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Despite much promise in overcoming drug-resistant infections, clinical studies of bacteriophage antibacterial therapy have failed to show durable effectiveness. Although lysogeny plays an important role in bacterial physiology, its significance in diverse microbiomes remains unclear. Here, we tested the following hypotheses: 1) urinary microbiome phage populations switch to a higher relative proportion of temperate phages, and 2) the activity of the phage recombination machinery (integration/excision/transposition) is higher during human urinary tract infections (UTIs) than in non-infected urinary tracts. Using human urine, model organisms, mass spectrometry, gene expression analysis, and the phage phenotype prediction model BACPHLIP, the results corroborated our hypotheses at the functional protein and gene levels. From a human health perspective, these data suggest that temperate phages may facilitate bacterial infections rather than function as protective agents. These findings support the use of lysogenic phages as therapeutic Trojan Horses., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: LAL and AL are coinventors in granted patents US 9,012,240 and US 8,497,137, related to the affinity particles. The patents are owned by the George Mason Research Foundation. Ceres Nanosciences licensed the rights of the patents. LAL and AL own shares of Ceres Nanosciences. The remaining authors declared no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The combination of advanced mass spectrometry and enrichment-based sample preparation methods has enhanced analytical capabilities in clinical proteomics. In this chapter, we describe a method of proteome analysis to identify Borrelia-derived peptides in urine that includes a sample affinity enrichment method coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis and a bioinformatic peptide authentication algorithm., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In this paper, we propose and analyze a hybrid iterative method for finding a common element of the set of solutions of a generalized equilibrium problem, the set of solutions of a variational inequality problem, and the set of fixed points of a relatively nonexpansive mapping in a real Banach space. Further, we prove the strong convergence of the sequences generated by the iterative scheme. Finally, we derive some consequences from our main result. Our work is an improvement and extension of some previously known results recently obtained by many authors.

The medium of instruction for medical education in Pakistan is English, which results in several words being lost in translation due to the lack of equivalent words in English. "Ghabrahat" is one such commonly used symptom. We conducted a cross sectional descriptive survey of medical students and doctors from four tertiary care hospitals between November 2013 and April 2014 evaluating the term "Ghabrahat". Total 120 participants were interviewed. Of these, 65.8% had heard of "ghabrahat". Among those aware of this terminology, 60.8% believed they had a good understanding of it. Of the total 95% believed "ghabrahat" still needed further investigation. The participants classified, "Ghabrahat "as benign (18.3%), serious (23.3%) and as an indefinable/vague symptom (48.3%).We concluded that "ghabrahat" is a symptom commonly encountered in clinical practice. It has a wide variety of expressed meanings and should not be used as a term expressing a single entity, system or disease.