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Distance education means instruction in which the instructor and student are separated by distance and interact through the assistance of communication technology. Distance education changes the learning relationship from the common, centralized school model to a more decentralized, flexible model. It also reverses social dynamics by bringing school to students, rather than students to school. The significance of teacher education can be realized from a quotation that "To improve teacher education is to improve teaching; to improve teaching is to improve the schools; to improve the schools is to strengthen the next generation which is a social duty of the first magnitude." [Citation needed. -Ed.] Teacher education is not an end in its self. It is a means to an end. The aim of teacher education is the aim of education. To improve the quality and efficiency of education system, preservice and in-service training programs of high quality are essential. (Contains 4 tables.)

Quality is one of the key areas which can ensure a fast socio-economic and cultural development. The factors of quality education include the learning environment, teacher and teaching, curriculum and assessment. All these factors intend to merge and produce quality learning and the success of an educational system is generally measured through the learning achievement of students. The study is aimed to examine the "Factors Affecting Quality Education at Secondary level: A Case Study of" Federal Directorate of Education, Islamabad". The study was carried out at secondary level while considering school heads and teaching staff under Federal Directorate of Education (FDE). The objectives of the study were to investigate the factors affecting quality education at secondary level and to find out the affect of quality factors on the secondary education under FDE. The population and sample of the study were the secondary level heads and teachers. 5-points likert scale questionnaire was distributed with the attribution of learning environment, teacher and teaching, curriculum and assessment. These factors were further distributed in ten sub-factors. From the result of the study, it was found that the learning environment need to improve, curriculum require revision, continuous professional development of teachers as well as trained staff is required for the assessment and evaluation purpose. It was also concluded that learning environment need to be improved, subject mastery need to be developed in the teaching staff, cultural values and mapping of the curriculum with the society is also required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two unique spinel compounds of type NiRh2S4 and RhNi2S4 crystal structure with chemical formula AB2X4 (A = Ni, Rh; B = Rh, Ni; and X = S) are chosen for the first time due to their importance in catalyst reactions and interesting physical properties to explore their structural, mechanical, electronic, and magnetic properties. First principle treatment has been implemented for the above-mentioned compounds with full potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital methods (FPLAPW + LO) within the exchange correlation potentials range of state of the art density functional theory (DFT). The results obtained for the structural properties of these compounds using GGA approximation are compared with already available experimental results in the literature. Our spotted lattice constants for NiRh2S4 and RhNi2S4 are found to be consistent with experiment. Additionally we have also implemented the GGA + U potential for the improvements of electronic and magnetic characteristics of the compounds under investigation. Centered on the magneto-electronic properties, these compounds are metallic and paramagnetic in nature. Moreover, the crystal field splitting and the elastic properties of NiRh2S4 and RhNi2S4 are also discovered. The studies reveal that these compounds are elastically stable and ductile in character. Metallic characteristics and paramagnetic behavior of the compounds under observation predict their importance in spintronic and acoustical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two unique spinel compounds of type NiRh2S4 and RhNi2S4 crystal structure with chemical formula AB2X4 (A = Ni, Rh; B = Rh, Ni; and X = S) are chosen for the first time due to their importance in catalyst reactions and interesting physical properties to explore their structural, mechanical, electronic, and magnetic properties. First principle treatment has been implemented for the above-mentioned compounds with full potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital methods (FPLAPW + LO) within the exchange correlation potentials range of state of the art density functional theory (DFT). The results obtained for the structural properties of these compounds using GGA approximation are compared with already available experimental results in the literature. Our spotted lattice constants for NiRh2S4 and RhNi2S4 are found to be consistent with experiment. Additionally we have also implemented the GGA + U potential for the improvements of electronic and magnetic characteristics of the compounds under investigation. Centered on the magneto-electronic properties, these compounds are metallic and paramagnetic in nature. Moreover, the crystal field splitting and the elastic properties of NiRh2S4 and RhNi2S4 are also discovered. The studies reveal that these compounds are elastically stable and ductile in character. Metallic characteristics and paramagnetic behavior of the compounds under observation predict their importance in spintronic and acoustical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]