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Objective: Appendicitis is a common surgical emergency among children. The coronavirus pandemic affected the system of hospitals more than any other field, and great amount of people were concerned about visiting the hospitals for any reason. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the profile of appendicitis by emphasizing perforated and acute appendicitis in the pandemic period and to compare the rates with previous three years. Material and Methods: Charts of the children who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy due to appendicitis between March 11-September 30 between 2017-2020 were retrospectively analyzed in terms of demographic data, duration of symptoms, duration between hospital admission and surgery, radiologic imaging and perioperative outcomes. Results: This study includes 467 children who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. There were 97 procedures in 2020, 111 in 2019, 146 in 2018 and 113 in 2017. Multiple comparison tests revealed that age did not show difference; but onset of symptoms in admission (p= 0.004), hospitalization time before surgery (p< 0.001), total hospitalization time (< 0.001) showed statistically significant difference between years. Pairwise comparisons showed that these parameters were increased in 2020 compared to other years. Perforated appendicitis rate was significantly increased in 2020 when compared to previous years. Conclusion: Although there is no direct relation between appendicitis and COVID-19 infection in the current knowledge, perforated appendicitis was found to be increased in children during the COVID pandemic. Reason of the higher rate of perforated appendicitis may be multifactorial; however, the pandemic appears to have a role in increased morbidity in children with appendicitis indirectly due to delay of hospital admissions.

Graphical abstract Associations between inherited Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) genotypes and the severity of multiple RNA virus infections have been reported. This prospective study was initiated to investigate if such an association exists for COVID-19. In this cohort study performed at Ankara University, 132 COVID-19 patients (56 asymptomatic, 51 mild-intermediate, and 25 patients with severe disease) were genotyped for KIR and ligands. Ankara University Donor Registry (n:449) KIR data was used for comparison. Clinical parameters (age, gender, comorbidities, blood group antigens, inflammation biomarkers) and KIR genotypes across cohorts of asymptomatic, mild-intermediate, or severe disease were compared to construct a risk prediction model based on multivariate binary logistic regression analysis with backward elimination method. Age, blood group, number of comorbidities, CRP, D-dimer, and telomeric and centromeric KIR genotypes (tAA, tAB1, and cAB1) along with their cognate ligands were found to differ between cohorts. Two prediction models were constructed; both included age, number of comorbidities, and blood group. Inclusion of the KIR genotypes in the second prediction model exp (-3.52 + 1.56 age group - 2.74 blood group (type A vs others) + 1.26 number of comorbidities - 2.46 tAB1 with ligand + 3.17 tAA with ligand) increased the predictive performance with a 92.9% correct classification for asymptomatic and 76% for severe cases (AUC: 0.93; P

Background CoronaVac, an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, has been shown to be well tolerated with a good safety profile in individuals aged 18 years and older in phase 1/2 trials, and provided a good humoral response against SARS-CoV-2. We present the interim efficacy and safety results of a phase 3 clinical trial of CoronaVac in Turkey. Methods This was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Volunteers aged 18-59 years with no history of COVID-19 and with negative PCR and antibody test results for SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled at 24 centres in Turkey. Exclusion criteria included (but were not limited to) immunosuppressive therapy (including steroids) within the past 6 months, bleeding disorders, asplenia, and receipt of any blood products or immunoglobulins within the past 3 months. The K1 cohort consisted of health-care workers (randomised in a 1:1 ratio), and individuals other than health-care workers were also recruited into the K2 cohort (randomised in a 2:1 ratio) using an interactive web response system. The study vaccine was 3 mu g inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virion adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide in a 0.5 mL aqueous suspension. Participants received either vaccine or placebo (consisting of all vaccine components except inactivated virus) intramuscularly on days 0 and 14. The primary efficacy outcome was the prevention of PCR-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 at least 14 days after the second dose in the per protocol population. Safety analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04582344) and is active but no longer recruiting. Findings Among 11 303 volunteers screened between Sept 14, 2020, and Jan 5, 2021, 10 218 were randomly allocated. After exclusion of four participants from the vaccine group because of protocol deviations, the intention-to-treat group consisted of 10 214 participants (6646 [65.1%] in the vaccine group and 3568 [34.9%] in the placebo group) and the per protocol group consisted of 10 029 participants (6559 [65.4%] and 3470 [34.6%]) who received two doses of vaccine or placebo. During a median follow-up period of 43 days (IQR 36-48), nine cases of PCR-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 were reported in the vaccine group (31.7 cases [14.6-59.3] per 1000 person-years) and 32 cases were reported in the placebo group (192.3 cases [135.7-261.1] per 1000 person-years) 14 days or more after the second dose, yielding a vaccine efficacy of 83.5% (95% CI 65.4-92.1; p, TUSEB, We are grateful to all participants who volunteered to be part of this study and to all members of the clinical research teams of the participating sites. We thank TUSEB for funding the study and Omega-CRO for the statistical analyses and production of figures, and providing the study protocol. We also thank the members of the data and safety monitoring board for their contributions in the safe execution of this study.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection first seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and then affected the whole world by causing a pandemic. The disease may be asymptomatic, and symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, weakness, headache, and sore throat can be seen. Various bacterial infections may accompany the process in some COVID-19 patients. In this case, accompanying Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteremia in a patient diagnosed with COVID-19 was examined.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection first seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and then affected the whole world by causing a pandemic. The disease may be asymptomatic, and symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, weakness, headache, and sore throat can be seen. Various bacterial infections may accompany the process in some COVID-19 patients. In this case, accompanying Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteremia in a patient diagnosed with COVID-19 was examined.

Amaç: Hepatit B virüs (HBV) enfeksiyonu halen tüm dünyada önde gelen sağlık sorunlarından biridir. Karaciğer, vitamin D (Vit-D)’nin metabolizması ve depolanmasında önemli bir organdır. Vit-D’nin hücre farklılaşması, çoğalması ve bağışıklık modülasyon inhibisyonu da dâhil olmak üzere çok önemli bir biyolojik etkiye sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Son zamanlarda, Vit-D düzeylerinin HBV enfeksiyonu gibi viral enfeksiyonlara karşı immün sistem ve konak yanıtını etkileyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda amaç HBV ile enfekte bireyler ve HBV ile enfekte olmayan bireylerde Vit-D düzeyini karşılaştırıp Vit-D düzeyinin HBV replikasyonu ve hastalığın progresyonu ile ilişkisini saptamaktır.Materyal ve Metod: Çalışmamız retrospektif olarak gerçekleştirilen tanımlayıcı bir çalışma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Dicle üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji polikliniğine Ocak 2014 - Aralık 2015 tarihleri arasında başvuran HBsAg pozitif ve HBV DNA’sı negatif 29 hasta, HBsAg pozitif ve HBV DNA‘sı 2000-20000 IU/ml olan 30 hasta, HBsAg pozitif ve HBV DNA’sı >20000 IU/ml olan 31 hasta ile HBsAg negatif ve komorbiditesi olmayan ancak halsizlik, yorgunluk şikâyeti ile polikliniğimize başvurup vitamin-D düzeyleri bakılmış olan 45 hasta kontrol grubu olarak çalışmamızda değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Hastaların başlangıç, 6. ay ve 12. ay 25 (OH) D düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan kit için üretici firmanın belirlediği 25 (OH) D referans aralıkları; eksik (, Giriş ve Amaç: Hepatit B virüs (HBV) enfeksiyonu halen tüm dünyada önde gelen sağlık sorunlarından biridir. Karaciğer, vitamin D’nin metabolizması ve depolanmasında önemli bir organdır. Vitamin D’nin, hücre farklılaşması, çoğalması ve bağışıklık modülasyon inhibisyonu da dâhil olmak üzere çok önemli bir biyolojik etkiye sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Son zamanlarda, vitamin D düzeylerinin HBV enfeksiyonu gibi viral enfeksiyonlara karşı immün sistem ve konak yanıtını etkileyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda amaç HBV ile enfekte bireyler ve HBV ile enfekte olmayan bireylerde vitamin D düzeyini karşılaştırıp vitamin D düzeyinin HBV replikasyonu ve hastalığın progresyonu ile ilişkisini saptamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamız retrospektif olarak gerçekleştirilen tanımlayıcı bir çalışma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Dicle üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji polikliniğine Ocak 2014 - Aralık 2015 tarihleri arasında başvuran HBsAg pozitif ve HBV DNA’sı negatif 29 hasta, HBsAg pozitif ve HBV DNA‘sı 2000-20000 IU/ml olan 30 hasta, HBsAg pozitif ve HBV DNA’sı >20000 IU/ml olan 31 hasta ile HBsAg negatif ve komorbiditesi olmayan; ancak halsizlik, yorgunluk şikâyeti ile polikliniğimize başvurup vitamin-D düzeyleri bakılmış olan 45 hasta kontrol grubu olarak çalışmamızda değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Hastaların başlangıç, 6. ay ve 12. ay 25 (OH) D düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan kit için üretici firmanın belirlediği 25 (OH) D referans aralıkları; eksik(

Background/aim Most of the hospitalized patients are on a number of drugs for comorbidities and/or to prevent nosocomial infections. This necessitates a careful consideration of drug interactions not only to avoid possible toxicities but also to reach the highest efficiency with drug treatment. We aimed to investigate drug interactions related to systemic antibiotic use and compare three different databases to check for drug interactions while characterizing the main differences between medical and surgical departments. Materials and methods This point prevalence study covered data on 927 orders for patients hospitalized between June 3 and 10, 2018 in Ankara University Hospitals. Systemic antibiotic use and related drug interactions were documented using UptoDate, Drugs, and Medscape and comparisons between the departments of medical and surgical sciences were made. Results The number of orders, or the number of drugs or antibiotics per order were not different between the medical and surgical sciences departments. A total of 1335 antibiotic-related drug interactions of all levels were reported by one, two, or all three databases. UptoDate reported all common and major interactions. Pantoprazole was the most commonly prescribed drug and appeared in 63% of all orders. Among 75 different molecules, ceftriaxone and meropenem were the two most prescribed antibiotics by the surgical and medical departments, respectively. Conclusion A dramatic variance existed amongst antibiotics prescribed by different departments. This indicated the requirement for a centralized role of an infectious diseases specialist. Especially for the hospitalized patient, prophylactic coverage with at least one antibiotic brought about a number of drug interactions. A precise evaluation of orders in terms of drug interactions by a clinical pharmacist (currently none on duty) will reduce possible drug-related hazards.

Introduction: In Turkey, the number of infected people with HIV-1 increased five-fold between the years 2011-2018. In 2019, 20202 HIV-infected individuals and 1786 AIDS patients were reported. It is necessary to update the physicians’ knowledge on medical, ethical, legal and social issues about HIV infected patients, and to increase the number of physicians following these patients. In this study, it was aimed to determine the problems experienced by infectious diseases and clinical microbiology (IDCM) physicians on diagnosis, treatment and follow-up and to increase their awareness. Materials and Methods: In the study, a questionnaire with 39 questions was sent to 400 IDCM physicians via e-mail. The results of 131 physicians in total were analyzed. In statistical comparison, chi-square test was used for categorical data, and p value below 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant in 95% confidence interval. SPSS v 21.0 program was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 131 physicians who participated in the study, 89 (67.9%) were females, 75.6% of these physicians stated that they follow HIV-infected patients. Average working durations of the physicians who followed and did not follow the patients were 16.0 ± 10.4 (1-44) and 11.9 ± 5.6 (2-26) years, respectively. Of the 32 physicians who did not follow the patients, 22 (68.8%) stated that they wanted to follow patients on provided conditions. The most common reasons for physicians not following HIV-infected patients are lack of access to laboratory tests (56.3% n= 18) and inadequate hospital/outpatient conditions (50.0% n= 16). Of the 99 physicians who follow HIV-infected patients, 87 (87.8%) can access all diagnostic tests, and 98 physicians (98.9%) can access at least one. The most commonly found difficulties in patient follow-up are the lack of social insurance of the patient (43.4%) and informing relatives about the disease (37.4%). Seventy-two point seven percent of the physicians have difficulties in the management of the patient group (mental disorder, drug addiction and prisoners) who has social problems. Physician-patient compliance (96%), drug posology (79.8%) and insurance problems (79.8%) were found to be the leading factors affecting treatment compliance. Conclusion: The most challenging issues of physicians following HIV-infected patients are the follow-up of patients without social insurance and the management of socially problematic patients. The most common reasons for physicians not following these patients are inaccessibility to laboratory tests and insufficient hospital conditions. Our study outputs will contribute to the education plans of infectious diseases physicians in our country. Increasing physician patient compliance is important in combating this disease.

Gender is the attitudes and behaviors expected of men and women as a result of cultural codes and stereotypes adopted by society. As a concept, it began to be used more after the 1960s. With the feminist movement coinciding with the same period, it started to occupy the agenda of society and gained recognition. It is still an issue that remains up-to-date today. This study is aimed to examine how artists from past to present have addressed the concept of woman and womanhood in their artworks, by emphasizing which subjects, and how they associate it with textiles. It is aimed to explain what the changes/immutables in this field are and how the perception of women in the minds manifests in the production of artworks. The development of the concept of gender in the field of art and the forms of expression are explained with examples by making a literature review on the subject. In this context, the artworks produced using textile material within the framework of the concept of women and womanhood of artists who have been accepted in the field of national and international contemporary art are included in the study. As a result of the research, it was seen that the artists used bodily contents and objects identified with women intensely in their artworks. On the other hand, textiles offered metaphorical expression to the artists according to the way of expression in the artworks.

WOS:000605350300001 Objectives: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects a significant part of society and is characterized by high mortality and morbidity. Hepatitis B affects approximately 350 million people worldwide, many of whom are chronic patients. Especially being under immunosuppressive therapy is a risk factor for the reactivation of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of HB in oncology patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, the seroprevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-hepatitis C virus, anti-HBs, and anti-hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) immunoglobulin G (IgG) were retrospectively evaluated from the medical records of 84 patients who were diagnosed of cancer, and were admitted to the outpatient clinic of medical oncology in the Batman State Hospital within a period of one year (between January and December 2017). Results: Anti-HBc IgG was positive in 44 patients (52.2%),16 (36.4%) have received treatment for the prevention of HBV reactivation six of these patients were HBsAg positive No reactivation and no side effects occur in patients who received prophylactic antiretroviral treatment. Conclusion: In our study, both the proportion of patients with HBsAg positivity and the proportion of patients with natural immunity were found to be slightly higher than those in Turkey and worldwide. No patients with HB reactivation is important evidence of necessity effectiveness of prophylactic antiviral treatment Amaç: Hepatit B virüsü (HBV) toplumun önemli bir bölümünü etkiler ve yüksek mortalite ve morbidite ile karakterizedir. HB, çoğu kronik hasta olan dünya çapında yaklaşık 350 milyon kişiyi etkilemektedir. Özellikle immünosüpresif tedavi altında olmak, hastalığın yeniden aktivasyonu için bir risk faktörüdür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, onkoloji hastalarında HB seroprevalansını araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma retrospektif nitelikte tanımlayıcı bir çalışma olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1 Ocak-2017 ila 31 Aralık 2017 dönemi boyunca Batman Bölge Devlet Hastanesi, Onkoloji Bölümü’ne başvuran 84 hasta çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Bu hastaların hepatit serolojileri kayıt altına alınarak hastalar aktif HBV enfeksiyonu, geçirilmiş HBV enfeksiyonu, almış oldukları profilaksiler ve reaktivasyon açısından değerlendirmiştir. Bulgular: Hastaların 6’sı hepatit B yüzey antijeni (HBsAg) pozitif olarak saptanmış olup, 44 hasta (%52,2) ise anti-HBc immünoglobulin G (IgG) pozitif olarak saptanmıştır. Bu 44 hastadan 28 hasta (63.6%) düşük riskli bir kemoterapotik ajan almaları nedeniyle profilaksi almamıştır, diğer hastalar ise profilaksi almıştır. HBsAg poztif olan hastalardan bir hasta dışında tüm hastalar tedavi almıştır. Tüm pozitif hastalar değerlendirdiğinde takipte hiçbir hastada reaktivasyon gelişmemiştir. Sonuç: Kapsamlı HB serolojisi onkolojik tedavi planı olan tüm hastalara bilinmeli ve eğer endikasyonu varsa hastalar tedavi veya profilaksi için değerlendirmelidir. Bu değerlendirmelerde kılavuz önerileri esas alınması reaktivasyon gelişme ihtimalini en aza indirecektir.

Objective: Influenza is a systemic infectious disease. It is recommended that all pregnant women receive the influenza vaccine because the mortality of the disease is high during pregnancy. However, the rates of influenza vaccination in pregnant women are low. This study aims to estimate the rate at which Turkish gynecologists and obstetricians (GOs) recommend the influenza vaccine to their pregnant patients.. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a cross-sectional survey. The sample size was calculated to be 364 based on 95% confidence interval and 5% margin of error. The data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions, which was distributed through social media. The final study group included in the research consisted of 384 GOs. Results:The mean age of the GOs that participated in the study was 39.7 years (SD = 10.2). 43.5% of the GOs reported that they recommended the influenza vaccine to pregnant women who had consulted with them, while 62.8% reported that at least 50% of the pregnant women they had recommended the vaccine rejected it. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, three factors increased the rate of GOs’ not to recommend influenza vaccination: the GOs’ age, not receiving influenza vaccination themselves, and not knowing the social insurance reimbursement for the vaccine. Conclusion: Vaccination of pregnant women is necessary because of the increased mortality risk of influenza during pregnancy. Even though GOs are not in charge of vaccinating their patients during their routine pregnancy follow-up, they can contribute to vaccination rates by recommending the vaccine. Physicians’ application of scientific knowledge and transferring it to their patients can contribute to increased adult immunization rates. Conclusion: Influenza, Influenza Vaccine, Pregnancy, Vaccination, Viral Infections

It is known that there is an increase in the frequency of psychiatric disturbances in the acute and post-illness phase of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Comorbid psychiatric symptoms complicate the management of patients and negatively affect the prognosis, but there is no clear evidence of their progress. We aimed to determine psychiatric comorbidity in inpatients and outpatients with COVID-19 and recognize the factors that predict psychiatric comorbidity. For this purpose, we evaluated patients on the first admission and after 4 weeks. We investigated psychiatric symptoms in outpatients (n = 106) and inpatients (n = 128) diagnosed with COVID-19. In the first 7 days after diagnosis (first phase), sociodemographic and clinic data were collected, a symptom checklist was constructed, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Severity of Acute Stress Symptoms Scale (SASSS) were applied. After 30-35 days following the diagnosis, the SASSS and the HADS were repeated. In the first phase, the frequency of depression and anxiety were 55% and 20% in inpatients, and 39% and 18% in outpatients, respectively. In the second phase, depression scores are significantly decreased in both groups whereas anxiety scores were decreased only in inpatients. The frequencies of patients reporting sleep and attention problems, irritability, and suicide ideas decreased after 1 month. Patients with loss of smell and taste exhibit higher anxiety and depression scores in both stages. Our results revealed that the rate of psychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients improves within 1 month. Inpatients have a more significant decrease in both depression and anxiety frequency than do outpatients. The main factor affecting anxiety and depression was the treatment modality. Considering that all patients who were hospitalized were discharged at the end of the first month, this difference may be due to the elimination of the stress caused by hospitalization.

Diagnosis of COVID19 is based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples. As NPS sampling is a discomforting invasive procedure, studies were conducted to investigate the performance of saliva and mouthwash (MW) samples in RT-PCR. There is limited data about MW samples. We have developed a new method for concentrating gargle and mouthwash (GMW) samples to be used in RT-PCR. In our study, we aimed to investigate the performance of concentration of GMW samples in detection of SARS-CoV-2. A paired sample of NPS and GMW samples were collected from patients in 11 centers in Turkey. MW samples were concentrated using MyMagiCon-RW100® (Bio-T, Istanbul, Turkey). NPS, GMW and concentrated GMW samples were tested by RT-PCR for the presence of SARS-CoV2 and the results were compared. The viral RNA was detected in 47.5% of NPS samples, in 28.8% of GMW before concentration and in 37.5% GMW samples after concentration. Concentration of samples increased the number of samples in which SARS-CoV2 RNA was detected by 16.6%. The RT-PCR of concentrated GMW samples yielded better results than the RT-PCR of NPS samples in two centers. Concentrated GMW sampling can be an alternative method to NPS sampling in rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19.

Objective: Tetanus, a vaccine-preventable disease, still has the potential to threaten human health. Immunization, especially in pregnant women, is critical as it protects both mother and baby. This study aims to evaluate the tetanus immunization status of pregnant women, their approach to the vaccine, and the factors affecting these. Methods: A 19-item questionnaire was applied to pregnant women from all over Turkey who applied to the hospital for any reason and agreed to participate. Results: A total of 5000 pregnant women from seven geographical regions, aged between 15 and 44 (mean 28±5.7) and whose gestational age was between 8 and 40 weeks (mean 22.07±8.5), participated in the study. %88.2 of them did not get vaccinated in their current pregnancy, and %23.2 of them didn’t plan to get vaccinated. When the reasons for not being vaccinated were questioned, %28.6 and %15.4 of them were afraid of side effects and harming the baby, respectively. In addition, %23.9 of them thought they didn’t need to be vaccinated, and %7.1 of them stated that the vaccine didn’t provide any protection. In univariate analysis, regions, age, gestational week, and the number of pregnancies resulting in delivery were found as factors that statistically significantly affected getting vaccinated, but in multivariate analysis, gestational week, education until secondary school, being followed by a family physician, history of more than three pregnancies, and being vaccinated in a previous pregnancy was found as an independent factor. Conclusions: Neonatal tetanus should be prevented not only because of its high mortality but also, the sequelae, and it can be prevented, minimized, or even completely eradicated by vaccination of pregnant women. For this purpose, every pregnant woman should be informed, and education and counseling support should be provided for vaccination against tetanus. © 2022, DOC Design and Informatics Co. Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Introduction: Guidelines recommend using a pulse oximeter rather than arterial blood gas (ABG) for COVID-19 patients. However, significant differences can be observed between oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in some clinical conditions. We aimed to assess the reliability of pulse oximeter in patients with COVID-19 Methods: We retrospectively reviewed ABG analyses and SpO2 levels measured simultaneously with ABG in patients hospitalized in COVID-19 wards. Results: We categorized total 117 patients into two groups; in whom the difference between SpO2 and SaO2 was 4% (acceptable difference) and >4% (large difference). Large difference group exhibited higher neutrophil count, C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen, D-dimer and lower lymphocyte count. Multivariate analyses revealed that increased fibrinogen, increased ferritin and decreased lymphocyte count were independent risk factors for large difference between SpO2 and SaO2. The total study group demonstrated the negative bias of 4.02% with the limits of agreement of −9.22% to 1.17%. The bias became significantly higher in patients with higher ferritin, fibrinogen levels and lower lymphocyte count. Conclusion: Pulse oximeters may not be sufficient to assess actual oxygen saturation especially in COVID-19 patients with high ferritin and fibrinogen levels and low lymphocyte count low SpO2 measurements.

Amaç: Aşı ile önlenebilir hastalıklardan korunmanın sağlanması toplum sağlığı açısından oldukça önemlidir. Fakat ülkemizde erişkin bağışıklama konusunda uygulamada önemli eksiklikler mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada ikinci basamak bir devlet hastanesi olan Batman Bölge Devlet Hastanesinde kurulan ‘Erişkin Bağışıklama Ünitesi’nin deneyimleri aktarılmıştır. Yöntem: Kasım 2017-Şubat 2018 tarihleri arasındaki 3 aylık süreçte ünitede yapılan Hepatit A, Hepatit B ve konjuge pnömokok aşıları aşı yapılan kişilerin epidemiyolojik özellikleri, aşı endikasyonları ve yönlendirildikleri klinikler açısından analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Kayıtlarının retrospektif incelemesinde toplamda 85 hastaya aşı yapıldığı saptandı. Bu hastaların %35.3’ü (n=30) kadın olarak saptandı. Hastaların tümü 16 yaş üzeri idi. Yaş ortalaması 57.6 olarak saptandı. Yapılan aşıların dağılımına bakıldığında %80 (n=68) hastanın konjuge pnömokok aşısı ile aşılandığı, %17.6 (n=15) hastaya Hepatit B, %2.4 (n=2) hastaya ise hepatit A aşısı uygulandığı görüldü.Aşılama endikasyonlarına bakıldığında %5.9 (n=5) hasta 65 yaş üstü olması nedeni ile, %36.5 (n=31)hasta böbrek yetmezliği nedeni ile, %1.2 (n=1) hasta romatolojik tedavi adayı olması nedeni ile, %8.2 (n=7) birey evde riskli temaslı birey-tümü Hepatit B açısından- olması nedeni ile, %4.7 (n=4) birey ise sağlık personeli olduğu için aşılanırken, %42.4 (n=36) birey ise başta KOAH olmak üzere altta yatan akciğer hastalıkları nedeni ile aşılanmış olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Erişkin Bağışıklama Merkezleri’ ikinci ve üçüncü basamak sağlık hizmeti veren tüm kurumlar için gereklidir. Özellikle başvuran hasta sayısının çok ve hasta grubunun da çeşitli olduğu hastaneler aslında aşı gereksinimi olan hasta popülasyonun da fazla olduğu hastanelerdir. Aşılanma oranlarını gerekli seviyeye ulaştırabilmek için hastaneler bünyesinde bu merkezlerin aktif olarak çalışmalıdır.

Introduction: Tuberculous meningitis is an important central nervous system infection, and it is the most severe clinical form of tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the frequently isolated microorganism, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality among central nervous system infections. Despite all the advances in medicine, diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis is still a significant problem. In our study, we aimed to evaluate clinical, microbiological and radiological features of the patients with tuberculous meningitis in detail. Materials and Methods: The study was designed as a retrospective study. A total of 32 patients diagnosed on the basis of clinical, microbiological and radiological criteria with tuberculous meningitis were included into the study. Patients were exposed to computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging with the exception of two patients. Computed tomography scans were performed at the time of admission to the emergency department while magnetic resonance imagings were performed within the 48 hours after computed tomography scans. The data were analyzed with SPSS 24. Results: Eleven of the patients were diagnosed with gold standard methods. The pathogen microorganism was M. tuberculosis in all cases. The diagnoses of other patients were determined by clinical; microbiologic and radiologic estimations. Demographic findings-symptoms of the patients, laboratory findings-symptoms and the contribution of radiology to the diagnosis were evaluated. Particularly, when the contribution of radiology to the diagnosis was studied, it was found that especially magnetic resonance imaging was more useful than computed tomography. Conclusion: Central nervous system infections due to M. tuberculosis are frequently related to high morbidity and mortality. The gold diagnosis methods of the disease are; isolation of M. tuberculosis from the cerebrospinal fluid or seeing the microorganism in the fluid with EZN stain. Because of the low positivity rates in gold standard methods, radiologic methods such as magnetic resonance imaging can be used in tuberculous meningitis diagnosis. Giriş: Tüberküloz menenjit önemli bir santral sinir sistemi infeksiyonudur ve tüberkülozun en ağır klinik formudur. Mycobacterium tuberculosis en sık izole edilen mikroorganizmadır ve santral sinir sistemi infeksiyonları içinde önemli bir mortalite ve morbidite nedenidir. Tıptaki tüm gelişmelere rağmen tüberküloz menenjit tanısı koymak hala ciddi bir problemdir. Bu çalışmada tüberküloz menenjit tanısı alan hastaların klinik, laboratuvar ve radyolojik özelliklerini detaylıca incelemeyi amaçladık. Materyal ve Metod: Çalışma retrospektif olarak tasarlandı. Klinik, mikrobiyolojik ve de radyolojik olarak tüberküloz menenjit tanısı alan toplam 32 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. İki hasta dışındaki tüm hastalara hem bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) hem de manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) ile kraniyal görüntüleme yapıldı. Bilgisayarlı tomografi incelemeleri acil serviste, MRG incelemeleri ise BT’den sonraki 48 saat içinde yapıldı. Data analizi SPSS.24 ile gerçekleştirildi. Bulgular: Hastaların 11’i altın standart yöntemler ile tanı almıştır. Üretilen tüm etkenler M. tuberculosis’dir. Diğer hastaların tanısı ise klinik, laboratuvar ve radyoloji desteği ile konulmuştur. Hastalara ait demografik veriler, semptomlar, laboratuvar bulguları ve radyolojinin tanıya katkısı değerlendirilmiştir. Radyolojinin tanıya katkısı incelendiğinde MRG BT’ye göre tanıya daha fazla katkı sağlayıcı olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç: M. tuberculosis’e bağlı santral sinir sistemi infeksiyonları yüksek mortalite ve morbidite nedenidir. Tanı için altın standart, basilin EZN boyası ile gösterilmesi ve kültürde üretilmesidir. Bu yöntemlerle düşük pozitiflik oranlarının olması nedeniyle radyolojik yöntemler özellikle de MRG tanıya yardımcı yöntem olarak kullanılabilir.

CoronaVac, the first coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine administered in our country, was found safe in clinical trials.We aimed to reveal the rate and features of CoronaVac vaccine-associated allergic reactions among vaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) in real-life.This study was planned as a questionnaire-based study. Participants who reported a postvaccination allergic reaction were interviewed on phone and their medical records were also checked for confirmation.A total of 2,488 HCWs took part in the study and 4,054 postvaccination complete questionnaire-responses were obtained. Twenty-one HCWs (female: male, 17:4) with a mean age of 40.95 ± 10.09 stated that they had an allergic reaction after a total of 23 vaccine injections. Accordingly, the reaction rate was 0.56% among all vaccine doses. The most common reactions were systemic skin reactions (2.7%) consisting of generalized pruritus, diffuse pruritic erythema, urticaria, and maculopapular rash. That was followed by local injection site reaction (0.12%). Anaphylaxis was reported in 4 cases (0.09%) with a mean onset time of 12 ± 6 minutes. One of them had a history of anaphylaxis with 2 drugs, another had venom and food allergy. Three of the subjects had level 2 diagnostic certainty according to the Brighton Collaboration criteria and one had level 3. All anaphylaxis cases were discharged within 24 hours and none of them required intensive care.Our study demonstrated that allergic reactions to CoronaVac were rare and mostly mild. Although anaphylaxis was also rare, the importance of early intervention with close follow-up was once again emphasized.

Barotrauma is a commonly reported complication in critically ill patients with ARDS caused by different etiologies, it's rate is reported to be around %10. Pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 patients seem to be more common and have different clinical characteristics. Here we report 9 patients who had pneumothorax and/or pneumomediastinum during their stay in the ICU. Patients who were admitted to ICU between March 2020 and December 2020, were reviewed for presence of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema during their ICU stay. Demographic characteristics, mechanical ventilation settings, documented ventilation parameters, outcomes were studied. A total of 161 patients were admitted to ICU during the study period, 96 were invasively ventilated. Nine patients had developed pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and/or subcutaneous emphysema during their admission. Five of them were men and median age was 66.6 years. All patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated. All patients were managed conservatively. One patient was discharged from ICU, the others were lost due to other complications related to COVID-19. Upon detection of pneumothorax and/or mediastinum all patients were managed conservatively by limiting their PEEP and maximum inspiratory pressures and were followed by daily chest X-rays (CXR) for detection of any progress. None of the patients showed increase in size of their pneumothorax and/or pneumomediastinum. Hemodynamically instability due to pneumothorax and/or pneumomediastinum was not observed in any of the patients. Tension pneumothorax was not observed in any of the patients. Most common reason for death was sepsis due to secondary bacterial infections. Acute deterioration with rapid oxygen desaturation or palpation of crepitation over thorax and neck in a COVID-19 patient should prompt a search for pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum. Conservative management may be an option as long as the patients are stable.

Background: In chronic hepatitis B patients with or exposed to the risk of osteoporosis or renal dysfunction, switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) or entecavir (ETV) may be the right choice. Objectives: This study aimed to present real-life data in terms of the efficacy and safety of a TAF/ETV treatment change while receiving TDF. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 344 adult patients from 10 centers. The data of patients who had changed to ETV (n = 107) and TAF (n = 237) while receiving TDF were analyzed. The data collected at 0 and 6 months of treatment were analyzed. The virological response was assessed based on undetected hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values were used to evaluate the biochemical response. For renal function, serum creatinine and phosphorus, as well as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), were recorded. Moreover, lumbar spine and hip T-scores along with the serum lipid profile were evaluated. Results: The mean age of patients was 41.14 ± 13.46 years, and 224 (65.1%) of the participants were male. The treatment arms were not significantly different in terms of demographic characteristics, comorbid diseases, infection duration, family history of HBV infection, blood platelet count, serum biomarkers, such as ALT, phosphorus, creatinine, total bilirubin, albumin, lipid profile, and HBV DNA levels at the beginning. No statistically significant difference was found between the proportion of undetectable HBV DNA of the two treatment groups after 6 months (P = 0.221). The ALT normalization in the ETV and TAF groups at the sixth month compared to the baseline levels was not significantly different (P = 0.853, P = 0.330, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment arms regarding changes in eGFR, creatinine, phosphorus, hip, and spine T-scores from baseline to 6 months (P = 0.296, P = 0.78, P = 0.141, P = 0.832, P = 0.947, respectively). In those who switched to TAF or ETV, low-density lipoproteins cholesterol were observed to be significantly higher after 6 months compared to baseline values (P = 0.002, P = 0.049, respectively). The TC increased significantly in the TAF group (P = 0.035). Conclusions: Our study showed that switching to ETV and TAF sustained the viral suppression and biochemical response achieved by TDF therapy. The treatment switch to TAF of ETV can control renal dysfunction and reduce bone mineral density caused by TDF.

Real-life experience of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate: The pythagorean cohort

WOS:000639966700013 Giriş: Türkiye’de, HIV-1 ile infekte kişi sayısı 2011-2018 yılları arasında beş kat artış göstermiş; 2019’da 20202 HIV ile infekte birey ve 1786 AIDS hastası bildirilmiştir. Hekimlerin HIV ile infekte hastalarla ilgili tıbbi, etik, hukuki ve sosyal konulardaki bilgilerinin güncellenmesi ve bu hastaları takip eden hekim sayısının artırılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada infeksiyon hastalıkları ve klinik mikrobiyoloji (EHKM) hekimlerinin tanı, tedavi ve takipte yaşadıkları sorunların belirlenmesi ve farkındalıklarının artırılması amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metod: Çalışmada 400 EHKM hekimine 39 soruluk anket formu elektronik posta ile gönderilmiştir. Toplamda 131 hekimin sonuçları analiz edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizde kategorik veriler için ki kare testi kullanılmış ve %95 güven aralığında 0.05’in altındaki p değeri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizler için SPSS v 21.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 131 hekimin 89’u (%67.9) kadındır, %75.6’sı (n= 99) HIV ile infekte hastaları takip ettiğini belirtmiştir. Hasta takip eden ve etmeyen hekimlerin meslekte ortalama çalışma süreleri sırasıyla 16.0 ± 10.4 (1-44) ve 11.9 ± 5.6 (2-26) yıldır. Hasta takip etmeyen 32 hekimin 22’si (%68.8) uygun koşulları olduğunda takip etmek istediğini belirtmiştir. Hekimlerin HIV ile infekte hasta takip etmemesinin en sık nedenleri takipte kullanılacak laboratuvar testlerine erişilememesi (%56.3 n= 18) ve hastane/poliklinik şartlarının yetersiz olmasıdır (%50.0 n= 16). HIV ile infekte hasta takip eden 99 hekimden 87’si (%87.8) tanı testlerinin tümüne erişebilmekte, 98 hekim (%98.9) en az birine erişebilmektedir. Hasta takibinde en çok zorlanılan konular hastanın sosyal güvencesinin olmaması (%43.4) ve hastalık konusunda yakınlarının bilgilendirilmesidir (%37.4). Hekimlerin %72.7’si sosyal özellikleri sorunlu olan hasta grubunun (mental bozukluk, ilaç bağımlılığı ve mahkûmlar) yönetiminde zorlanmaktadır. Hekim-hasta uyumu (%96), ilaç pozolojisi (%79.8) ve sigorta sorunları (%79.8) tedavi uyumunu etkileyen faktörlerin başında gelmektedir. Sonuç: HIV ile infekte hasta takip eden hekimlerin en zorlandığı konular sosyal güvencesi olmayan hastaların takibi, hasta yakınlarının bilgilendirilmesi ve sosyal olarak sorunlu hastaların yönetimidir. Hekimlerin hasta takip etmemesinin en sık nedenleri laboratuvar testlerine erişilememesi ve hastane şartlarının yetersiz olmasıdır. Çalışmamız çıktıları ülkemizdeki infeksiyon hastalıkları hekimlerinin eğitim planlarına katkı sağlayacaktır. Hekim hasta uyumunun artırılması bu hastalıkla mücadelede önemlidir Introduction: In Turkey, the number of infected people with HIV-1 increased five-fold between the years 2011-2018. In 2019, 20202 HIV-infected individuals and 1786 AIDS patients were reported. It is necessary to update the physicians’ knowledge on medical, ethical, legal and social issues about HIV infected patients, and to increase the number of physicians following these patients. In this study, it was aimed to determine the problems experienced by infectious diseases and clinical microbiology (IDCM) physicians on diagnosis, treatment and follow-up and to increase their awareness. Materials and Methods: In the study, a questionnaire with 39 questions was sent to 400 IDCM physicians via e-mail. The results of 131 physicians in total were analyzed. In statistical comparison, chi-square test was used for categorical data, and p value below 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant in 95% confidence interval. SPSS v 21.0 program was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 131 physicians who participated in the study, 89 (67.9%) were females, 75.6% of these physicians stated that they follow HIV-infected patients. Average working durations of the physicians who followed and did not follow the patients were 16.0 ± 10.4 (1-44) and 11.9 ± 5.6 (2-26) years, respectively. Of the 32 physicians who did not follow the patients, 22 (68.8%) stated that they wanted to follow patients on provided conditions. The most common reasons for physicians not following HIV-infected patients are lack of access to laboratory tests (56.3% n= 18) and inadequate hospital/outpatient conditions (50.0% n= 16). Of the 99 physicians who follow HIV-infected patients, 87 (87.8%) can access all diagnostic tests, and 98 physicians (98.9%) can access at least one. The most commonly found difficulties in patient follow-up are the lack of social insurance of the patient (43.4%) and informing relatives about the disease (37.4%). Seventy-two point seven percent of the physicians have difficulties in the management of the patient group (mental disorder, drug addiction and prisoners) who has social problems. Physician-patient compliance (96%), drug posology (79.8%) and insurance problems (79.8%) were found to be the leading factors affecting treatment compliance. Conclusion: The most challenging issues of physicians following HIV-infected patients are the follow-up of patients without social insurance and the management of socially problematic patients. The most common reasons for physicians not following these patients are inaccessibility to laboratory tests and insufficient hospital conditions. Our study outputs will contribute to the education plans of infectious diseases physicians in our country. Increasing physician patient compliance is important in combating this disease.

WOS:000654928300001 PMID: 33977603 Objective Occult hepatitis B infection (OHBI) appears to have a higher prevalence in populations at high risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with concomitant liver disease. The aim was to assess the prevalence of OHBI in a sample of human immunodeficiency virus -1 positive and HBV surface antigen-negative (HIV-1+/HBsAg-) Turkish patients. Methods Ten centres in Turkey were included in the study. Patients were selected on the basis of a power calculation with a known population size of HIV-positive patients and a reported prevalence of OHBI. Gender, age, occupation, place of residence, treatment and clinical status, and laboratory results, including immunodeficiency panel, antibody tests, hemogram, biochemistry, and coagulation studies were evaluated retrospectively. Results The number of HIV-infected patients followed in these centres was 3172 and the sample population numbered 278. All 278 were HBsAg negative. The mean age of the sample was 37.2 +/- 13.1 years and 235 (84.5%) were male. All but one patient (99.6%) had been treated with antiretroviral therapy. Of the 278 patients, 169 (60.6%) were positive for Anti-HBs and 125 (44.8%) were positive for Anti-HBc IgG. HIV RNA was detected in 203/278 (73%) of the patients. Four HBV DNA (1.4%) were diagnosed with OHBI. There was no significant difference in hemogram, hemoglobin or bilirubin concentrations in those with OHBI compared with the other patients. Conclusion In a representative sample of HIV+ patients from 10 Turkish centres, the prevalence of OHBI was found to be 1.4%. In HIV positive patients, it is important to identify those with OHBI for optimal clinical management and prognosis.

Amaç: Aşı tereddüdü hem Türkiye hem de dünya için toplumsal tehdit oluşturan bir tutumdur. Bu konuda Türkçeye validasyonu yapılmış bir ölçek bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Opel ve ark. tarafından 2011 yılında geliştirilip 2013 yılında revize edilen ve ‘Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines Survey ‘isimli ölçeğin Türkçeye dil validasyonunun yapılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem : Çalışma bir dil validasyonu çalışması olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Opel DJ ve arkadaşları tarafından geliştirilen ölçek için ‘Seri yöntem’ kullanılarak dil validasyonu çalışması yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin çeviri, gözden geçirme, geri çeviri, açıklığın ve aynılığın değerlendirmesi ile çevirisi sağlanmış ve Modifiye Lawshe yöntemiyle kapsam geçerlilik analizi yapılarak son hali verilmiştir. Uzmanların ölçek maddelerine yönelik içerik uygunluğu yönünden belirtmiş oldukları görüşlere göre her madde için kapsam geçerlilik oranı ve kapsam geçerlilik indeksi hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular. Tüm ölçek soruları için kapsam geçerlilik oranı kritik değer olan 0,455’in üzerinde saptanmıştır. Ölçeğin kapsam geçerlilik indeksi değeri ise 0,630 olup ölçek sorularının kapsam geçerliliğinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çıkarımlar: Çocukluk çağı aşılarına yönelik ebeveyn tutumları ölçeğinin dil validasyonunun tamamlanması ve kapsam geçerlilik testlerinden istatistik olarak anlamlı sonuçlar alınmış olması bu ölçeğin Türkçe anlaşılırlığının sağlandığını göstermektedir. Sonrasında yapılacak geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışmaları ile ölçeğin Türkiye’de aşı tereddüdü konusunda ebeveyn tutumlarını ölçebilir hale gelmesi hedeflenmektedir. Böylece daha geniş kitlelerde çalışılarak aşı tereddüdü ve mücadelesi konusunda yapılacak çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Background: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. From the perspective of hospital workers (HWs), employees are at risk of hepatitis B infection because of occupational exposure. Apart from this occupational risk, health professionals may still be affected by HBV, depending on the epidemiological characteristics of the country and geographical region they live in. Objectives: This study aimed to determine HBV, HCV, and HIV seroprevalence among HWs using data obtained from 21 hospitals located in six geographical regions in Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Methods: The study was designed as a retrospective, multicentre, descriptive study. Twenty hospitals from Turkey and one hospital from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus were involved in the study. The variables of the study were vaccination status against HBV and hepatitis A and HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBcIgG, anti-HAVIgG, anti-HCV, anti-HDV, and anti-HIV serology results belonging to the previous year. Results: Women constituted 58.9% (n = 5,622) of the HWs included in the study. The mean age was 36.3 +/- 9.09 years (min =18, max = 72). In terms of occupation, 42.5% (n = 4, 064) were nurses/health officers, and 24.8% (n = 2365) were physicians. HBsAg seroprevalence was found to be 1.8% (n =169; 95% CI = 1.5% - 2.0%), while anti-HBs seropositivity was 75.7% (n = 7,234). About 7.3% (n = 701) had natural immunity to hepatitis B. About 21.6% (n = 2,066) of the HWs did not receive hepatitis B vaccine. Conclusions: This study is the first study involving a large sample size from different locations of Turkey. According to the results, hepatitis B and hepatitis A vaccines should be administered to susceptible individuals and HWs. WOS:000534475500002 2-s2.0-85085751514

In 5%-20% of chronic HCV patients, cirrhosis or other complications like liver cancer may be seen and these may be directly or undirectly related. The development of a sustained viral response (SVR) does not change this fact. In the case of a 52-year-old female diabetic patient whose Anti-HCV was positive, HCV-RNA 2.230.000 IU/mL was decided to be followed up due to an ALT 68 UI/L, AST 55 UI/L. As a result of the biopsy (ISHAK, fibrozis= 2, HAI= 8), Pegile interferon alfa 2a 180 g/week + ribavirin 1000 mg/day was started. The patient was put under treatment for 48 weeks and as a result, SVR was obtained and the patient accepted as cure. The patient was told to come for check-up every six months. This patient who had actually started getting better stopped coming to our center in 2015 and did not return for a long time. The patient came back in 2016 with a fatigue complaint. As a result of the examination, AFP was 38.6 and all other parameters were found normal. Although there was no sign of a mass image in her liver ultrasound, there was a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compatible lesion which was 190 x 150 x 90 mm in segment 6-7 in her contrasted MR result. The patient was urgently referred to a transplant center. However, it was determined at the center that since the tumor had made a vein invasion, there was no chance for a transplant. The patient died in June 2017. The cure in HCV treatment does not exclude the reality of HCC, which shows that patients who get the treatment must be followed up very closely. Routine clinical follow up, AFP level screening, effective ultrasound and dynamic imagination are of utmost importance.

Millions of people have been lost due to HIV/AIDS after complete presentation of the disease. Mortality rates decrease significantly with effective treatments. However, HIV/AIDS is an important infectious disease and a concern for public health. Therefore, knowing fatality rates and mortality rates are very important in patient follow-up. In this study, it was aimed to calculate the fatality rate in patients followed up in a university hospital for eleven years.

Both nosocomial and community acquired gram-negative bacterial infections cause serious morbidity and mortality. However, old antibiotics, which have toxic side effects, should be re-used because of the lack of newly developed antibiotics. One of these is colistin which has both nephrotoxic and neurotoxic side effects. Especially due to nephrotoxicity side effec, serious problems can be experienced in the use of colistin. In this article, a case of reversible nephrotoxicity after colistin usage is presented.