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1. Adapting mark-recapture methods to estimating accepted species-level diversity: a case study with terrestrial Gastropoda

Author

Gary Rosenberg, Kurt Auffenberg, Ruud Bank, Rüdiger Bieler, Philippe Bouchet, David Herbert, Frank Köhler, Thomas A. Neubauer, Eike Neubert, Barna Páll-Gergely, Ira Richling, and Simon Schneider

Subjects
Species richness, Diversity, Mark-recapture, Terrestrial gastropods, Taxonomic databases, Sources of uncertainty, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

We introduce a new method of estimating accepted species diversity by adapting mark-recapture methods to comparisons of taxonomic databases. A taxonomic database should become more complete over time, so the error bar on an estimate of its completeness and the known diversity of the taxon it treats will decrease. Independent databases can be correlated, so we use the time course of estimates comparing them to understand the effect of correlation. If a later estimate is significantly larger than an earlier one, the databases are positively correlated, if it is significantly smaller, they are negatively correlated, and if the estimate remains roughly constant, then the correlations have averaged out. We tested this method by estimating how complete MolluscaBase is for accepted names of terrestrial gastropods. Using random samples of names from an independent database, we determined whether each name led to a name accepted in MolluscaBase. A sample tested in August 2020 found that 16.7% of tested names were missing; one in July 2021 found 5.3% missing. MolluscaBase grew by almost 3,000 accepted species during this period, reaching 27,050 species. The estimates ranged from 28,409 ± 365 in 2021 to 29,063 ± 771 in 2020. All estimates had overlapping 95% confidence intervals, indicating that correlations between the databases did not cause significant problems. Uncertainty beyond sampling error added 475 ± 430 species, so our estimate for accepted terrestrial gastropods species at the end of 2021 is 28,895 ± 630 species. This estimate is more than 4,000 species higher than previous ones. The estimate does not account for ongoing flux of species into and out of synonymy, new discoveries, or changing taxonomic methods and concepts. The species naming curve for terrestrial gastropods is still far from reaching an asymptote, and combined with the additional uncertainties, this means that predicting how many more species might ultimately be recognized is presently not feasible. Our methods can be applied to estimate the total number of names of Recent mollusks (as opposed to names currently accepted), the known diversity of fossil mollusks, and known diversity in other phyla.

Published
2022
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2. Identification problems of travelling snail species—new exotic introductions to tropical greenhouses in Gothenburg, Sweden (Gastropoda: Achatinellidae, Strobilopsidae, Helicarionidae)

Author

Ira Richling and Ted von Proschwitz

Subjects
Introduced species, Greenhouses, Tornatellides cf. boeningi, Discostrobilops hubbardi, Ovachlamys fulgens, Horticultural trade, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Three previously unreported species of tropical land snails were found in the greenhouses of the Gothenburg (Göteborg) Botanical Garden and the Public Science Center Universeum in Gothenburg. For Tornatellides cf. boeningi (Schmacker & Boettger, 1891) and Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900) this is the first observed occurrence in a European greenhouse, while Discostrobilops hubbardi (Brown, 1861) was first reported very recently in the Vienna Botanical garden. Tornatellides and Discostrobilops seem to be spread with orchid culture and trade. Identification of the Tornatellides species proved extremely difficult and a genetic sequence-based approach completely failed due to the unavailability of reference data. This was unexpected considering the importance of these introduced species in horticultural trade. A broader assessment of available sequence data for genetic identification based on COI or 16S for other snail species reported from horticultural facilities showed that such reference data in GenBank are still scarce and only for a limited number of species this approach would support identification.

Published
2021
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3. Negative impacts of invasive predators used as biological control agents against the pest snail Lissachatina fulica: the snail Euglandina ‘rosea’ and the flatworm Platydemus manokwari

Author

Owen Griffiths, Jaynee Kim, Timothy M. Collins, Kenneth A. Hayes, Ira Richling, G. Curt Fiedler, Justin Gerlach, Jean-Yves Meyer, Leigh Winsor, Carl C. Christensen, Norine W. Yeung, Robert H. Cowie, F. B. Vincent Florens, Gary M. Barker, John Slapcinsky, Gilianne D. Brodie, Trevor Coote, Cindy S. Bick, Wallace M. Meyer, and Philippe Bouchet

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Zoology, Partulidae, Tree snail, Snail, biology.organism_classification, Euglandina, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Euglandina rosea, biology.animal, Liguus, Platydemus manokwari, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Since 1955 snails of theEuglandina roseaspecies complex andPlatydemus manokwariflatworms were widely introduced in attempted biological control of giant African snails (Lissachatina fulica) but have been implicated in the mass extinction of Pacific island snails. We review the histories of the 60 introductions and their impacts onL. fulicaand native snails. Since 1993 there have been unofficial releases ofEuglandinawithin island groups. Only three officialP. manokwarireleases took place, but new populations are being recorded at an increasing rate, probably because of accidental introduction. Claims that these predators controlledL. fulicacannot be substantiated; in some cases pest snail declines coincided with predator arrival but concomitant declines occurred elsewhere in the absence of the predator and the declines in some cases were only temporary. In the Hawaiian Islands, although there had been some earlier declines of native snails, theEuglandinaimpacts on native snails are clear with rapid decline of many endemic Hawaiian Achatinellinae following predator arrival. In the Society Islands, Partulidae tree snail populations remained stable untilEuglandinaintroduction, when declines were extremely rapid with an exact correspondence between predator arrival and tree snail decline.Platydemus manokwariinvasion coincides with native snail declines on some islands, notably the Ogasawara Islands of Japan, and its invasion of Florida has led to mass mortality ofLiguusspp. tree snails. We conclude thatEuglandinaandP. manokwariare not effective biocontrol agents, but do have major negative effects on native snail faunas. These predatory snails and flatworms are generalist predators and as such are not suitable for biological control.

Published
2020
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4. A new pill clam from an unusual habitat: the interstitial Pisidium interstitialis n. sp. (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae) from southwestern and Central Germany

Author

Ulrich Bössneck, Christian Albrecht, Catharina Clewing, Ira Richling, and Klaus Groh

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, biology, Zoology, Aquatic Science, Bivalvia, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sphaeriidae, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Habitat, Pisidium, Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract

A new species of pill clam, Pisidium interstitialis n. sp. (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae), is described from wet meadows bordering a small creek in the Odenwald, southwestern Germany, and from a similar habitat in the Thuringian Schistic Mountains, Central Germany. It can be differentiated from the known European Pisidium species on the basis of shell morphology and DNA sequence data for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA genes. Despite critical evaluation of a large number of potential names from the current synonymies of morphologically similar Pisidium species, no available name was found. Pisidium interstitialis n. sp. is most similar to P. personatum Malm, 1856, and P. casertanum (Poli, 1791), both of which occur syntopically with the new species. Typical specimens of the new species can be readily identified on the basis of shell morphology. However, P. personatum and P. casertanum are morphologically highly variable, so that occasional overlap in conchological characters between these two species and P. interstitialis n. sp. does occur. Although these three taxa co-occur, microhabitat analyses using a special sampling technique showed that P. interstitialis n. sp. exhibits an exclusively interstitial lifestyle, living outside open water bodies. While other Pisidium species may live in the interstitial water of semi-terrestrial habitats, this is the first time that an exclusively interstitial lifestyle has been observed for Pisidium and this may explain why P. interstitialis n. sp. has remained undiscovered for so long. To date, despite the examination of large quantities of Central European samples of Pisidium, the new species is only known from the two areas reported in our study. It seems likely that further surveys will show that P. interstitialis n. sp. has a wider and more continuous distribution.

Published
2020
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5. A vanishing hotspot—the impact of molecular insights on the diversity of Central European Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea)

Author

Hans-Jörg Niederhöfer, Hans D. Boeters, Yaron Malkowsky, Jacqueline Kuhn, and Ira Richling

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, biology, Ecology, Biogeography, Truncatelloidea, Biodiversity, Bythiospeum acicula, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Threatened species, Conchology, Taxonomy (biology), Endemism, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The current study investigates the Central European groundwater snails of the genus Bythiospeum which are currently regarded as highly diverse with a hotspot in south-western Germany coupled with high rates of endemism. This systematic concept combined with the fragility of their habitat results in a high rate of threatened species (76–96 %). The analyses of the mitochondrial COI fragment of nearly 200 specimens from 35 localities in Germany, Switzerland and marginally Austria and France including type localities of 14 taxa revealed five well-distinguished clades with genetic distances from 3.6 to 16.4 % while variability within clades and populations is very low. Morphological investigations focused on parts of the reproductive systems showed rather great uniformity with only minor differences in penis shape, size and localisation. Previous species concepts based on conchology and morphology do not correspond to the current results, and shell shape is suspected as poor indicator for species delineation. Our data indicate a significantly lower diversity in Central Europe, e.g. only three species occurring in Germany instead of 25. Taxonomic implications of our hypothesis are given and discussed. Accordingly, most of the German populations belong to Bythiospeum acicula (Held, 1838) while B. husmanni (C. R. Boettger, 1963) is a very restricted relict. In comparison with other groundwater organisms, two of the more northerly distributed species show a large range stretching over at least 410 or 490 km respectively. Post-glacial re-colonisation from refugia is discussed as most likely explanation of the recent distribution pattern.

Published
2016
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6. Clarification of the identity of Helicina mediana Gassies, 1870 from New Caledonia (Gastropoda, Neritimorpha, Helicinidae)

Author

Ira Richling

Subjects
Neritimorpha, Helicinidae, biology, Ecology, media_common.quotation_subject, Gastropoda, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, Cycloneritimorpha, Type (biology), New Caledonia, Helicina, Mollusca, Identity (philosophy), Animals, Animalia, Animal Science and Zoology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, Taxonomy
Abstract

The identity of Helicina mediana Gassies, 1870 was clarified by the study of the type material and the selection of a lectotype. It is currently classified as Sturanya mediana (Gassies, 1870) and replaces the temporarily applied name Sturanya novaecaledoniae (Baird, 1873) for the medium sized helicinid species widely spread in the north-eastern part of mainland New Caledonia and the adjacent Îles Belep. The latter name and Helicina nehoueensis Hartman 1889 are synonyms of S. mediana.

Published
2017

7. Poorly Explored Jewels of the Tropics: Estimating Diversity in Non-Pulmonate Land Snails of the Family Helicinidae (Gastropoda: Neritopsina)*

Author

Ira Richling

Subjects
Systematics, Helicinidae, Type (biology), Taxon, biology, Ecology, Range (biology), Gastropoda, Tropics, Subtropics, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Helicinids represent a family of tropical land snails with a distribution range limited to the subtropical and tropical zones of the New World, Australasia, and the Pacific. For an estimate of diversity in this poorly systematically revised group, the total number of described taxa was determined and used for calculations based on analyses of selected case studies with regard to the percentage of valid and new taxa. Extensive bibliographic searches identified about 1,250 available names, regardless of rank, that were described from 1801 onward. Fiftyeight percent of the names represent New World taxa whose majority (63%) was created before 1880 while the intensive study in most of the Australasian and Pacific areas started much later with the bulk of taxa described between 1880–1930. An analysis of the distribution of the type localities and the times of descriptions allowed for identification of scarcely- and well-studied areas. Eight potentially representative case studies of major revisions w...

Published
2014
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8. Extinct even before scientific recognition: a remarkable radiation of helicinid snails (Helicinidae) on the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia

Author

Ira Richling and Philippe Bouchet

Subjects
Helicinidae, Extinction, Ecology, biology, Biodiversity, Partulidae, biology.organism_classification, Achatinellidae, Euglandina rosea, Genus, Endemism, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Recent literature abounds with reports of the decline and extinction of the endemic species of Achatinellidae and Partulidae in the Hawaiian and Society Islands, respectively, resulting from the introduction of the predatory snail Euglandina rosea. Here, we describe a previously unrecognised radiation of helicinid land snails from the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia, with up to seven species co-occurring in a single locality and up to eight species on a single island. This radiation had already become extinct (nine of ten species) several decades before the expansion of E. rosea in the Pacific, and even before the species were collected for scientific study. The Gambier Islands case study shows that massive extinctions of endemic land snails had already taken place in the nineteenth century, but have remained largely unrecognised and undocumented. Nine of the ten species are new to science and are described here almost entirely based on empty shells collected from the shell bank of the soil after the extinction had already taken place. This helicinid radiation alone increases the number of documented global mollusc extinctions by almost 2 %. Most of the species are minute and, at 1.5 mm, rank among the smallest, if not the smallest, species in the family. Several have apertural barriers and one has opercular apophyses—character states not previously documented in Pacific helicinids. Whereas the only surviving Gambier species belongs anatomically to the genus Sturanya, representative helicinid species from the Austral, Society and Cook Islands are not congeneric with it, and the generic name Nesiocina is here established for the latter taxa. It is hypothesised that the extinct Gambier species were also Nesiocina.

Published
2013
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9. Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

Author

Fenton P.D. Cotterill, Fernanda P. Werneck, Stephen W. Chordas, Enrique González-Soriano, Pierangelo Luporini, Santiago Claramunt, Santosh Kumar, Adriano B. Kury, Marcelo José Sturaro, Atsushi Tominaga, Marcos Gonçalves Lhano, Giulio Cuccodoro, Bernardo F. Santos, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Klaus Henle, Giovanni B. Delmastro, Thibaut Delsinne, Jeremy A. Miller, Thomas Ziegler, Ishan Agarwal, Rodrigo M. Feitosa, Robert C. Glotzhober, Giuliano Doria, Adeline Soulier-Perkins, Diego Baldo, Valéria da Cunha Tavares, Danilo Pacheco Cordeiro, Eli Greenbaum, Carlos Alberto Santos de Lucena, Stuart V. Nielsen, Jörn Köhler, Fernando Pacheco Rodrigues, Justin C. Bagley, Shun Ichiro Naomi, Gustavo Hormiga, Geoffrey Odhiambo Ong'ondo, Aurélien Miralles, Alexandre Uarth Christoff, Florian M. Steiner, Matthias Glaubrecht, Victor Van Cakenberghe, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Jack W. Sites, Norma J. Salcedo, Mario Alberto Cozzuol, Ward C. Wheeler, Krister T. Smith, Brian Tilston Smith, Ignacio Jose De La Riva De La Viña, Leo J. Borkin, Ângelo Parise Pinto, Marivene R. Manuel-Santos, Ana Carolina Pavan, M. J. Alves, Dan Cogălniceanu, Luciana F. Santoferrara, James M. Carpenter, Thierry Deuve De Resbecq, Beat Schätti, Jean Pierre Vacher, John G. Day, Ray C. Schmidt, Otto M. P. Oliveira, Lázaro Guevara, Jean-Lou Justine, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Donat Agosti, Cécile Mourer-Chauviré, Brett C. Ratcliffe, Birgit C. Schlick-Steiner, Sebastian Kvist, Nathan K. Lujan, Robert Alexander Pyron, Rosana M. Rocha, Roberto Poggi, José A. Langone, Larry Lee Grismer, Václav Gvoždík, Natsuhiko Yoshikawa, Thaís P. Miranda, Elizabeth Prendini, Abel Pérez-González, Katharina C. Wollenberg Valero, Jean-Yves Rasplus, Cristiano R. Moreira, Antonietta La Terza, Fabio Siqueira Pitaluga de Godoi, Michael W. Holmes, Thomas E. Lacher, Ronald H. Pine, Matthew P. Heinicke, Steven M. Goodman, John D. Lynch, Elöd Kondorosy, Anderson Feijó, Orfeo Picariello, Wolfgang Denzer, Stefano Valdesalici, Aléssio Datovo, Jean Pierre Hugot, Yuri L. R. Leite, Heinz Grillitsch, Hernán Ortega, Dimitri Forero, Jean Carlos Santos, Marie Claude Durette-Desset, Victor H. Gonzalez, Mrugank Prabhu, Walter E. Schargel, Beate Röll, Caleb D. McMahan, Mitsuru Kuramoto, Edson A. Adriano, Jérôme Constant, Richard Laval, María A. Mendoza-Becerril, Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz, Alain Didier Missoup, Frank Tillack, Janet K. Braun, Lindsey Swierk, André L. Netto-Ferreira, Xiaofeng Lin, Karl Heinz Jungfer, Fabio Di Dario, Vanessa Kruth Verdade, Pavel Štys, Franco Andreone, Andrés A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, Manuel Ruedi, Didier Van den Spiegel, Rahul Khot, Lars Krogmann, Lance Grande, Robert C. Drewes, Luis M. P. Ceríaco, Jeffrey W. Streicher, Jacob A. Esselstyn, Josiah H. Townsend, Wolfgang Arthofer, Wiesław Bogdanowicz, Marcos A. Raposo, Omar Torres-Carvajal, Dirk Ahrens, Theo Blick, Carlos DoNascimiento, Eric Drouet, Claudia Patricia Ornelas-García, Gervásio Silva Carvalho, Zachary H. Falin, Gaetano Odierna, Michael Maia Mincarone, Sabine Agatha, Christian De Muizon, Célio F. B. Haddad, Pablo Rodrigues Gonçalves, Maarten P.M. Vanhove, Ronald Janssen, Ulrich Burkhardt, Bernard Landry, Paúl M. Velazco, Melanie L. J. Stiassny, Erna Aescht, Sarah Siqueira Oliveira, Koshiro Eto, Thomas van de Kamp, Fabio Cianferoni, Leonardo Ferreira Machado, Luiz Carlos Pinho, Dennis Rödder, Fábio Raposo do Amaral, Shan Gao, Paulo Passos, Nikolai L. Orlov, Emanuel Tschopp, Bert Van Bocxlaer, Roman Hołyński, Isabella Van De Velde, Indraneil Das, Luciano Damián Patitucci, Daniel J. Bennett, Annemarie Ohler, Rachunliu G. Kamei, Patrick Grootaert, Tony Robillard, Jun Gong, Massimo Delfino, Antonio C. Marques, Daizy Bharti, Ira Richling, José L. O. Birindelli, Thiago Borges Fernandes Semedo, Philippe Grandcolas, Eric J. Sargis, Andreas Taeger, Jesús Molinari, Link E. Olson, Christoph Kucharzewski, Luc Janssens de Bisthoven, José P. Pombal, Ryan C. McKellar, Serge Gofas, Mário C. C. de Pinna, Kristofer M. Helgen, Pablo Quintela-Alonso, Marcos Tavares, Wolfgang A. Nässig, Jodi J. L. Rowley, Jairo Arroyave, Fabio Maria Guarino, Djoko T. Iskandar, Martin Fikáček, Joel Cracraft, Robert M. Timm, Lassad Neifar, Marcelo C. Andrade, Moisés Escalona, Max Kieckbusch, George R. Zug, J. V. Remsen, Weibo Song, Paula Beatriz Araujo, Marco Brandalise de Andrade, Luiz Alexandre Campos, Eva V. Bärmann, Thomas Lehmann, Thorsten Stoeck, Jorge Salazar-Bravo, Charles Morphy D. Santos, Joël Minet, Mann Kyoon Shin, Gustavo A. Bravo, Felipe Franco Curcio, Antoine Pariselle, Hidetoshi Ota, David R. Luz, Abdulaziz S. Alqarni, Joseph A. Cook, Cameron D. Siler, Zilda Margarete Seixas de Lucena, Guarino R. Colli, Máriom A. Carvajal, Franziska Bauer, Yves Samyn, Luke Tornabene, Stefan Merker, Favízia Freitas de Oliveira, Murilo N. L. Pastana, Luís Fábio Silveira, Moira Jane FitzPatrick, Stephen D. Busack, Max R. Lambert, Julián Faivovich, Masafumi Matsui, Bernhard A. Huber, Alexandre Aleixo, Mariana P. Marques, Jean-François Trape, Marcello Guimarães Simões, Brian L. Fisher, Brandi S. Coyner, Michael F. Bates, Marcelo Salles Rocha, Silke Schweiger, Jean Raffaëlli, Vladimir Dinets, Paulo C. A. Garcia, Devanshu Gupta, Juan M. Guayasamin, W. Brian Simison, Rudy Jocqué, Aniruddha Datta-Roy, Marcelo R. Britto, Cristiane Bastos-Silveira, Celso O. Azevedo, Roger Bour, Aidin Niamir, Leandro M. Vieira, Mark Epstein, Neal Woodman, Marcelo R. de Carvalho, José Antonio González-Orej, Martin Kruger, Ulisses Caramaschi, Marcus Guidoti, Cibele Biondo, Scott Lyell Gardner, François Dusoulier, Francisco Langeani, John E. Lattke, Helen M. Barber-James, Jan Zima, Guilherme R. R. Brito, Ricardo Moratelli, Stylianos Chatzimanolis, Carlos José Einicker Lamas, John B. Iverson, Maria Hołyńska, Aaron M. Bauer, Luc Brendonck, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Angelica Crottini, Cristian Hernan Fulvio Perez, Tiago Georg Pikart, Eliécer E. Gutiérrez, Luis García-Prieto, Lawrence R. Heaney, Thomas A. Munroe, Thomas C. Giarla, Laurie J. Vitt, Enrico Borgo, Antonio J. C. Aguiar, Sven O. Kullander, Jean Sébastien Steyer, Marcial Quiroga-Carmona, Matthew J. Miller, Kraig Adler, Werner Conradie, Enrique La Marca, Thomas Schmitt, Dieter Uhl, Mario de Vivo, Rainer Hutterer, Silvio Shigueo Nihei, Perry L. Wood, Amira Chaabane, Tim Tokaryk, Octávio Mateus, Andrés Sebastián Quinteros, Daniel S. Fernandes, Alexandra Cartaxana, Pedro F. Victoriano, Ernest C.J. Seamark, William R. Branch, Mark-Oliver Rödel, Diego Astúa, Marcio R. Pie, Julien Pétillon, Henrard Arnaud, Hossein Rajaei, Sushil K. Dutta, Hussam Zaher, Hernández Díaz Yoalli Quetzalli, Martin Carr, Renan Carrenho, Estefanía Rodríguez, Robert Trusch, Patrick David, Rafaela Lopes Falaschi, Rafael O. de Sá, Miguel Ângelo Marini, Varad B. Giri, Jean-Claude Rage, Guilherme S. T. Garbino, Björn Berning, Thierry Frétey, Vítor de Q. Piacentini, Paulo A. Buckup, David C. Lees, Alfred L. Gardner, Marco Pavia, Pablo Ricardo Mulieri, Lorenzo Prendini, Eliana M. Cancello, Cinthia Chagas, Bruce B. Collette, Leigh R. Richards, Eduardo I. Faúndez, Timothy J. Colston, Thomas Keith Philips, Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues, Renato Gregorin, Karin Meißner, Nathan S. Upham, A. Townsend Peterson, Tiago Kütter Krolow, Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo Moreira, Olivier Montreuil, Leandro M. Sousa, Thomas Weisse, Natalia B. Ananjeva, Donald C. Taphorn, Renata Stopiglia, Marcelo Duarte, Benoit Guénard, Cyril Gallut, Giovanni Boano, David Modrý, Erik Verheyen, Jonas José Mendes Aguiar, Sven Mecke, Alexandre Hassanin, Robert M. Zink, Marcello Mezzasalma, André Silva Roza, Reginaldo Constantino, Alice Hirschmann, Ulisses Pinheiro, Edmundo González-Santillán, Carlos A. Mendoza-Palmero, Tom Artois, Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, Kailas Chandra, Pablo Teta, Michael Karner, Esteban O. Lavilla, Mauricio Ortega-Andrade, Alexandra Marçal Correia, Deepak Veerappan, Daniela M. Takiya, Bolívar R. Garcete-Barrett, Alexander Kupfer, Sérgio N. Stampar, Daniel Burckhardt, Michael S. Engel, Teresa Kearney, Silvia E. Pavan, Luiz Roberto Malabarba, Mark D. Scherz, Pedro L. V. Peloso, Christiane Denys, Matthias F. Geiger, Alexander Pelzer, Jose G. Tello, Fabio S. Nascimento, Juan D. Daza, Franger J. García, Cinthia A. Brasileiro, Martín J. Ramírez, Marcos Pérsio Dantas Santos, Twan A. A. M. Leenders, Alain Canard, Tomáš Mazuch, Axel Hausmann, Flávio Alicino Bockmann, Prosanta Chakrabarty, Jasmine Purushothaman, Ara Monadjem, David A. Donoso, Kaushik Deuti, Stephen Mahony, Duke S. Rogers, Don E. Wilson, Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans, Jader Marinho-Filho, Alain Dubois, Marcio Luiz de Oliveira, Jan Decher, John M. Midgley, Fernando C. Jerep, Bastian Bentlage, Ivan Löbl, Gregory J. Watkins-Colwell, Uwe Fritz, Annamaria Nistri, Lúcia H. Rapp Py-Daniel, Bruce D. Patterson, Peter J. Taylor, Burton K. Lim, James L. Patton, Colin S. Schoeman, Stéphane Grosjean, Ismael Franz, Cristian Simón Abdala, John S. Sparks, Marcos R. Bornschein, Leonora Pires Costa, Martín O. Pereyra, João Filipe Riva Tonini, Richard Schodde, Blanca Pérez-Luz, Cristiano Feldens Schwertner, Peter Jäger, Marcin Jan Kamiński, Philipp Wagner, Jakob Hallermann, Hendrik Freitag, Olavi Kurina, Laure Desutter-Grandcolas, Romain Garrouste, Pedro De Podestà Uchôa de Aquino, Guillermo D’Elía, Sharlene E. Santana, Roberto E. Reis, Wouter Dekoninck, Sushma Reddy, Alfred L. Rosenberger, James R. McCranie, Wolfgang Böhme, Ricardo C. Benine, Cyrille D'Haese, Paulo H. F. Lucinda, Jacques H. C. Delabie, Carr, Martin, Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Museu Nacional de Historia Natural e da Ciencia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] (UnB), National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of Natural History - Leiden, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Universités, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), King Saud University, Cornell University, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Austrian Museum, Villanova University, Universität Salzburg, Plazi, University of São Paulo, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Royal Museum for Central Africa [Tervuren] (RMCA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Hasselt University, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Albany Museum, National Museum, Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho [São José do Rio Preto] (UNESP), Stephen F. Austin State University, Smithsonian Institution, Tyrolean State Museum, Università di Camerino, Universidade Federal do ABC, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Senckenberg Research Institute, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Port Elizabeth Museum, Sam Noble Museum, Harvard University [Cambridge], North West University, Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Bâle, Senckenberg Museum [Frankfurt], North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Museu de Zoologia (MZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), American Museum of Natural History, University of Huddersfield, North Dakota State University (NDSU), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax - University of Sfax, Departamento de Polícia Técnico Científica (DPTC), Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University (LSU), Zoological Survey of India, University of Tennessee System, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Museu de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Museo di Storia Naturale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Ovidius University of Constanta, The University of Mississippi [Oxford], Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), University of Stellenbosh, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Centro de Investigaçao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Sorbonne Université (SU), King Saud University [Riyadh] (KSU), Cornell University [New York], Villanova University [USA], Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), the Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow, Russia] (RAS), Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA [Belém, Brazil] (UFPA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo (UFES), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Università degli Studi di Camerino = University of Camerino (UNICAM), Harvard University, North-West University [Potchefstroom] (NWU), Université de Rennes (UR), American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Stellenbosch University, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle [Genève] (MHN), Ceríaco, Luis M. P., Gutiérrez, Eliécer E., Dubois, Alain, Abdala, Cristian Simón, Alqarni, Abdulaziz S., Adler, Kraig, Adriano, Edson A., Aescht, Erna, Agarwal, Ishan, Agatha, Sabine, Agosti, Donat, Aguiar, Antonio J. C., Aguiar, Jonas José Mende, Ahrens, Dirk, Aleixo, Alexandre, Alves, Maria Judite, Do Amaral, Fabio Raposo, Ananjeva, Natalia, Andrade, Marcelo C., De Andrade, Marco Brandalise, Andreone, Franco, Aquino, Pedro P. U., Araujo, Paula Beatriz, Arnaud, Henrard, Arroyave, Jairo, Arthofer, Wolfgang, Artois, Tom J., Astúa, Diego, Azevedo, Celso, Bagley, Justin C., Baldo, Diego, Barber James, Helen Margaret, Bärmann, Eva V., Bastos Silveira, Cristiane, Bates, Michael F., Bauer, Aaron M., Bauer, Franziska, Benine, Ricardo C., Bennett, Daniel J., Bentlage, Bastian, Berning, Björn, Bharti, Daizy, Biondo, Cibele, Birindelli, José, Blick, Theo, Boano, Giovanni, Bockmann, Flávio A., Bogdanowicz, Wieslaw, Böhme, Wolfgang, Borgo, Enrico, Borkin, Leo, Bornschein, Marcos Ricardo, Bour, Roger, Branch, William R., Brasileiro, Cinthia A., Braun, Janet K., Bravo, Gustavo A., Brendonck, Luc, Brito, Guilherme R. R., Britto, Marcelo R., Buckup, Paulo A., Burckhardt, Daniel, Burkhardt, Ulrich, Busack, Stephen D., Campos, Luiz A., Canard, Alain, Cancello, Eliana M., Caramaschi, Ulisse, Carpenter, James M., Carrenho, Renan, Cartaxana, Alexandra, Carvajal, Mariom A., Carvalho, Gervásio Silva, De Carvalho, Marcelo Rodrigue, Chaabane, Amira, Chagas, Cinthia, Chakrabarty, Prosanta, Chandra, Kaila, Chatzimanolis, Styliano, Chordas, Stephen W., Christoff, Alexandre U., Cianferoni, Fabio, Claramunt, Santiago, Cogãlniceanu, Dan, Collette, Bruce B., Colli, Guarino R., Colston, Timothy J., Conradie, Werner, Constant, Jérôme, Constantino, Reginaldo, Cook, Joseph A., Cordeiro, Danilo, Correia, Alexandra Marçal, Cotterill, Fenton P. D., Coyner, Brandi, Cozzuol, Mario A., Cracraft, Joel, Crottini, Angelica, Cuccodoro, Giulio, Curcio, Felipe Franco, D'Udekem D'Acoz, Cédric, D'Elía, Guillermo, D'Haese, Cyrille, Das, Indraneil, Datovo, Aléssio, Datta Roy, Aniruddha, David, Patrick, Day, John G., Daza, Juan D., De Bisthoven, Luc Janssen, De La Riva De La Viña, Ignacio Jose, De Muizon, Christian, De Pinna, Mario, Piacentini, Vítor De Q., De Sá, Rafael O., De Vivo, Mario, Decher, Jan, Dekoninck, Wouter, Delabie, Jacques H. C., Delfino, Massimo, Delmastro, Giovanni B., Delsinne, Thibaut, Denys, Christiane, Denzer, Wolfgang, Desutter Grandcolas, Laure, Deuti, Kaushik, De Resbecq, Thierry Deuve, Di Dario, Fabio, Dinets, Vladimir, Donascimiento, Carlo, Donoso, David A., Doria, Giuliano, Drewes, Robert C., Drouet, Eric, Duarte, Marcelo, Durette Desset, Marie Claude, Dusoulier, Françoi, Dutta, Sushil Kumar, Engel, Michael S., Epstein, Mark, Escalona, Moisé, Esselstyn, Jacob A., Eto, Koshiro, Faivovich, Julián, Falaschi, Rafaela Lope, Falin, Zachary H., Faundez, Eduardo I., Feijó, Anderson, Feitosa, Rodrigo M., Fernandes, Daniel Silva, Fikáček, Martin, Fisher, Brian L., Fitzpatrick, Moira J., Forero, Dimitri, Franz, Ismael, Freitag, Hendrik, Frétey, Thierry, Fritz, Uwe, Gallut, Cyril, Gao, Shan, Garbino, Guilherme S. T., Garcete Barrett, Bolívar R., García Prieto, Lui, García, Franger J., Garcia, Paulo C. A., Gardner, Alfred L., Gardner, Scott Lyell, Garrouste, Romain, Geiger, Matthias F., Giarla, Thomas C., Giri, Varad, Glaubrecht, Matthia, Glotzhober, Robert C., Godoi, Fabio S. P., Gofas, Serge, Gonçalves, Pablo R., Gong, Jun, Gonzalez, Victor H., González Orej, José Antonio, González Santillán, Edmundo, González Soriano, Enrique, Goodman, Steven M., Grandcolas, Philippe, Grande, Lance, Greenbaum, Eli, Gregorin, Renato, Grillitsch, Heinz, Grismer, Larry Lee, Grootaert, Patrick, Grosjean, Stéphane, Guarino, FABIO MARIA, Guayasamin, Juan M., Guénard, Benoit, Guevara, Lázaro, Guidoti, Marcu, Gupta, Devanshu, Gvoždík, Václav, Haddad, Célio F. B., Hallermann, Jakob, Hassanin, Alexandre, Hausmann, Axel, Heaney, Lawrence R., Heinicke, Matthew P., Helgen, Kristofer M., Henle, Klau, Hirschmann, Alice, Holmes, Michael W., Hołyńska, Maria, Hołyński, Roman, Hormiga, Gustavo, Huber, Bernhard A., Hugot, Jean Pierre, Hutterer, Rainer, Iskandar, Djoko, Iverson, John B., Jäger, Peter, Janssen, Ronald, Jerep, Fernando, Jocqué, Rudy, Jungfer, Karl Heinz, Justine, Jean Lou, Kamei, Rachunliu G., Kamiński, Marcin Jan, Karner, Michael, Kearney, Teresa, Khot, Rahul, Kieckbusch, Max, Köhler, Jörn, Koepfli, Klaus Peter, Kondorosy, Elöd, Krogmann, Lar, Krolow, Tiago Kütter, Krüger, Martin, Kucharzewski, Christoph, Kullander, Sven O., Kumar, Santosh, Kupfer, Alexander, Kuramoto, Mitsuru, Kurina, Olavi, Kury, Adriano, Kvist, Sebastian, La Marca, Enrique, La Terza, Antonietta, Laval, Richard, Lacher, Thomas E., Lamas, Carlos J. E., Lambert, Max R., Landry, Bernard, Langeani, Francisco, Langone, José A., Lattke, John E., Lavilla, Esteban O., Leenders, Twan, Lees, David C., Leite, Yuri L. R., Lehmann, Thoma, Lhano, Marcos Gonçalve, Lim, Burton K., Lin, Xiaofeng, Löbl, Ivan, De Lucena, Carlos A. S., De Lucena, Zilda Margarete S., Lucinda, Paulo, Lujan, Nathan K., Luporini, Pierangelo, Luz, David R., Lynch, John D., Machado, Leonardo Ferreira, Mahony, Stephen, Malabarba, Luiz R., Manuel Santos, Marivene, Marinho Filho, Jader, Marini, Miguel Â., Marques, Antonio Carlo, Marques, Mariana P., Mateus, Octávio, Matsui, Masafumi, Mazuch, Tomáš, Mccranie, Jame, Mckellar, Ryan C., Mcmahan, Caleb D., Mecke, Sven, Meißner, Karin, Mendoza Becerril, María A., Mendoza Palmero, Carlos A., Merker, Stefan, Mezzasalma, Marcello, Midgley, John Mark, Miller, Jeremy, Miller, Matthew J., Mincarone, Michael Maia, Minet, Joël, Miralles, Aurélien, Miranda, Thaís P., Missoup, Alain Didier, Modrý, David, Molinari, Jesú, Monadjem, Ara, Montreuil, Olivier, Moratelli, Ricardo, Moreira, Cristiano Rangel, Moreira, Felipe F. F., Mourer Chauviré, Cécile, Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo, Munroe, Thomas A., Naomi, Shun Ichiro, Nascimento, Fabio, Nässig, Wolfgang A., Neifar, Lassad, Netto Ferreira, Andre L., Niamir, Aidin, Nielsen, Stuart V., Nihei, Silvio S., Nistri, Annamaria, Oceguera Figueroa, Alejandro, Odierna, Gaetano, Ohler, Annemarie, Ojanguren Affilastro, Andres A., De Oliveira, Favízia Freita, De Oliveira, Marcio Luiz, De Oliveira, Otto Müller Patrão, Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira, Olson, Link E., Ong'Ondo, Geoffrey O., Orlov, Nikolai, Ornelas García, Claudia Patricia, Ortega, Hernan, Ortega Andrade, Mauricio, Ota, Hidetoshi, Pariselle, Antoine, Passos, Paulo, Pastana, Murilo N. L., Patterson, Bruce D., Patitucci, Luciano D., Patton, James L., Pavan, Ana C., Pavan, Silvia E., Pavia, Marco, Peloso, Pedro L. V., Pelzer, Alexander, Pereyra, Martín O., Perez Gonzalez, Abel, Pérez Luz, Blanca, Pérez, Cristian Hernan Fulvio, Peterhans, Julian Kerbi, Peterson, A. Townsend, Pétillon, Julien, Philips, Thomas Keith, Picariello, ORFEO LUCIO ANTONIO, Pie, Marcio R., Pikart, Tiago G., Pine, Ronald H., Pinheiro, Ulisse, Pinho, Luiz Carlo, Pinto, Ângelo P., Costa, Leonora Pire, Poggi, Roberto, Pombal, José P., Prabhu, Mrugank, Prendini, Elizabeth, Prendini, Lorenzo, Purushothaman, Jasmine, Pyron, Robert Alexander, Quintela Alonso, Pablo, Quinteros, Andres Sebastian, Quiroga Carmona, Marcial, Rabitsch, Wolfgang, Raffaëlli, Jean, Rage, Jean Claude, Rajaei, Hossein, Ramírez, Martín J., Raposo, Marcos A., Py Daniel, Lucia H. Rapp, Rasplus, Jean Yve, Ratcliffe, Brett C., Reddy, Sushma, Reis, Roberto E., Remsen, James V., Richards, Leigh R., Richling, Ira, Robillard, Tony, Rocha, Marcelo Salle, Rocha, Rosana Moreira, Rödder, Denni, Rödel, Mark Oliver, Rodrigues, Fernando P., Rodriguez, Estefania, Rogers, Duke S., Rojas Runjaic, Fernando J. M., Röll, Beate, Rosenberger, Alfred L., Rowley, Jodi, Roza, André Silva, Ruedi, Manuel, Salazar Bravo, Jorge, Salcedo, Norma J., Samyn, Yve, Santana, Sharlene E., Santoferrara, Luciana, Santos, Bernardo F., Santos, Charles Morphy D., Santos, Jean Carlo, Santos, Marcos Pérsio Danta, Sargis, Eric J., Schargel, Walter E., Schätti, Beat, Scherz, Mark D., Schlick Steiner, Birgit C., Schmidt, Ray C., Schmitt, Thoma, Schodde, Richard, Schoeman, Colin S., Schweiger, Silke, Schwertner, Cristiano F., Seamark, Ernest C. J., Semedo, Thiago B. F., Shin, Mann Kyoon, Siler, Cameron D., Silveira, Luís Fábio, Simison, W. Brian, Simões, Marcello, Sites, Jack W., Smith, Brian Tilston, Smith, Krister T., Song, Weibo, Soulier Perkins, Adeline, Sousa, Leandro M., Sparks, John S., Stampar, Sérgio N., Steiner, Florian M., Steyer, Jean Sébastien, Stiassny, Melanie L. J., Stoeck, Thorsten, Stopiglia, Renata, Streicher, Jeffrey W., Sturaro, Marcelo J., Stys, Pavel, Swierk, Lindsey, Taeger, Andrea, Takiya, Daniela M., Taphorn, Donald C., Tavares, Marco, Tavares, Valeria Da C., Taylor, Peter John, Tello, Jose G., Teta, Pablo, Tillack, Frank, Timm, Robert M., Tokaryk, Tim, Tominaga, Atsushi, Tonini, João Filipe Riva, Tornabene, Luke, Torres Carvajal, Omar, Townsend, Josiah, Trape, Jean Françoi, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut, Trusch, Robert, Tschopp, Emanuel, Uhl, Dieter, Upham, Nathan S., Vacher, Jean Pierre, Valdesalici, Stefano, Van Bocxlaer, Bert, Van Cakenberghe, Victor, Van De Kamp, Thoma, Van De Velde, Isabella, Van Den Spiegel, Didier, Vanhove, Maarten P. M., Vasudevan, Karthikeyan, Veerappan, Deepak, Velazco, Paúl M., Verdade, Vanessa K., Verheyen, Erik, Vieira, Leandro M., Victoriano, Pedro F., Vitt, Laurie J., Wagner, Philipp, Watkins Colwell, Gregory J., Weisse, Thoma, Werneck, Fernanda P., Wheeler, Ward C., Wilson, Don E., Valero, Katharina C. Wollenberg, Wood, Perry Lee, Woodman, Neal, Quetzalli, Hernández Díaz Yoalli, Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko, Zaher, Hussam, Ziegler, Thoma, Zima, Jan, Zink, Robert M., Zug, George, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Università degli Studi di Camerino (UNICAM), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Universidade de Brasília, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité ( ISYEB ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes ( EPHE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Villanova University [Philadelphie], University of Salzburg, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul ( PUCRS ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ( UFRGS ), Royal Museum for Central Africa, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ), Technical University of Berlin, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco ( UFPE ), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo ( UFES ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie] ), Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho ( UNESP ), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] ( RAS ), Senckenberg Museum, Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ), Museu de Zoologia ( MZ ), Universidade de São Paulo ( USP ), North Dakota State University ( NDSU ), Departamento de Polícia Técnico Científica ( DPTC ), Louisiana State University ( LSU ), University of Tennessee, Ohio State University [Columbus] ( OSU ), Universidade Luterana do Brasil ( ULBRA ), University of Mississippi, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences ( RBINS ), University of New Mexico, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations ( CBGP ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Ceríaco, Luis M., Gutiérrez, Eliécer, Dubois, Alan Alqarni, Abdulaziz, Buckup, Paulo, Simón Abdala, Cristian, Algarni, abdulaziz, A. Adriano, Edson, Erna, Aescht, Villanova Univ, Museu Nacl Hist Nat & Ciencia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Smithsonian Inst, Sorbonne Univ, Univ Nacl Tucuman, King Saud Univ, Cornell Univ, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Upper Austrian Museum, Univ Salzburg, Zool Forsch Museum A Koenig, Russian Acad Sci, Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do Sul, Museo Reg Sci Nat, Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Royal Museum Cent Africa, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Univ Innsbruck, Hasselt Univ, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Univ Nacl Misiones, Natl Museum, Senckenberg Nat Hist Sammlungen, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Stephen F Austin State Univ, Landesmuseum, Univ Camerino, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Senckenberg Res Inst, Museo Civ Storia Nat, Polskiej Akad Nauk, Harvard Univ, North West Univ, Museu Nacl, Nat Hist Museum, Senckenberg Nat Kundemuseum, North Carolina Museum Nat Sci, Univ Rennes 1, Amer Museum Nat Hist, Univ Huddersfield, North Dakota State Univ, Fac Sci Sfax, DPTC PC, Louisiana State Univ, Zool Survey India, Univ Tennessee, Ohio State Univ, Univ Luterana Brasil, Univ Firenze, Univ Ovidius Constanta, Univ Mississippi, Royal Belgian Inst Nat Sci, Univ New Mexico, Inst Nacl de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Univ Stellenbosch, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), CIBIO Ctr Invest Biodiversidade & Recursos Genet, Museum Hist Nat, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Univ Austral Chile, Univ Malaysia, Indian Inst Sci, Scottish Assoc Marine Sci, Sam Houston State Univ, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Drexel Univ, Univ Richmond, Ctr Pesquisas Cacau, Univ Torino, Soc Hist Nat Alcide dOrbigny, Wolfden Sci Consulting, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Inst Humboldt, Escuela Politec Nacl, Calif Acad Sci, Museum Dept Hist Nat Var, Nat Environm & Wildlife Soc, Univ Kansas, Kyoto Univ, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Univ Fed Paraiba, Univ Fed Parana, Nat Hist Museum Narodini Museum, Nat Hist Museum Zimbabwe, Ateneo Manila Univ, Pontificia Univ Javeriana, RACINE, Univ Paris 06, Ocean Univ China, Museo Nacl Hist Nat Paraguay, Univ Carabobo, Natl Ctr Biol Sci, Univ Nebraska, CENAK Ctr Nat Kunde, Ohio Hist Connect, Univ Fed Amazonas, Univ Malaga, Chinese Acad Sci, Benemerita Univ Autonoma Puebla, Natl Polytech Inst, Field Museum Nat Hist, Univ Texas El Paso, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), La Sierra Univ, Univ San Francisco Quito, Univ Hong Kong, CUNY, CAS, Zool Staatssammlung Munchen, Univ Michigan, Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Santa Rosa Jr Coll, George Washington Univ, Inst Teknol Bandung, Earlham Coll, Senckenberg Forschungsinst & Nat Museum, Univ Koblenz Landau, Ditsong Natl Museum Nat Hist, Bombay Nat Hist Soc, Philipps Univ Marburg, Hess Landesmuseum, Smithsonian Conservat Biol Inst, Univ Pannonia, Staatliches Museum Nat Kunde, UFT, Museum Nat Kunde, Nat Hist Riksmuseet, Hikarigaoka, Inst Agr & Environm Sci, Univ Los Andes, Bat Jungle, Texas A&M Univ, Yale Univ, Museo Nacl Hist Nat, Roger Tory Peterson Inst Nat Hist, Univ Fed Reconcavo Bahia, South China Normal Univ, Museu Ciencias Tecnol PUCRS, Univ Fed Tocantins, Univ Toronto, Univ Nacl Colombia, Natl Museum Philippines, NOVA Univ Lisbon, Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Deutsch Zentrum Marine Biodiversitatsforsch, Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, Naturalis Biodivers Ctr, Univ Douala, Vet & Farmaceut Univ Brno, Univ Swaziland, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Univ Claude Bernard, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Nat Hist Museum & Inst, Senckenberg Biodiversitat & Klima Forschunsgzentr, Marquette Univ, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Fed Univ ABC, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Univ Alaska Museum, Egerton Univ, Museo Hist Nat, IKIAM Univ Reg Amazon, Univ Hyogo, Inst Rech Dev, Niedersachs Landesbetrieb Wasserwirtschaft Kusten, Univ Complutense Madrid, Roosevelt Univ, Western Kentucky Univ, Univ Naples Federico II, Univ Fed Acre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Inst Bio & Geociencias Noroeste Argentino, Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Umweltbundesamt, Penclen, CNRS MNHN UPMC, Staatl Museum Nat Kunde, Ctr Biol Gest Populat INRA, Loyola Univ Chicago, Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio do Sul, Durban Museum Nat Sci, Univ Estado Amazonas, Brigham Young Univ, Museo Hist Nat La Salle, Univ Vet Med Hannover, Australian Museum, Texas Tech Univ, Francis Marion Univ, Univ Washington, Univ Connecticut, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Fed Univ Para, Yale Peabody Museum, Univ Texas Arlington, Senckenberg Deutsch Entomol Inst, CSIRO, Univ Venda, Univ Ulsan, Senckenberg Forsch Inst & Nat Museum, Univ Fed Para, UPMC, Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Charles Univ Prague, Univ Nacl Expt los Llanos Occident Ezequiel Zamor, Long Isl Univ, Univ Ryukyus, Pontificia Univ Catolica Ecuador, Indiana Univ Penn, IRD, State Museum Nat Hist Karlsruhe, Univ Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Univ Ghent, Univ Antwerp, Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol, Yale Peabody Museum Nat Hist, Bethune Cookman Univ, Natl Museum Nat & Sci, and Zool Garten Koln

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Rebuttal, 010607 zoology, Biology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Q1, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biological Science Disciplines, FOTOGRAFIA, Photography, Animals, Animal species, Biological sciences, QH426, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Taxonomy, QL, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Ecology, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Biodiversity, Classification, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematic, Taxonomy (biology), Animal Science and Zoology, Classics
Abstract

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Published
2016
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10. Lethal Effects of Treatment with a Special Dimeticone Formula on Head Lice and House Crickets (Orthoptera, Ensifera: Acheta domestica and Anoplura, Phthiraptera: Pediculus humanus)

Author

Ira Richling and Wolfgang Böckeler

Subjects
biology, Orthoptera, media_common.quotation_subject, Pediculosis, Insect, Anatomy, Pediculus humanus, Dimeticone, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Acheta, Drug Discovery, medicine, Ensifera, media_common, Cuticle (hair)
Abstract

The present study provides the first convincing explanation of the mode of action of the medical device NYDA®, a special dimeticone (CAS 9006-65-9) formula containing 92 % of two dimeticones with different viscosities specifically designed for the physical treatment of head lice infestations (pediculosis capitis) by suffocation. Both, lice (Pediculus humanus) and house crickets (Acheta domestica) treated with this anti-head lice product are knocked out to the status “of no major vital signs” within less than 1 min that in consequence is accompanied irreversibly with the death of the respective insects. Scanning electron microscopical investigations have revealed that the cuticle is coated by a thin closed layer of the dimeticone formula that also enters the stigmata. In vivo observations and dissections of Acheta domestica have shown that application of the medical device to the thoracic stigmata invariably leads to rapid death; this is strongly correlated with the influx of the special dimeticone formula into the head trachea, whereby the solution effectively blocks the oxygen supply of the central nervous system. Dissections after application of the stained product show that it also enters the finest tracheal branches. Analogous in vivo observations in Pediculus humanus have confirmed the correlation between the disappearance of major vital signs and the displacement of air by the dimeticone formula in the tracheal system of the head. For both insect species, statistical data are provided for the chronological sequence of the filling of the tracheal system in relation to the respective vitality conditions of the insects. On average, the special dimeticone formula reaches the insect’s head tracheae within 0.5 min in house crickets and in less than 1 min in lice with a complete filling of the entire head tracheal system of lice within 3.5 min. In addition, a timed sequence of images illustrates this process for lice. The experiments clearly reveal the exclusive and pure physical mode of action of the tested dimeticone formula.

Published
2011
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11. The types of Neotropical Helicinidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neritopsina) in the Malacological Collection of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin: an annotated catalogue, with emphasis on Cuban land snails

Author

Matthias Glaubrecht and Ira Richling

Subjects
Helicinidae, Taxon, biology, Ecology, Gastropoda, Land snail, Taxonomy (biology), Type locality, biology.organism_classification, Mollusca, Archaeology, Nomenclature, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Although the malacological collection of the Natural History Museum Berlin (ZMB) was long assumed to be lost it houses a rich collection of types of the operculate land snail family Helicinidae. With types of 98 neotropical nominal taxa and of a significant amount of other material and taxa from elsewhere the ZMB collection it actually among the most important holdings of Helicinidae worldwide. Here we present a comprehensive list of all types from the Neotropics mainly from the collection of and originally described by Ludwig (”Louis”) Pfeiffer (1805–1877), who essentially used material collected by Johann Gundlach (1810–1896) on Cuba, as well as material described by Antoni Wagner (1860–1928), with some additions from other malacologists such as Eduard von Martens (1831–1904) and Felipe Poey (1796–1891). Following an account of the general history of the helicinid collection housed today in the ZMB, including brief accounts on the biographical background of its collectors and contributors, the present annotated catalogue discusses the nomenclature, taxonomy and history of the specimens, including type locality, type material and its status. The majority of taxa represented in the ZMB was named by Ludwig Pfeiffer (a total of 38 taxa) and Antoni Wagner (26 taxa). Since these two main authors of taxa represented in the ZMB collection were the world specialists for Helicinidae at their time, the collection of types does not have any specific focus either on certain systematic groups or areas of distribution, with the exception that rich material is present from Cuba due to the considerable amount of material once received from Johann Gundlach. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Published
2008
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12. Review: Biographical remarks on Dr. Antoni Józef Wagner and The collection of Helicinidae (Gastropoda: Neritopsina) at the Museum and Institute of Zoology in Warsaw

Author

Ira Richling

Subjects
Helicinidae, biology, media_common.quotation_subject, Zoology, Art, biology.organism_classification, media_common
Abstract

The Helicinidae stored at the Museum and Institute of Zoology in Warsaw were studied in 2003. The 990 lots encompass the whole collection of A. J. WAGNER, and a minor part consists of material collected by W. LUBOMIRSKI. The Wagner collection contains a significant number of the original specimens for the volume of the “Martini & Chemnitz – Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet” on Helicinidae which represents the most recent comprehensive revision of the family. A brief description of the contents of the collection is given. Additional search for historic archive material revealed new biographic information about the malacologist ANTONI JOZEF WAGNER (1860–1928) which is presented here for the first time. The main sources were letters by WAGNER to RUDOLPH STURANY, Vienna, and EDUARD VON MARTENS, Berlin. Special attention is paid to the historical background of his studies on the Helicinidae. An annotated list of malacologists of WAGNER’s time, who contributed most of the helicinid specimens in exchange, is included, based on label information in the collection and comments in an unpublished catalogue written by WAGNER.

Published
2005
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13. Symposium on the 'Magnitude of Molluscan Diversity — the Known and the Unknown'

Author

Ira Richling

Subjects
Species complex, biology, Ecology, Range (biology), Biodiversity, Endangered species, Zoology, Species diversity, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, Taxon, Geography, Taxonomic rank, Cypraeidae, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The symposium formed part of the 78 Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Society in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, and was held on 19 and 20 June 2012. While everyone talks about biodiversity we asked the basic question: What do we know about molluscan diversity? Or even more simply: How many species of molluscs exist today? A simple question to ask but diffi cult to answer. Of course, this question is not a new one, but ever rising threats to our environment and thus, habitats of molluscs render it more urgent than ever to know what lives on our earth and what will we lose. Land and freshwater molluscs are among the most endangered groups worldwide (Lydeard et al. 2004, Regnier et al. 2009). More recent comprehensive estimates of molluscan diversity suggest the number of described species at 31,000 non-marine and 52,500 marine, but the number of yet unknown diversity may be roughly one third to more than an equal amount (Lydeard et al. 2004, Bouchet 2006). The symposium title refl ects these two aspects while the “known” refers to described species rather than implies that their number is known considering the often unknown share of synonyms among available names. The goal of the symposium was to gather new data to narrow down a realistic estimate of the diversity of this second largest phylum in the animal kingdom and to reveal the progress made during the last few years. The 22 talks presented in Cherry Hill encompassed studies on special taxonomic groups, geographic areas as well as theoretical approaches like analyzing saturation curves, the portion of valid species versus synonyms, correlation to rarity, sampling methods, the amount of undescribed species in collections versus discovery by new fi eldwork, and last but not least elucidated the potential of new methods. The “unknown” stood for what remains to be discovered in terms of species not yet found in underexplored habitats and regions, species not yet recognized due to the lack of taxonomic expertise, revisionary works, and cryptic species. If the title was mirrored in two talks, Gary Rosenberg’s analyses of databases reducing the estimated diversity of described species to 70,000–76,000 represented the “known“ (this issue) while Philippe Bouchet certainly took the audience to the frontier of the “unknown“. Based on his tremendous exploration efforts in the tropical Indo-Pacifi c Bouchet assumed that only 30% of the molluscan diversity of this area is known. This already anticipates that despite some detailed approaches the latter aspect remains not only as undescribed diversity but still unknown in its extent. In terms of marine species, Rudiger Bieler questioned our knowledge of the molluscan fauna in the well known Florida Keys. Philippe Bouchet, as mentioned above, characterized the tropical Indo-Pacifi c as a treasure trove for new species and highlighted the phenomenon of a high percentage of species occurring in low abundances. Janet Voight evaluated the exploration of hydrothermal vent habitats (this issue). John Taylor, co-authored by Emily Glover, gave insight into the enormous diversifi cation of Lucinidae triggered by their obligate chemosymbiosis. Continuing with bivalves, Paul Valentich-Scott dug deep into the hyperdiverse group of Galeommatoidea which not only amaze us with their previously unexpected species diversity but even more by their range of unusual lifestyles. Patrick LaFollette described the attempt to catalogue the published taxa of the megadiverse family Pyramidellidae resulting in an estimated 10,000 names regardless of status. James McLean’s review of the Liotiidae and Areneidae more than doubles the known diversity and sampling still seems far from complete. Exposing the most cryptic groups, Timea Neusser and colleagues gave insights into the mesopsammic fauna and their underestimated diversity and ability to colonize unusual habitats (this issue, Jorger et al.). Moving from the least known to the best known, Fabio Moretzsohn reviewed the progress of cataloging the Cypraeidae (this issue). An equally attractive group but less popular among shell collectors, Terrence Gosliner described nudibranch exploration. Greatly supported by citizen scientists like scuba divers, Gosliner feels their role is not only in accelerating the discovery of new species but also in helping to monitor environmental changes. The contributions focusing on advances by the application of molecular techniques identifi ed signifi cant numbers of so-called cryptic species: Ellen Strong estimated the diversity of Cerithiidae two to three times higher than currently recognized. John Slapcinsky deduced equal ranges from his analyses of the land snail genera Tropidophora and Daedolochila (this issue, on Tropidophora). To the relief of less wellequipped biologists both pointed out that after recognizing the hidden species differentiating morphological characters Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany

Published
2014
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14. Lethal effects of treatment with a special dimeticone formula on head lice and house crickets (Orthoptera, Ensifera: Acheta domestica and Anoplura, phthiraptera: Pediculus humanus). Insights into physical mechanisms

Author

Ira, Richling and Wolfgang, Böckeler

Subjects
Gryllidae, Trachea, Insecticides, Behavior, Animal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Pediculus, Animals, Sense Organs, Dimethylpolysiloxanes, Nervous System Diseases, Nervous System
Abstract

The present study provides the first convincing explanation of the mode of action of the medical device NYDA, a special dimeticone (CAS 9006-65-9) formula containing 92% of two dimeticones with different viscosities specifically designed for the physical treatment of head lice infestations (pediculosis capitis) by suffocation. Both, lice (Pediculus humanus) and house crickets (Acheta domestica) treated with this anti-head lice product are knocked out to the status "of no major vital signs" within less than 1 min that in consequence is accompanied irreversibly with the death of the respective insects. Scanning electron microscopical investigations have revealed that the cuticle is coated by a thin closed layer of the dimeticone formula that also enters the stigmata. In vivo observations and dissections of Acheta domestica have shown that application of the medical device to the thoracic stigmata invariably leads to rapid death; this is strongly correlated with the influx of the special dimeticone formula into the head trachea, whereby the solution effectively blocks the oxygen supply of the central nervous system. Dissections after application of the stained product show that it also enters the finest tracheal branches. Analogous in vivo observations in Pediculus humanus have confirmed the correlation between the disappearance of major vital signs and the displacement of air by the dimeticone formula in the tracheal system of the head. For both insect species, statistical data are provided for the chronological sequence of the filling of the tracheal system in relation to the respective vitality conditions of the Insects. On average, the special dimeticone formula reaches the insect's head tracheae within 0.5 min in house crickets and in less than 1 min in lice with a complete filling of the entire head tracheal system of lice within 3.5 min. In addition, a timed sequence of images illustrates this process for lice. The experiments clearly reveal the exclusive and pure physical mode of action of the tested dimeticone formula.

Published
2008

15. The Caribbean Land Snail Family Annulariidae: A revision of the higher taxa and a catalog of the species G. T. Watters . The Caribbean Land Snail Family Annulariidae: A revision of the higher taxa and a catalog of the species. 2006. Backhuys Publishers. Leiden, The Netherlands. vii + 557 + 9 +. 4 pp. With 9 black-white-figures and 57 maps. ISBN: 90-5782-155-9

Author

Ira Richling

Subjects
Taxon, Ecology, Annulariidae, Land snail, Aquatic Science, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Published
2007
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