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The trust is an outstanding creature of common law of the Middle Ages. It has gained international recognition essentially for its tripartite structure and unique character. Bifurcation of rights became a label of the trust and made it flexible and adaptable to various transfers. There are numerous debates regarding the origin of the trust. This article deals with the issue of Islamic origin. The methodology of the research is oriented to comparative analysis, which considers the comparison of the traditional models of the trust and the waqf. The parallel is drawn between the juridical and linguistic peculiarities.

The history of mankind will depict 2020 as the beginning of the new era – the era of the pandemic, which has invaded the world countries. The life on the earth has changed drastically. A partial or complete lockdown, numerous infected citizens, an increasing economic crisis, devaluation of a national currency, paralyzed cultural and social lives – this is a partial list of the challenges faced by the majority of the world countries that have made efforts to survive. The paper depicts the challenges of Georgia’s educational space in the environment of the pandemic. The major emphasis is put on the transition from a classroom teaching to an online lecturing as well as on the (dis)advantages of a face-to-face interaction and a virtual communication. Moreover, the paper presents some strategies of the “peaceful” transition (creation of a student-oriented virtual-classroom atmosphere, timely informativeness, usage of appropriate technological means, replacement of written-type exams with hybrid-type examinations, flexible site-oriented means of an extracurricular communication, updated criteria of assessment, etc.) elaborated at the Faculty of Humanities of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The methodology of research includes observation, analysis and evaluation of the recent processes.

The 21 st century shifted the world communities to an “electronic” stage of evolution. Drastic changes can be visualized in literature, linguistics and other humanitarian sciences. The greatest attention is paid to the promotion of linguistic researches, which are oriented towards electronic documenting of the language as well as on the intensive usage of digital methodologies and modern technologies. The reliance on these “technics” enables contemporary Georgian scientists to achieve principally new results and verify different models or hypotheses. Despite these circumstances, a lot must be done in the sphere of Kartvelology. The paper presents the university projects, which are oriented towards: involvement of students in researching activities dealing with the corpus-building; promotion of the development of digital Kartvelology; facilitation of creation of Georgian and foreign scholars’ digital library and text-corpus; development of Georgian scientific meta-language, etc. Therefore, promotion of digitalization, development of scientific meta-language, facilitation of the preservation of well-known scholars’ works, creation of digital libraries and establishment of modern methods crucial for the promotion of up-to-date teaching processes – these are the main issues of our paper and integral problems of today’s educational world. The methodology of research includes observation, analysis and evaluation of ongoing projects and their already-achieved/future outcomes. Certain prospects are visualised.

Contemporary globalizing processes are often associated with plurilingualism, translanguaging and multiliteracies that foster the implementation of multilingual education in the countries facing an increasing diversity: the mass migration of population, the growing number of refugees, settlements of ethnic minorities. The paper deals with the presentation of the latest state policies directed towards the implementation of multilingual education in Georgia – in the post-Soviet country, which has undergone drastic changes during the last decades. In the Soviet epoch, mastering Georgian or Russian was a prerequisite of a rightful citizenship. After the dissolution of the USSR, mastering Georgian started being obligatory for occupying positions in governmental institutions, organizations, etc. This fact marginalized those representatives of ethnic minorities, who had a poor knowledge of the state language. The government initiated the implementation of multilingual educational policies preventing marginalization of ethnic minorities and facilitating the rearing of plurilingual citizens sharing equal rights and responsibilities. The paper presents certain insights into the multilingual education and makes specific proposals regarding the: usage of innovative teaching methods, models and approaches (CLIL approach, heteroglossic approach); creation of an appropriate lesson design; implementation of intensive training-courses focused on the acquisition of intercultural and cross-national skills, etc. The methodology of research includes observation, analysis and evaluation of ongoing processes.

Nowadays, almost all states of the world recognize the importance of the protection of cultural and language rights in sustainability of communities. This attitude is directed by globalizing processes, which strive to transform the world into a single entity via reducing differences. On the background of the globally-determined reformation, preservation of languages, traditions, values and other aspects of culture acquires the greatest urgency. Therefore, states have to pay a special attention to the protection of rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities. The paper deals with the presentation of the progressive state policies as well as the projects/programs facilitating the integration of the ethnic minorities into the Georgian society with the emphasis on the general and higher education. The projects/programs aim at teaching the state language to those representatives of ethnic minorities, who have a poor knowledge or no knowledge of the Georgian language. Determination of the major challenges and outcomes of the projects/programs, discussion of some gaps, introduction of convenient opportunities of their “filling” - these are the major issues of the paper. The methodology of research includes observation, analysis and evaluation of the ongoing processes.

“The impact of the various trends and challenges related to globalisation of higher education institutions and policies is profound, but also diverse, depending on the specific location in the global arena” (Damme, 2010). The given paper is dedicated to the study of globalizing processes and their influence on the development of Georgian Post-Soviet higher education area. The contemporary educational strategies are highlighted on the example of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University – the leading educational institution of the whole Caucasus region. During the recent years Tbilisi State University underwent significant innovative processes comprising the following major directions: Internationalization – establishment of foreign centers; implementation of joint projects and exchange programs; creation of international winter and summer schools; Modernization – implementation of 4-level studies; creation of encyclopedic dictionary; restructuring faculties; redirection of scientific researches, etc. The significance of the above mentioned innovations, their impact on the development of Post-Soviet university life and Georgians’ steps made towards the rapid integration into the European educational space – these are contemporary strategic issues and major challenges of our work. The highlighted strategies can serve as an exemplary and useful model of progress for those Post-Soviet universities of the world, which strive to join the European Higher Education Area.

Contemporary educational processes have to be in tune with the increasing global tendencies. All the world countries strive to unite under the umbrella term “global village”, which implies interconnected and almost unified political, economic, cultural, juridical and even educational spheres of life. Special grave challenges are faced by contemporary post-Soviet countries. They have to undergo the post-communist era, to struggle for the survival via radical correctional policy and to interweave globally oriented as well as capitalistically oriented strategies. The greatest challenge is posed to the educational sphere. Many post-Soviet higher educational institutions strive to join the European Higher Education Area. The given institutions try to interflow for the genuine overcoming of the existed “insurmountable” barriers. They consolidate collaboration and cooperation on different research and educational programs. Many newly-created joint projects appear and “play a key role in creating the rightful architecture of modern society. A central point in this process is the enquiry to identify… most urgent problems in national educational systems”(Pourtskhvanidze, 2016), to determine the strategies of functioning in multilingual society and to create a universal educational model of post-communist area via finding a balance between national and worldly. The given paper presents innovative university projects, which belong to two different worlds: the highly developed capitalistic world (Italian international project “Linguaggi e attività Produttive”) and post-Soviet “capitalistically-directed” space (Georgian-Ukrainian “DIMTEGU”). “Linguaggi e attività Produttive” and “DIMTEGU” have different nature and individual ways of development. However, both of them present innovative mechanisms of the preservation of multiculturalism and plurilingualism. The promotion of multiculturalism, facilitation of the preservation of plurilingualism, introduction of multilingual teacher education, development of appropriate curricula and teaching materials, suggestion of the fruitful ways of the adaptation to the global challenges – these are the major issues of our paper and crucial problems of today’s educational world.

The area of family law has suffered crucial changes throughout the centuries. Nowadays, during the times of globalization, these changes are directed towards the internationalization of legal systems of the world. Juridical differences are becoming irrelevant - socio-cultural, socio-economic and political developments of one country influence other countries. The comparative study of these developments is becoming a foundation for future harmonization of the world law. The given paper presents a precise study of the French (capitalistic) and Lithuanian (“almost” capitalistic) “testate successions”. It singles out major terminological units and underlines the most prominent peculiarities of the capitalistic and “almost” capitalistic mechanisms of the modes of inheritance. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n3p218

“Trust” has always been regarded as the sole possession of the common-law world. However, the popularity of this legal institution has greatly increased during the last decades. Nowadays, under the influence of the globalizing processes „trust-like devices” are appearing in many civil law jurisdictions or are under active consideration in the economic spheres of some countries. The given paper deals with the comparative analysis of the Swiss and French “fiducie”-s (contemporary trust-like mechanisms of Switzerland and France) via putting emphasis on the major similarities and differences of these institutions. The Swiss fiduciary transactions developed in 1893 in response to the practical necessity. Initially, these transactions aimed at the transference of ownership as security for a debt. However, in 1905 they were arranged for fiduciary management. Nowadays, the Swiss “fiducie” considers the transference of assets by a natural or a legal person to the fiduciary (another natural or legal person), who performs management tasks for the purpose of serving the creator’s or beneficiary’s interests. The Swiss law differentiates several forms of “fiducie” (“fiducie-gestion”, “fiducie-liberalite” and “fiducie-surete”), which have conceptual counterparts (“coincidences”) in the French legal system. Characterization of terminological and semantic “coincidences”, their separation and precise description – this is the major task of the given paper and one of the urgent questions of the contemporary legal studies. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n3p269

The world has been constantly developing throughout the centuries. However, the pace of changes has been almost doubled during the last decades. The process of globalization has comprised the whole world. Its orientation on the tendency of penetration, internationalization and rapid development has changed the contours of different spheres of life. The given paper studies innovative processes of the European legal sphere. It is oriented on the discussion of the formation of the Luxembourgish (capitalistic) “fiducie” and the Georgian (“almost” capitalistic) “საკუთრების მინდობა” under the influence of Anglo-American “trust”. The original form of “trust” appeared at the end of the Middle Ages – in the epoch, when the real estate was the principle form of wealth. In the beginning of the 19th century, the given institution emerged in the American business sphere and stipulated the appearance of “trust-like” mechanisms throughout the world. Hence, the implementation of these devices was contradicted by the traditions of continental law-governed countries - the duality of ownership seemed almost unacceptable to the “rigid” European jurisdictions. Despite such circumstances, during the recent decades, the process of globalization has facilitated the popularization of the utilization of the institution of “trust”. Its alternatives appeared in capitalistic and “almost” capitalistic countries in different forms and variations. Development of these variations and their terminological nomination is an urgent issue and the major focus of the given research. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n11p124

Throughout the centuries human societies of the world have progressively established closer contacts. However, the pace of these processes has significantly increased during the last decades. The growing tendency of globalization has stipulated the resemblance of juridical norms of different countries. The given paper is dedicated to the problems associated with the transference of a deceased person’s property. It describes a legal mechanism of practical realization of the right of inheritance and nominates it as one of the major rights of an individual. The rules of inheritance are usually applied after the death of a person. They comprise the norms of “testate” and “intestate” successions. However, “testate succession” - the inheritance established through the last will or testament – acquires pressing urgency in today’s world. It enables individuals to make valid distributions of their property during the epoch of “all-embracing” market economy. The given paper presents a precise study of the Italian (capitalistic) and Georgian (“almost” capitalistic) “testate successions”. It singles out major terminological units and underlines the most prominent differences of capitalistic and “almost” capitalistic mechanisms of the modes of inheritance. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n11p352

Today’s global processes foster the rapid internationalization and integration of educational systems of different countries. Globally-oriented strategies are spread all over Europe. They gradually “creep” into the state structures and set up new goals before the educational systems of developing countries. On the background of the ongoing internationalizing processes the question of the maintenance of national identity acquires an outstanding importance. State universities make an attempt to play a significant role in the solution of this problem. The given paper presents the latest pedagogical strategies implemented at the Faculty of Humanities of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The major emphasis is put on the involvement of two ongoing projects into the university studies (“English-Georgian Encyclopedic Dictionary”, “The Georgian National Corpus”) and students’ participation in their further development. The given projects directly answer the demands of the modern epoch. On the one hand, they reveal western-oriented strategies via the introduction of the major concepts of today’s lingva franca. On the other hand, they serve as the tool of the maintenance of the national identity via the enrichment of the Georgian language and popularization of the Georgian literary monuments or manuscript sources among the foreigners. The strategies highlighted in the paper directly answer the following demand of the Council of Europe: “The rich heritage of diverse languages and cultures in Europe is a valuable common resource to be protected and developed”. Moreover, they can serve as an exemplary and useful model for those universities of developing countries, which strive towards the European integration and at the same time, facilitate the maintenance of the national identity.

Problems associated with the transference of the property acquired pressing urgency with the change of political life of Georgia (from Socialism to Capitalism). The drastic changes of Georgian political and economic systems cause the creation of new institutions. On-going processes influence the sphere of law and its terminology. The establishment of new legal institutions facilitates the emergence of the so-called “empty gaps” – the unnamed elements of the system of concepts. Therefore, it is of particular importance to formulate the system of basic terminological units and clarify their precise meaning. The given paper offers the comparative analysis of the terms related to “wills” and “trusts” in Georgian and English languages according to the data of the contemporary monuments of law. It shows the similarities and differences of Georgian and English terminological systems. Therefore, the necessity of the creation of new lexical units (in order to “fill” the so-called “empty gaps”) is singled out and revealed.

The process of globalization acquires the greatest importance in today’s world. The ongoing technological changes, the rise of the knowledge economy and the growth of skill requirements in the labor market have influenced the changes in the landscape of education throughout the world. The emergence of Bologna Process has facilitated the creation of the European Higher Education Area, which can be assumed as a sample of uniformity of the European system of higher education. The Bologna Process is focused on the following strategies: modernization of higher education; connection and creation of national, regional and global educational spaces; enhancement of the attractiveness and competitiveness of the EHEA. The implementation of these strategies implies innovative processes, which build an awareness of traditions and raise a world-wide importance and attractiveness of the Bologna process.

An “all-embracing” process of globalization stipulates the formation of today’s globe. It enters different spheres of life and facilitates the uniformity of economy, law, politics, language and even, cultural life. In the framework of globalization, drastic changes can be seen in the legal systems of some European countries. The given research tries to answer the demands of the modern epoch. It describes the process of the emergence of the European modifications of “trust”, singles out major concepts presented in the Latvian, Romanian and French trust mechanisms and underlines their significance in today’s world. The given research is a presentation of the new outlook of the development of “trust-like” institutions of some European countries.