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We are currently in the process of making a Europe where the elements of national sovereignty will be narrowed through the sharing of sovereignty and for collective security. Another trend in the field was that of regionalization of the importance and implications of this issue, explicitly or implicitly considered as belonging to Central and Eastern Europe. Such an assessment neglects the significance of a number of factors pertaining to the historical and political developments has on the matter, particularly regarding economic development of Central and Eastern Europe areas, and that the conflictual degeneration of perceiving ethnical, cultural and regional otherness is not a phenomenon which affects this space alone, but also the West. In contradiction with this point of view, some foreign experts in the field say it is a social reality that discrimination and intolerance connected to religion and ethnicity can be found in all meetings of the world and in countries with different economic development phases.

Gallbladder adenomyomatosis (GAM) is a type of hyperplastic cholecystopathy, characterized by benign gallbladder thickening, determined by excessive proliferation of the surface epithelium into a thickened muscularis propria. It is an incidental finding in approximately 9% of cholecystectomies, GAM being an asymptomatic entity. Its prevalence rises with age, while having a female predilection. From all forms of GAM (focal, segmental and diffuse), the segmental form is considered the most difficult to distinguish from gallbladder carcinoma. D.L., a 44-year-old male was admitted for further investigations and treatment of a suspected gallbladder malignancy. The patient reported right hypochondrium colicative pain and nausea. An abdominal ultrasound performed prior to his admission, had shown a gallbladder with irregular thickened wall, without lithiasis. Clinical examination revealed pain in the right hypochondriac region, no peritoneal irritation and negative Murphy maneuver. Abdominal ultrasound revealed numerous small hyperechoic images, segmental mural thickening with double-contour and discontinuity of the wall and uneven caliber of the common bile duct. Abdominal computed tomography showed rosary sign (a suggestive aspect of GAM). The therapeutic approach consisted in laparoscopic cholecystectomy,. On gross evaluation, the gallbladder had lithiasic aspect and a thickened wall. The pathological examination revealed adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder, chronic cholecystitis and microlithiasis. The patient's evolution was uneventful. In conclusion, we present a case of GAM in a 44-year-old male. The particularity of this report consists in the initial diagnosis of cancer and the low rate of incidence of the disease (9% of cholecystectomy specimens). Furthermore, the age and gender of the patient are not characteristic for this illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minorities' issue is not an issue of alterity of certain social groups, rather it is an issue of the modern, laic, rational and neutral state's inability from an ethnical-cultural perspective to ensure the unbiased government of all social groups within it. From a general perspective, we can assert that the abstract regulations of representative democracy and rule of law do not provide sufficient guarantee for restricting the state's ability to commit an abuse against such categories of citizens. Due to this reason, we are inclined to view the minorities' issue as being specific to democracy and the rule of law. A dictatorship or a totalitarian regime may persecute the majority as well as the minority. Although considered to be of political opportunism, they impose on totalitarian regimes the sparing of certain susceptibilities of the major population, or, in particular, the exploitation of certain preconceptions, sympathies or antipathies in relation thereto, it is difficult to believe that the majority will benefit from a real advantage following such practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valvular disease is a frequent cardiac pathology leading to heart failure and, ultimately, death. Mitral regurgitation, defined as the inability of the two mitral leaflets to coapt, is a common valvular disease and a self sustained pathology. A better understanding of the mitral valve histological layers provides a better understanding of the leaflet and chordae changes in mitral valve prolapse. Mitral valve prolapse may occur in myxomatous degenerative abnormalities, connective tissue disorders or in sporadic isolated cases. It is the most common mitral abnormality of non-ischemic cause leading to severe surgery-requiring mitral regurgitation. In addition to standard echocardiographic investigations, newly implemented three-dimensional techniques are being used and they permit a better visualisation, from the so-called 'surgical view', and an improved evaluation of the mitral valve. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent inherited myocardial disease caused by mutations in various genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere, leading to a marked left ventricular hypertrophy unexplained by other comorbidities. The pathological echocardiographic hallmarks of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. The systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve contributes to the development of mitral regurgitation and further narrows the left ventricular outflow tract, leading to more severe symptomatology. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging accurately measures the left ventricular mass, the degree of diastolic function and it may also be used to distinguish phenotypic variants. The clinical outcome of patients with these pathologies is mostly determined by the selected option of treatment. The purpose of surgical correction regarding mitral valve involvement is to restore valvular competence. Surgery has proven to be the only useful treatment in preventing heart failure, improving symptomatology and reducing mortality. Our approach wishes to enhance the understanding of the mitral valve's involvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse from genetic, haemodynamic and clinical perspectives, as well as to present novelties in the grand field of treatment., Competing Interests: Conflict of interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2016, Popa et al. and Applied Systems.)