofloxacin as postoperative eye drops.A prospective open-label study.Either topical levofloxacin or fourfold-diluted PAI was administered for 1 week postoperatively in 128 eyes of 128 patients who underwent routine cataract surgery. Conjunctival samples were obtained at three time points: pre-surgery, 1 week postoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively.The respective positive bacterial culture rates for postoperative iodine and levofloxacin were 88.1% and 85.2% pre-surgery, 71.6% and 50.8% 1 week postoperatively, and 92.5% and 86.5% 1 month postoperatively. Positive bacterial culture rates in both groups significantly declined at 1 week, and the rates returned to the baseline level 1 month postoperatively. The magnitude of reduction of DNA copy number detected by polymerase chain reaction at 1 week was larger in the levofloxacin group, although no significant differences were seen at pre-surgery or 1 month postoperatively. In the levofloxacin group, only one strain was culture positive at 1 week, however, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. epidermidis was high (128 µg/ml). The MIC value increased from 2.31 ± 2.19 µg/ml pre-surgery to 57.14 ± 22.34 µg/ml 1 month postoperatively, while no significant change was found in the iodine group.Postoperative iodine and levofloxacin eye drops both reduced bacterial contamination in the conjunctival sac, with a superior level of disinfection in the levofloxacin group. However, postoperative levofloxacin eye drops enhanced the emergence of highly resistant bacteria, whereas no such development was seen in the iodine group.Conclusion: To compare the cleanliness of the conjunctival sac following the use of iodine compounds (PAI) and levofloxacin as postoperative eye drops.A prospective open-label study.Either topical levofloxacin or fourfold-diluted PAI was administered for 1 week postoperatively in 128 eyes of 128 patients who underwent routine cataract surgery. Conjunctival samples were obtained at three time points: pre-surgery, 1 week postoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively.The respective positive bacterial culture rates for postoperative iodine and levofloxacin were 88.1% and 85.2% pre-surgery, 71.6% and 50.8% 1 week postoperatively, and 92.5% and 86.5% 1 month postoperatively. Positive bacterial culture rates in both groups significantly declined at 1 week, and the rates returned to the baseline level 1 month postoperatively. The magnitude of reduction of DNA copy number detected by polymerase chain reaction at 1 week was larger in the levofloxacin group, although no significant differences were seen at pre-surgery or 1 month postoperatively. In the levofloxacin group, only one strain was culture positive at 1 week, however, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. epidermidis was high (128 µg/ml). The MIC value increased from 2.31 ± 2.19 µg/ml pre-surgery to 57.14 ± 22.34 µg/ml 1 month postoperatively, while no significant change was found in the iodine group.Postoperative iodine and levofloxacin eye drops both reduced bacterial contamination in the conjunctival sac, with a superior level of disinfection in the levofloxacin group. However, postoperative levofloxacin eye drops enhanced the emergence of highly resistant bacteria, whereas no such development was seen in the iodine group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of phosphorus-containing compounds mixed with iodine was tested in the addition of CO2 to epoxides to form cyclic organic carbonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply nonlinear optimal control simulation to design a non-resonant control pulse that maximizes the probability of specified photodissociation of IBr by utilizing the non-resonant dynamic Stark effect in the presence of a predetermined pump pulse. The optimal pulses are always composed of several subpulses that increase the target probability considerably depending on the wavelength of the pump pulse. Focusing on the cases of high target probabilities, we systematically examine how the subpulses cooperate with each other on the basis of pulse-partitioning analyses.We show that the subpulses largely cooperate with the pump pulse, which can explain their irradiation timings. On the other hand, the cooperation between the subpulses is mainly expressed as the sum of the contribution from each subpulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-free direct C–H functionalization reactions are a promising approach to convert hydrocarbon feedstock into value-added molecules. Diacetoxyl iodobenzene (DIB) is a benchtop stable hypervalent iodine compound that is frequently used as a non-metal oxidant in C–H functionalization. However, DIB has a relatively low reactivity and an acid promoter is usually required to achieve satisfactory performance. Herein, we report the use of a DIB/BBr3 protocol for metal-free C(sp2)–H activation/cross-coupling of arenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical intramolecular cross‐dehydrogenative C(sp2)−H/N−H coupling of α,β‐unsaturated hydrazones resulting in substituted pyrazoles has been discovered. The process is catalyzed by hypervalent iodine species generated in situ through anodic oxidation of aryl iodide in fluorinated alcohol media. The formation of hypervalent iodine compound and its key role in the construction of a new C−N bond was confirmed with CV and NMR experiments. A wide range of substituted pyrazoles were obtained in yields ranging from 46% to 88%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural compounds provide precursors with various pharmacological activities and play an important role in discovering new chemical entities, including radiopharmaceuticals. In the development of new radiopharmaceuticals, iodine radioisotopes are widely used and interact with complex compounds including natural products. However, the development of radiopharmaceuticals from natural compounds with iodine radioisotopes has not been widely explored. This review summarizes the development of radiopharmaceuticals from natural compounds using iodine radioisotopes in the last 10 years, as well as discusses the challenges and strategies to improve future discovery of radiopharmaceuticals from natural resources. Literature research was conducted via PubMed, from which 32 research articles related to the development of natural compounds labeled with iodine radioisotopes were reported. From the literature, the challenges in developing radiopharmaceuticals from natural compounds were the purity and biodistribution. Despite the challenges, the development of radiopharmaceuticals from natural compounds is a golden opportunity for nuclear medicine advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong radioactivity of iodine compounds derived from nuclear power plant wastes has motivated the development of highly efficient adsorbents. Porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) have attracted much attention due to their low density and diverse structure. In this work, an azo group containing PAF solid, denoted as LNU-58, was prepared through Suzuki polymerization of tris-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl)-amine and 3,5-dibromoazobenzene building monomers. Based on the specific polarity properities of the azo groups, the electron-rich aromatic fragments in the hierarchical architecture efficiently capture iodine molecules with an adsorption capacity of 3533.11 mg g−1 (353 wt%) for gaseous iodine and 903.6 mg g−1 (90 wt%) for dissolved iodine. The iodine uptake per specific surface area up to 8.55 wt% m−2 g−1 achieves the highest level among all porous adsorbents. This work illustrates the successful preparation of a new type of porous adsorbent that is expected to be applied in the field of practical iodine adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In computerized tomography (CT-Scan), iodine solution was used as a contrast medium to improve imaging. But the iodine solution has diff erent side eff ects for patients. In the present work, one of the gold compounds AuCl4 was used as an alternative contrast agent. The study used rabbits in an in vivo method to examine both the organs of the heart and the kidneys. Hounsfi eld unit (HU) values from computed tomography of rabbit and kidney angiography fi ndings were found and compared with HU values for iodine contrast medium. Iodine solution is the only contrast medium currently used in the present study, gold tetrachloride (AuCl4) solution has been chosen as an alternative contrast medium in computed tomography scanning (CT-scan). It was found that using AuCl4 solution as an alternative contrast medium in rabbits enhanced the CT-scan imaging in the resolution and increasing the of heart and kidney organs in comparison with the iodine compound without any side eff ects. Rabbit’s heart and kidney were selected to study the eff ect of using 1.4 M iodine solution and 0.1 M AuCl4 as an alternative contrast medium in CT-scan. The HU value for the heart has 53 HU when used high concentration of Iodine complex, while the HU value at low concentration of alternative contrast medium of 0.1 M of gold compound has 50.5. The same results were found in the kidney organ. From these results, the resolution of the CT image is good and cleared when an alternative contrast medium (AuCl4) used. We can conclude that the alternate contrast medium for AuCl4 solution has high HU values for both heart and kidney compared to iodine solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypervalent iodine compounds as environmentally friendly and relatively inexpensive reagents have properties similar to transition metals. They are employed as alternatives to transition metal catalysts in organic synthesis as mild, nontoxic, selective and recyclable catalytic reagents. Formation of C–N, C–O, C–S, C–F and C–C bonds can be seamlessly accomplished by hypervalent iodine catalysed oxidative functionalisations. The aim of this review is to highlight recent developments in the utilisation of iodine(III) and iodine(V) catalysts in the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds including chiral catalysts for stereoselective synthesis. Polymer-, magnetic nanoparticle- and metal organic framework-supported hypervalent iodine catalysts are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]