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The COVID-19 pandemic caused drastic social changes for many people, including separation from friends and coworkers, enforced close contact with family, and reductions in mobility. Here we assess the extent to which people's evolutionarily-relevant basic motivations and goals—fundamental social motives such as Affiliation and Kin Care—might have been affected. To address this question, we gathered data on fundamental social motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) across two waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered both before and during the pandemic (pre-pandemic wave: 32 countries, N = 8998; 3302 male, 5585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91; mid-pandemic wave: 29 countries, N = 6917; 2249 male, 4218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). Samples include data collected online (e.g., Prolific, MTurk), at universities, and via community sampling. We found that Disease Avoidance motivation was substantially higher during the pandemic, and that most of the other fundamental social motives showed small, yet significant, differences across waves. Most sensibly, concern with caring for one's children was higher during the pandemic, and concerns with Mate Seeking and Status were lower. Earlier findings showing the prioritization of family motives over mating motives (and even over Disease Avoidance motives) were replicated during the pandemic. Finally, well-being remained positively associated with family-related motives and negatively associated with mating motives during the pandemic, as in the pre-pandemic samples. Our results provide further evidence for the robust primacy of family-related motivations even during this unique disruption of social life.

This study examines the role of cultural values on individuals' intention to rent out and rent products in peer-to-peer exchanges. We collected survey data from participants in eleven countries - China, India, Jamaica, Namibia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Our findings provide evidence that, while both collectivism and masculinism positively affect individuals' intention to rent out and rent products, uncertainty avoidance significantly discourages individuals from renting out their products to others. We also find that the product category significantly affects renting out and renting intentions of individuals using peer-to-peer exchanges.

What motives do people prioritize in their social lives? Historically, social psychologists, especially those adopting an evolutionary perspective, have devoted a great deal of research attention to sexual attraction and romantic-partner choice (mate seeking). Research on long-term familial bonds (mate retention and kin care) has been less thoroughly connected to relevant comparative and evolutionary work on other species, and in the case of kin care, these bonds have been less well researched. Examining varied sources of data from 27 societies around the world, we found that people generally view familial motives as primary in importance and mate-seeking motives as relatively low in importance. Compared with other groups, college students, single people, and men place relatively higher emphasis on mate seeking, but even those samples rated kin-care motives as more important. Furthermore, motives linked to long-term familial bonds are positively associated with psychological well-being, but mate-seeking motives are associated with anxiety and depression. We address theoretical and empirical reasons why there has been extensive research on mate seeking and why people prioritize goals related to long-term familial bonds over mating goals. Reallocating relatively greater research effort toward long-term familial relationships would likely yield many interesting new findings relevant to everyday people’s highest social priorities.

The goal of the present study was to cross-validate two measures of cultural tightness and looseness, CTL: one used in a comparison within the United States, and the other used in a cross-country comparison. The former was based mainly on aggregation of state laws on controversial issues and religiosity and the latter on assessment of homogeneity in moral values among representative samples across countries. To cross-validate these two measures, both were recomputed at the US divisional level. Despite the differences in their methods of computation, the two measures of CTL correlated highly with each other, r = .92, and with theoretical variables of interest. Further, when the two measures of CTL were used simultaneously to predict theoretical variables of interest, neither remained significant suggesting that they were substitutable with each other. Convergence of results with measures computed via maximally different methods increases the confidence in the validity of these two CTL measures.

Past studies showed that self-construal could be manipulated by the differences in language use; for example, the use of first-person singular pronouns in a sentence prime independent self-construal whereas first person plural pronouns prime interdependent selfconstrual. In addition, it has been demonstrated that women are more sensitive to such manipulations. In the current study, self-construal was manipulated by the use of “I” or “we” pronouns and it was investigated whether Turkish women are also more sensitive to such manipulations in pronoun types. The sample consisted of 155 university students. Participants were asked to state how much they agree with statements including either “I” or “we” as a personal pronoun. The results showed that, in general, women were more interdependent as compared to men, but there was no sex difference with regard to independence. Pronoun type alone did not influence self-construal, but it interacted with sex in predicting interdependent self-construal. Accordingly, the use of “we” as a pronoun increased interdependence only among women. The current study contributed to Turkish psychological literature by demonstrating that self-construal can be primed by manipulating pronoun types and women are more susceptible to such manipulations. Implications for future research were discussed.

There is a substantial body of literature on behavior inappropriateness in face-to-face social settings; however, not much is known about what individuals consider inappropriate (or appropriate) on Internet-mediated social networks. Although online social networks enable the exchange of ideas between and among geographically and culturally diverse individuals, cultural differences across countries will likely affect individuals' perceived appropriateness of social network behaviors. To better understand this phenomenon, this study proposes a new construct of social network behavior inappropriateness (SNBI) and tests its relationship with a recently proposed national cultural dimension of personal-sexual attitudes, which captures country-level cultural norms.

Critics of deception in research allege harm to society, the discipline of psychology, the researchers and participants. However, neither empirical findings nor a ‘reasonable-person’ test seem to support those allegations. By and large, researchers who use deception consider its costs and benefits, and the kind and degree of deceit that is typically used in psychology is of a benevolent type. Moreover, participants prefer to participate in deception research rather than its non-deceptive alternatives. In the light of these premises, we argue that deception can be desirable, especially when considering cost and benefits to research participants.

The consequences of globalization are a matter of debate. This study is an attempt to test the predictions of homogenization, polarization, and hybridization theorists with regard to the similarities and differences between and within societies. Utilizing four waves of the World Values Survey, from 1989 to 2007, this study covers 20 societies that represent 55% of the world population. The survey involved value statements in 72 areas by nationally representative samples. Results showed that differences between Western and non-Western countries' cultures tended to increase slightly over time, but that these increases in disagreement were not due to cultures moving in opposite directions. In all instances, they were moving in the same direction, with one of the cultures moving faster. The direction of influence was mostly from Western toward non-Western, lending support to the idea that globalization leads to homogenization, rather than to polarization or hybridization. Resume Les consequences de la globalisation sont largement debattues. Cette etude a pour objet de tester les predictions des theoriciens de l'homogeneisation, de la polarisation et de l'hybridation quant aux similitudes et aux differences entre et a l'interieur des societes. Utilisant les resultats de quatre vagues, de 1989 a 2007, du World Values Survey, cette etude concerne 20 societes qui representent 55% de la population mondiale. L'enquete porte sur des jugements de valeur dans 72 domaines par des echantillons nationaux representatifs. Les resultats montrent que la difference entre pays occidentaux et non-occidentaux a eu tendance a augmenter legerement avec le temps. Cependant, l'augmentation des divergences n'est pas due a ce que les cultures vont dans des directions opposees. Dans tous les cas, elles vont dans la meme direction, cependant l'une d'entre elles y va plus rapidement. L'influence s'exerce principalement des pays occidentaux vers les pays non-occidentaux, ce qui accredite plus encore l'idee que la globalisation conduit a l'homogeneisation, plutot qu'a la polarisation ou a l'hybridation.

Terrorist attacks committed in 2003 by Turkish Islamist extremists threatened the social identity of Turkish Muslims by associating them with terrorism. Using a 2 × 3 experimental design, we categorized Turkish respondents and terrorists as members of a shared superordinate group (“Muslims”) or as members of separate subgroups. When sharing superordinate group membership with terrorists, less identified Turkish respondents experienced ambivalent identification, i.e., they sought to maintain attachment to their group while simultaneously seeking distance from it. Ambivalent identification was reduced when respondents emphasized their typicality as members of a Muslim subgroup that did not include terrorists. The discussion focuses on ambivalent identification as a response to identity threat, and the implications for Islamist terrorism for the social identity of Muslims.

Following the November 2003 attacks in Turkey by Turkish Islamist extremists, we designed an experiment to assess the religious identification of Turkish Muslim students using the inclusion/exclusion model of social judgment and social identity theory as general frameworks. Students (n = 193) were randomly assigned to experimental groups and then completed a questionnaire about religious identification. Groups varied in terms of the religious labels (i.e. Muslim vs specific religious sects) used for both the attackers and respondents in the introduction to the questionnaire. Results indicate that labeling terrorists as “Muslims” increased the respondents’ religious identification when they focused on their identity as “Muslims”, but decreased it when participants focused on their own sect membership. Regardless of the strength of their identification, being cast into similar categories with Islamist terrorists increased the ambivalence that Turkish citizens felt toward their religious identities. The high...

The goal of the present study was to cross-validate two measures of cultural tightness and looseness, CTL: one used in a comparison within the United States, and the other used in a cross-country comparison. The former was based mainly on aggregation of state laws on controversial issues and religiosity and the latter on assessment of homogeneity in moral values among representative samples across countries. To cross-validate these two measures, both were recomputed at the US divisional level. Despite the differences in their methods of computation, the two measures of CTL correlated highly with each other, r = .92, and with theoretical variables of interest. Further, when the two measures of CTL were used simultaneously to predict theoretical variables of interest, neither remained significant suggesting that they were substitutable with each other. Convergence of results with measures computed via maximally different methods increases the confidence in the validity of these two CTL measures.

The previous studies showed that the use of first person singular pronoun, that is, “I,” primes the independent self, whereas the use of the first person plural pronoun, that is, “we,” primes the interdependent self. A different line of research discovered a strong correlation between societal level of individualism and the overall requirement of explicit personal pronoun use in a language. The present study provided a competitive test of these two hypotheses by utilizing Google Books Ngram database of published books in different languages. The sample consisted of published work in American English, British English, English publications other than American and British English, Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, and Spanish corpora. The results extended the previous individual-level priming experiments on first person singular versus plural pronouns and showed that the relative percentage of first person singular pronoun use in written material across languages reflected the cultural-level individualism. However, there was not a reliable relation between the overall use of explicit pronouns and societal level of individualism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the exercise dependence syhmptom on individuals who do exercise regularly as nonathlete. Totally 123 individuals (32 female, 91male, mean age 28,2±16,2 years, exercise mean age 7,7,±6,2 years) participated in to the study voluntary. Data collected by using demographic survey sheet and Exercise Dependence Scale-21 which was developed by Hausenblas and Downs (2002) and adapted in to Turkish by Yeltepe and Ikizler (2007). SPSS used for analysis. Analysis showed that; %1,6 of participant were dependence, %84,1 of participant was symptomatic and %14,2 of participants were asymptomatic. In addition there were significant differences between groups according to weekly exercise frequency, exercise age and total dependence scale point. There was positive but low correlation with total exercise dependence score and weekly exercise frequency and daily exercise duration. On the other hand it is found that there was negative but low correlation with total exercise dependence score and age. According to findings it is possible to say that if losing control of weekly exercise frequency and daily exercise duration exercise dependence symptoms may occur among sedentaries.

Objective: Causal uncertainty is being uncertain about the causes of social events. Causal uncertainty is related with effortful information processing, attributional processes, depression, anxiety, and negative affect. Although causal uncertainty is implicated in relation to many psychiatric as well as clinical and social psychological constructs, a Turkish version of Causal Uncertainty Scale is missing. The present study was carried out in order to translate the Causal Uncertainty Scale into Turkish, and examine its validity and reliability. Methods: It was translated into Turkish by three English-Turkish bilinguals who first worked independently, then worked together. Once a version was agreed upon, the scale was back-translated into English and was found to be equivalent. The final Turkish scale was tested upon 138 university students. Results: Item analysis, factor analysis, and internal reliability tests showed that the Turkish scale was internally reliable. Discriminant and predictive validity tests indicated that the Turkish scale was valid. There were no sex or age differences in Turkish scale, attesting further to its reliability and validity. Discussion: Future studies can use the validated Turkish Causal Uncertainty Scale both to replicate the findings found in other countries and to venture into new research areas.