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Morphology (size, shape) and structural variations (bonding pattern, crystallography, and atomic arrangements) have significant impacts on the efficacy of the metallic nanoparticles. Fabrication of these metal nanoparticles through green synthesis using plant extracts has increased attention due to their low cost, less hazardous byproducts, and multiple applications. In present study, Eucalyptus globulus extract was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Change of color from light brown to reddish brown and UV–visible spectral peak at 423 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The shifting of FTIR spectra peaks indicated the potential role of the functional groups in extract as capping agents. The DLS evaluated the average size and stability of the nanoparticles while the surface morphology, size and the elemental composition of the AgNPs was established by the FESEM and EDX analysis. The SEM images revealed spherical nanoparticles of size ranging from 40–60 nm. Biogenic AgNPs showed better DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 (13.44 ± 0.3) as compared to leaves extract with IC50 (10.57 ± 0.2). The synthesized AgNPs showed higher zones of inhibition (ZOI) by well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results of present study highlights the potential benefits of Eucalyptus globulus leaves extract-based AgNPs for various biomedical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosynthesized nanoparticles are gaining popularity due to their unique biological applications and biologically active secondary metabolites from plants that contribute to green synthesis. In this study, silver nanoparticles were prepared easily, consistently, affordably, and sustainably using Olea paniculata aqueous leaf extract, which has antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Several techniques were used to characterize the biosynthesized Olea paniculata silver nanoparticles, including UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). FTIR assessed the functional groups that were capping and reducing the biosynthesized AgNPs. The antioxidant activity of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Both Gram-positive (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (E. coli, K. pneumoniae) bacteria were used in the testing to determine their antibacterial activity. The biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrated dose-dependent inhibitory effects with a significant zone of inhibition; a microbe is believed to be more susceptible to an antibiotic if its zone of inhibition is larger. The zone becomes more resistant to the microbes and less sensitive as it gets smaller, and as a result, the zone was more effective against E. coli and K. pneumonia than B. subtilis. E. coli and K. pneumonia were most susceptible and B. subtilis was least susceptible to the low concentration of silver nanoparticles (4 µL). The biosynthesized Olea paniculata AgNPs can be further exploited as a potential candidate for antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer agents because this study showed that they were associated with good antibacterial activity against specific bacteria when prepared from Olea paniculata leaf extract. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of AgNPs by using leaves extract of Olea paniculata for the very 1st time. • Thorough characterization of AgNPs using particle size analyzer, UV–vis spectrophotometry, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD. • Functional groups and chemical bond analysis to investigate the reduction site and role of Olea paniculata leaves extract. • Evaluation of biological role (antibacterial activity, antioxidant) for medicinal point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a multi‐functional solar‐driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) system remains a significant challenge for its large‐scale applications. By taking advantage of high surface area, excellent young's moduli, anchoring/coupling capability, large absorption surface, strong absorption in the broadband solar spectrum, and efficient photothermal conversion efficiencies of 2D emerging materials (Xenes, Mxenes, etc.), hybrid SDIEs are developed to increase the use of solar energy beyond water production. This work aims to offer a systematic review of the recent advancement in 2D emerging materials except for graphene and their significant role in hybrid SDIEs to stimulate both fundamental and applied research on utilizing the underutilized auxiliary energy sources for future integrated water, energy, and environmental systems. For this purpose, first, the most recent progress in 2D photothermal materials is discussed, mainly including emerging Xenes, MXenes, and TMDs‐inspired hybrid SDIEs. Second, structural optimization strategies and modulation of the intrinsic photothermal performances of 2D emerging materials are highlighted. Third, the cutting‐edge conceptual designs developed in many hybrid applications such as thermoelectricity, salt recovery, and hydrogen production are broadly presented. Lastly, the current challenges and perspectives of 2D emerging materials and their hybrid evaporation structures are also mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Study of the scientific insights into the relationship between cadmium exposure and maize physiology, biochemistry, and accumulation of the heavy metals. • Impacts of high cadmium concentrations on maize growth and yield. • Study of the stress related metabolites like IAA, salicylic acid, proteins, lipid, and sugar contents. Food security is critical for survival but increasing heavy metal particularly cadmium concentration in the environment due to human activity poses a threat to both plants and animals. The experiment was designed to investigate the potential impact of varying concentrations of cadmium on the growth, metabolites, and accumulation of cadmium in the edible portion of maize. The objective was to gain scientific insights into the relationship between cadmium exposure and maize physiology, biochemistry, and accumulation of the heavy metal. Significant reduction was recorded in the agronomic attributes including root shoot length, fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll contents of the maize (p < 0.05). Higher level of cadmium imposes destruction of the antioxidant defense system of the host indicated by the lower catalases activity (92% reduction). Along with this, growth and stress related metabolites like IAA, salicylic acid, proteins, lipid and sugar contents decreased approximately by 50% at the lowest concentration while reaching 70 to 77% at the highest concentration of cadmium. Interestingly, plants exposed to cadmium for 60-days duration approximately 20 to 25 mg/kg of cadmium was accumulated in plants parts of which most of the cadmium (50% or higher) were translocated to the shoot of the host plants. This data also showed that the maximum concentration of cadmium is accumulated in the stem, followed by the leaf, and then the seed. The concentration of cadmium in seeds varies from 2 to 4 mg/kg, which is a highly prohibited amount of cadmium in food for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential micronutrient, copper is vital for normal growth and development of plants, however, its accumulation in soil exerts a severe negative impact on the agronomic characteristics and yield of the crop plants. Phytoextraction is a low-cost method for restoring soil fertility and avoiding losses due to heavy metal contamination. We found that using EDTA and IAA together improved sunflower hyperaccumulation capacity. Sunflowers were cultivated under various levels of Cu (0 (control), 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg of soil) and treated with EDTA alone or combined with IAA. The results revealed that the amended treatment significantly enhanced the absorption and accumulation of Cu in the sunflowers. Furthermore, the various doses of Cu significantly reduced the root and shoot growth of sunflowers in a concentration-dependent manner by impairing the chlorophyll content, hormones (indole 3-acetic acid, salicylic acid, and gibberellic acid), flavonoids, phenolics, and antioxidant response. The injurious effect of Cu was reduced by the addition of EDTA alone, and the supplementation of IAA led to a significant restoration of shoot growth (~70%) and root growth (~13%) as compared to the plant treated with Cu alone. Moreover, significantly higher levels of chlorophyll content, GA3, endogenous IAA, and flavonoids were recorded, indicating the effectiveness of the treatment in ameliorating plant health. The results also showed considerable restoration of the catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities in plants treated with EDTA and IAA. These results are suggestive that application of EDTA and IAA enhances the Cu absorption potential of sunflower and increases its tolerance to copper, which may not only serve as a better technique for phytoextraction of Cu, but also to bring Cu contaminated soil under cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) and power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) have recently gained significant attention for enhancing the performance of next-generation wireless communications networks. More specifically, IRS can smartly reconfigure the incident signal of the source towards the destination node, extending the wireless coverage and improving the channel capacity without consuming additional energy. On the other side, PD-NOMA can enhance the number of devices in the network without using extra spectrum resources. This paper proposes a new optimization framework for IRS-enhanced NOMA communications where multiple drones transmit data to the ground Internet of Things (IoT) devices under successive interference cancellation errors. In particular, the power budget of each drone, PD-NOMA power allocation of IoT devices, and the phase shift matrix of IRS are simultaneously optimized to enhance the total spectral efficiency of the system. Given the system model and optimization setup, the formulated problem is coupled with three variables, making it very complex and non-convex. Thus, this work first transforms and decouples the problem into subproblems and then obtains the efficient solution in two steps. In the first step, the closed-form solutions for the power budget and PD-NOMA power allocation subproblem at each drone are obtained through Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions. In the second step, the subproblem of efficient phase shift design for each IRS is solved using successive convex approximation and DC programming. Numerical results demonstrate the performance of the proposed optimization scheme in comparison to the benchmark schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present studies we have evaluated mulching impact of Jatropha curcas leaves on soil health and yield of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties Wadan-2017 (rainfed) and Pirsabak-2013 (irrigated) under imposed water stress. Mulch of Jatropha leaves was spread on the soil surface at the rate of 0, 1, 3 and 5 Mg ha−1 after seed germination of wheat. Water stress was imposed by skipping irrigations for one month at anthesis stage of wheat maintaining 40% soil field capacity. We found a significant decline in soil microbial biomass carbon (30.27%), total nitrogen (22.28%) and organic matter content (21.73%) due to imposed water stress in non-mulch plots. However, mulch application at 5 Mg ha−1 significantly improved soil organic matter (38.18%), total nitrogen (37.75%), phenolics content (16.95 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) and soil microbial biomass carbon (26.66%) as compared to non-mulch control. Soil health indicators like soil carbonates, bicarbonates, electrical conductivity, chloride ions and total dissolved salts were decreased by 5 Mg ha−1 mulch application. We noted a decline in yield indicators like spike weight (14.74%), grain spike−1 (7.02%), grain length (3.79%), grain width (3.16%), 1000 grains weight (6.10%), Awn length (9.21%), straw weight (23.53%) and total grain yield (5.98%) of wheat due to imposed water stress. Reduction in yield traits of wheat due to water stress was higher in Pirsabak-2013 than Wadan-2017. Jatropha leaves mulch application at 5 Mg ha−1 significantly minimized the loss in yield traits of wheat crop caused by water stress. Jatropha curcas leaves mulch application at 5 Mg ha−1 is recommended for the successful establishment of wheat crop under water deficit conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception of hunger and satiety is of great importance to maintaining a healthy body weight and avoiding chronic diseases such as obesity, underweight, or deficiency syndromes due to malnutrition. There are a number of disease patterns, characterized by a chronic loss of this perception. To our best knowledge, hunger and satiety cannot be classified using non-invasive measurements. Aiming to develop an objective classification system, this paper presents a multimodal sensory system using associated signal processing and pattern recognition methods for hunger and satiety detection based on non-invasive monitoring. We used an Empatica E4 smartwatch, a RespiBan wearable device, and JINS MEME smart glasses to capture physiological signals from five healthy normal weight subjects inactively sitting on a chair in a state of hunger and satiety. After pre-processing the signals, we compared different feature extraction approaches, either based on manual feature engineering or deep feature learning. Comparative experiments were carried out to determine the most appropriate sensor channel, device, and classifier to reliably discriminate between hunger and satiety states. Our experiments showed that the most discriminative features come from three specific sensor modalities: Electrodermal Activity (EDA), infrared Thermopile (Tmp), and Blood Volume Pulse (BVP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-driven evaporation is a promising technology for desalinating seawater and wastewater without mechanical or electrical energy. The approaches to obtaining fresh water with higher evaporation efficiency are essential to address the water-scarcity issue in remote sensing areas. Herein, we report a highly efficient solar evaporator derived from the nanocomposite of anatase TiO2/activated carbon (TiO2/AC), which was coated on washable cotton fabric using the dip-dry technique for solar water evaporation. The ultra-black fabric offers enhanced solar absorption (93.03%), hydrophilic water transport, and an efficient evaporation rate of 1.65 kg/m2h under 1 kW m−2 or one sun solar intensity. More importantly, the sideways water channels and centralized thermal insulation of the designed TiO2/AC solar evaporator accumulated photothermal heat at the liquid and air interface along with an enhanced surface temperature of 40.98 °C under one sun. The fabricated solar evaporator desalinated seawater (3.5 wt%) without affecting the evaporation rates, and the collected condensed water met the standard of drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO). This approach eventually enabled the engineering design groups to develop the technology pathways as well as optimum conditions for low-cost, scalable, efficient, and sustainable solar-driven steam generators to cope with global water scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The study provides a thorough quantitative examination of fish species from river Tawi for carcinogenic elements, such as Pb, Cd, and Cr. • Target heavy metals were found higher than the permissible limits in water and fish samples at all monitoring sites. • Present study discusses how eating such contaminated fish can cause cancer, especially in children, even when other health risks are low. • Immediate action must be taken to control the discharge of contaminated water into the river. There should be regular monitoring of the river's water quality. The rivers are severely contaminated by human activities due to its massive outflow and industrial effluents. Three economically significant fish species Sperata seenghala, Wallago attu, and Cyprinus carpio from the river water were selected for the assessment of heavy metals (HMs). The edible part of the collected fish from the river sampling sites were analyzed to determine the metal concentrations and potential health risks to humans. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique was used to measure HMs including lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) for both water and fish samples. Order of HMs in the fish was found as Pb > Cd > Cr. Levels of HMs in all species were found higher than the European Commission (EC) recommended acceptable levels. The metal pollution index (MPI) indicates that W. attu and S. seenghala , two highly consumed fish species, have accumulated HMs in higher concentrations. Wallago attu has the highest bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for both Pb and Cd permissible levels. For adult and children, the Hazard Index (HI) and Targeted Hazard Quotient (THQ) values were less than 1, which indicated that there would be no non-carcinogenic health consequences. Carcinogenic risk (CR) exposure to Pb, Cd, and Cr for all consumers was found to be higher than the permitted limit (10−6-10−4), while children were found more vulnerable than adults in terms of CR values. The study findings identified several sources of contaminants in the area, including agricultural waste, lubricant usage, and electroplating material production dumping near into the river water. Based on the results of the analysis, metal concentrations exceeded the thresholds for carcinogenic health risks, indicating that fish from the area are generally unsafe to consume. Therefore, immediate action must be taken to reduce or prevent the discharge of contaminants into the river. Additionally, regular monitoring of the river's water quality should be conducted to control the contamination of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental impact of biodegradable polylactic acid microplastics (PLA-MPs) has become a global concern, with documented effects on soil health, nutrient cycling, water retention, and crop growth. This study aimed to assess the repercussions of varying concentrations of PLA-MPs on rice, encompassing aspects such as growth, physiology, and biochemistry. Additionally, the investigation delved into the influence of PLA-MPs on soil bacterial composition and soil enzyme activities. The results illustrated that the highest levels of PLA-MPs (2.5%) impaired the photosynthesis activity of rice plants and hampered plant growth. Plants exposed to the highest concentration of PLA-MPs (2.5%) displayed a significant reduction of 51.3% and 47.7% in their root and shoot dry weights, as well as a reduction of 53% and 49% in chlorophyll a and b contents, respectively. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in rice leaves increased by 3.1, 2.8, 3.5, and 5.2 folds, respectively, with the highest level of PLA-MPs (2.5%). Soil enzyme activities, such as CAT, urease, and dehydrogenase (DHA) increased by 19.2%, 10.4%, and 22.5%, respectively, in response to the highest level of PLA-MPs (2.5%) application. In addition, PLA-MPs (2.5%) resulted in a remarkable increase in the relative abundance of soil Proteobacteria , Nitrospirae , and Firmicutes by 60%, 31%, and 98.2%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential adverse effects of PLA-MPs on crops and soils. This study provides valuable insights into soil-rice interactions, environmental risks, and biodegradable plastic regulation, underscoring the need for further research. [Display omitted] • Polylactic acid microplastics (PLA-MPs) induced oxidative stress in rice plants. • PLA-MPs adversely affected the growth of rice plants. • Rice photosynthetic activity was reduced by PLA-MPs. • PLA-MPs increased the activities of soil enzymes. • Rice-rhizosphere bacterial communities were altered by PLA-MPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past decade, the main problem that has attracted researchers' attention in aerial robotics is the position estimation or Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) where the GPS signal is poor or denied. This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of existing methods in the field of aerial robotics. There are many different techniques and algorithms that are used to overcome the localization and mapping problem of these UAVs. These techniques and algorithms use different sensors, such as Red Green Blue-Depth (RGB_D), Light Detecting and Ranging (LIDAR), and Ultra-wideband (UWB). The most common technique is used, i.e., probability-based SLAM, which uses two algorithms: Linear Kalman Filter (LKF) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). LKF consists of five phases and this algorithm is just used for linear system problems. However, the EKF algorithm is used for non-linear systems. Aerial robots are used to perform many tasks, such as rescue, transportation, search, control, monitoring, and different military operations because of their vast top view. These properties are increasing their demand as compared to human service. In this paper, different techniques for the localization of aerial vehicles are discussed in terms of advantages and disadvantages, practicality and efficiency. This paper enables future researchers to find the suitable SLAM solution based on their problems; either the researcher is dealing with a linear problem or a non-linear problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present studies we have evaluated mulching impact of Jatropha curcas leaves on soil health and yield of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties Wadan-2017 (rainfed) and Pirsabak-2013 (irrigated) under imposed water stress. Mulch of Jatropha leaves was spread on the soil surface at the rate of 0, 1, 3 and 5 Mg ha−1 after seed germination of wheat. Water stress was imposed by skipping irrigations for one month at anthesis stage of wheat maintaining 40% soil field capacity. We found a significant decline in soil microbial biomass carbon (30.27%), total nitrogen (22.28%) and organic matter content (21.73%) due to imposed water stress in non-mulch plots. However, mulch application at 5 Mg ha−1 significantly improved soil organic matter (38.18%), total nitrogen (37.75%), phenolics content (16.95 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) and soil microbial biomass carbon (26.66%) as compared to non-mulch control. Soil health indicators like soil carbonates, bicarbonates, electrical conductivity, chloride ions and total dissolved salts were decreased by 5 Mg ha−1 mulch application. We noted a decline in yield indicators like spike weight (14.74%), grain spike−1 (7.02%), grain length (3.79%), grain width (3.16%), 1000 grains weight (6.10%), Awn length (9.21%), straw weight (23.53%) and total grain yield (5.98%) of wheat due to imposed water stress. Reduction in yield traits of wheat due to water stress was higher in Pirsabak-2013 than Wadan-2017. Jatropha leaves mulch application at 5 Mg ha−1 significantly minimized the loss in yield traits of wheat crop caused by water stress. Jatropha curcas leaves mulch application at 5 Mg ha−1 is recommended for the successful establishment of wheat crop under water deficit conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural systems all over the world are facing extraordinary pressure in term of squeezed natural resources to meet the increasing food demand of fast growing population in recent times. Water being the most useful natural resource has become scare due to climate change and global warming as it is key input of agronomic crops particularly rice. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the impact of nitrogenous fertilizers on rice productivity under aerobic and anaerobic cultures in green house conditions. In aerobic culture, soil was kept aerated by maintaining 80–100% field capacity while flooded conditions were maintained throughout the cultivation period by putting polythene bags in pots regarding anaerobic culture. Nitrogenous fertilizers include urea, neem coated urea and zinc coated urea. All the nitrogenous fertilizers enhanced the growth, yield and quality attributes of rice plant as compared to control treatment but maximum improvement was recorded by application of zinc coated urea. Application of zinc coated urea produced maximum productive tillers, kernel length, 100-kernel weight and kernels per spikelet. Maximum transpiration rate was also observed by application of zinc coated urea. Application of zinc coated urea produced maximum normal kernels while percentage of opaque, abortive and chalky kernels was significantly reduced. Zinc coated urea was found responsible for maximum production of straw and kernel yield. Anaerobic conditions were also recorded more responsive comparatively. Among the nitrogenous fertilizers, zinc coated urea is recommended to enhance the productivity of rice with good quality kernels under anaerobic culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of paddy soils with arsenic (As) poses imminent threat to the environment and public health. This research work explored the effect of goethite-modified biochar (GMBC) on As immobilization in paddy soil and subsequent accumulation in rice grains. The results showed that the soil suppiementation with GMBC significantly improved the biomass of rice plants. In addition, the GMBC application effectively decreased the As content in rice grains (0.72-0.16 mg kg--1). Compared with the control, GMBC 1.5% treatment augmented the iron plague (Fe-plague) buildup on rice roots and efficiently sequestered the As by 174%, and reduced its uptake in rice tissues. Soil supplementation with GMBC 1.5% greatly enhanced the activities of soil peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) by 90% and 40%, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, GMBC amendments improved the relative abundance of the soil bacterial communities and minimized the As mobility in the soil. GMBC 1.5% significantly enhanced the abundance of acidobacteria and Firmicutes by 211% and 95% while that of Chloroflexi decreased by 25%, respectively. The findings of the present investigation demonstrated that GMBC could be used as an environment-friendly approach to remediate As polluted paddy soils and minimize its accumulation in rice grains for mitigation of food security risks and protect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically investigated the tuning of subluminal to superluminal propagation of light pulse in four-level N-type atomic medium. The dynamics of the atomic system are derived using the density matrix method. The group index n g = ± 1 × 10 6 is significantly modified in four-level atomic medium. The medium shows subluminality and superluminality of group velocity v g = c / 1 × 10 6 and v g = - c / 1 × 10 6 . The intensity of the output pulse is both positive and negative phase shifts in time and have undistorted shape with Rabi frequencies of the driving fields. The minimum distortion in subluminality and superluminality is useful in communication technology to propagates pulse with large phase shift and without energy loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the frequency of biochemical factors in children presenting with severe acute malnutrition. Materials and methods: Children having an age range of 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition of more than six weeks' duration, admitted at Pediatric Unit, Leady Reading Hospital Peshawar were included in the study. The study was conducted for 6 months (October 13, 2018, to April 13, 2019). The child's age, weight, mother's gestational age, mode of delivery, birth weight, maternal education, and parity were recorded on a proforma. Blood samples were sent to the hospital laboratory for serum electrolytes, hemoglobin, serum calcium, serum albumin, random blood sugar and the frequencies of these biochemical profile were calculated. Data were analyzed in SPSS-20. Results: Out of 161 children, 48% were 1-3 years old, followed by 33% 3-5 years old. The majority of children were females (62%). Low birth weight children were 60%. Maternal illiteracy was 58%. Multiparty of mothers was reported in 59% and 67% of children were born by spontaneous vaginal delivery. Anemia was the most common (98%) finding followed by hypokalemia (68%), hypocalcemia (35%), Hypochloremia (16%), and Hyponatremia (14%). Serum albumin was low in 7% of children. Hypoglycemia was found in 15% of children. Conclusion: Anemia followed by hypokalemia was the commonest biochemical findings in acute severe malnutrition. Similarly, hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia were also common life-threatening conditions found in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Organic mulches are widely used in crop production systems. Due to their benefits in improving soil fertility, retention of soil moisture and weed control. Field experiments were conducted during wheat growing seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 to evaluate the effects of Jatropha leaves mulch on the growth of wheat varieties 'Wadan-17' (rainfed) and 'Pirsabaq-2013' (irrigated) under well irrigated and water stress conditions (non-irrigated maintaining 40% soil field capacity). Jatropha mulch was applied to the soil surface at 0, 1, 3 and 5 Mg ha−1 before sowing grains in the field. Under conditions of water stress, Jatropha mulch significantly maintained the soil moisture content necessary for normal plant growth. Results: We noted a decrease in plant height, shoot and root fresh/dry weight, leaf area, leaf relative water content (LRWC), chlorophyll, and carotenoid content due to water stress. However, water stress caused an increase in leaf and root phenolics content, leaf soluble sugars and electrolytes leakage. We observed that Jatropha mulch maintained LRWC, plant height, shoot and root fresh/dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll content under water stress. Moreover, water stress adverse effects on leaf soluble sugar content and electrolyte leakage were reversed to normal by Jatropha mulch. Conclusion: Therefore, it may be concluded that Jatropha leaves mulch will minimize water stress adverse effects on wheat by maintaining soil moisture and plant water status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt deposition still remains a significant challenge due to the decreasing evaporation efficiency of solar desalination. Herein, we provide a salt-rejection model coupled with the experimental verification about the chemical diffusion or advection process for solar steam generation. The designed evaporating system established by in-situ polymerization (polypyrrole) of carbon dots modified MnO 2 nanowires coated on non-woven cotton fabric decorated ultra-flexible and super hydrophilic polyurethane foam (30% wicking). The salt-rejection investigations reveal real-time chemical advection phenomena where hot brine flows from the top surface to underneath water through a salinity gradient with the aid of accumulated heat. The prototype demonstrates an excellent salt rejection ability within a minimum record time (2 g/100 min) or once soaked (2 g/60 s). The floatable solar-driven evaporator exhibits incredible flexibility (80%, compressive strain) along with an evaporation rate of 1.68 kg m−2 h−1, and photothermal conversion efficiency (∼96.4%, solar to vapor) from high-salinity brine (10 wt %) and wastewater containing heavy metal ions (30 wt%). The outdoor test revealed a yield of 13.60 kg m−2 in one sunny day that provides a potential solution to single-step drinking water supply from various resources of the sea, lakes, and mixtures of emulsified oil, bacterial pathogens, and industrial wastewater. An advection-based salt-rejection model was developed for a self-floating solar desalinating device on personalized fresh water solution. The system of polypyrrole sprayed carbon dots modified MnO 2 nanowires exhibits an excellent evaporation rate of 1.68 kg m−2 h−1 (∼96.4% solar to vapor efficiency) from high-salinity brine (10 wt %) and can generate 13.6 kg m2 drinking freshwater (one day) excluding heavy metal ions (30 wt %), oil emulsions, and bacterial pathogens. [Display omitted] • Salt-resistant framework for efficient solar-driven steam generation. • Salt-rejection phenomena are followed by chemical advection. • Defect abundant CDs modified MnO 2 NWs achieved high photothermal conversion efficiency (96.6%). • Superior compressive strain (80%) promotes excellent durability and long-term efficacy. • 13.6 kg m−2 yield of clean water in one day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agaricus is a genus with more than 500 species. Most of the new species reported since 2000 are tropical or subtropical. The study area, the Malakand region, located in the north of Pakistan, has a subtropical climate. In this study, nine species, including three new species, of Agaricus subgenus Pseudochitonia, are reported from this region. Description of the new species are based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses using three DNA regions: nuc ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS), fragments of the large subunit of nuc ribosomal DNA (28S), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1). One new species, Agaricus lanosus, with wooly squamules on its cap, forms a lineage within Agaricus sect. Bivelares and cannot be classified with certainty in one of the two subsections (Cupressorum and Hortenses) of this section. Agaricus rhizoideus with rhizoid-like structure at the base of the stipe forms a basal clade in Agaricus sect. Hondenses. Specimens of the third new species, Agaricus malakandensis, form a species-level clade within Agaricus sect. Catenulati and exhibits the morphological characteristics of this section. Due to their similar ITS sequences, two previously unnamed specimens from Thailand (A. sp. LD2012162 and CA799) are considered conspecific with A. malakandensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic resistance is the most economical and efficient way to reduce production losses brought on by diseases. Plant breeders continuously incorporate new, dependable sources into their breeding materials to continue developing disease-resistant genotypes. Fourteen certified wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar (Bahawalpur-2000, NIFA-Bathor08, Fareed-2006, Haider-2002, Imdad-2005, Lasani-2008, Marvi-2000, Moomal-2000, Manther-2003, Pirsabak-2006, Iqbal-2000, Pirsabak-2004, Shahkar-2013, and Wafaq-2002) seeds from the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) were grown in pots. DNA obtained from fresh leaves of the wheat cultivars were screened for leaf rust resistance genes (i.e. Lr-51, Lr-47, Lr-46, Lr-37, Lr-36, Lr-35, Lr-34, Lr-28, Lr-25, Lr-19, Lr-13, Lr-9, and Lr-1 using PCR. Results showed that the Lr-47 gene was present in nine wheat cultivars, Lr-1 and Lr-28 in eight, Lr-5, Lr-9, and Lr-13 in three, and Lr-19 and Lr-37 in one cultivar. In the selected wheat cultivars, the resistance genes Lr-25, Lr-35, Lr-36, and Lr-46 were not observed. This study suggests cultivating wheat varieties Haider-2002, Iqbal-2000, Lasani-2008, Manther-2003, Pirsbak-2004, Pirsbak-2006, Shahkar-2013, and Wafaq-2002 for high level of resistance to rust and protection against high production losses. In future studies, phenotypic data alongside genotypic screening will improve the assessment of leaf rust resistance in wheat cultivars, leading to a better understanding of their disease resistance profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct conversion of CO 2 into liquid fuels and chemical heterogeneous catalysts is considered a promising route to mitigate global warming issues. However, the production of n -butanol-rich C 3+ alcohol from CO 2 remains a significant challenge. Herein, we demonstrate that a Cu-rich bimetallic Cu–Co catalyst can achieve an unprecedentedly high space-time yield (STY C3+OH) of 80.8 mg g−1 h−1. The decoration of Co nanoparticles onto the dendritic Cu substrate established a crucial balance between CH x and CH 3 O* and regulated C–C coupling, which is a prerequisite for C 3+ alcohol synthesis. We provide new mechanistic insights into n -butanol synthesis involving the C–O bond dissociation of an acetaldehyde intermediate on the interfacial Cu–Co site and subsequent C–C bond formation on the Cu site. Furthermore, the Cu–Co catalyst exhibited exceptional stability up to 1000 h by effectively suppressing re-oxidation and carbon deposition. The Cu–Co catalyst has great potential for large-scale CO 2 hydrogenation to C 3+ alcohol owing to its high selectivity and remarkable stability. [Display omitted] • Selective conversion of CO 2 to C 3+ alcohol over a CuCo tandem catalyst. • High n- butanol content by tandem reaction of in situ prepared acetaldehyde intermediates. • Redox cycle and fast RWGS reaction preserve the metallic character of the catalyst. • The suppression of coke formation and reoxidation improves the stability of the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Water transport to hydrogel evaporator was tuned by Nafion-modified corn straw. • An increasing evaporation rate under long-term illumination was obtained. • The evaporator could work for the actual needs of the alternation of day and night. The hydrogel-based evaporator exhibits exceptional water activation capabilities, enabling it to surpass the previously established upper limits of evaporation rates in interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG). Although hydrogels possess a pronounced affinity for water, this characteristic could result in temporary expansion and heat loss, which hinder their capacity to sustain rapid and efficient evaporation over prolonged durations. Herein, polyacrylamide-based photothermal hydrogel with customized microfluidic components achieved long-term operation. The photothermal hydrogel showed high sunlight absorbance (∼95.5%) and its surface temperature spontaneously could reach 44.1 °C under one sun simulated irradiation (1.0 kW/m2). The efficient regulation of water transport was accomplished by Nafion-modified corn straw, i.e., a microfluidic component. This hydrogel-based evaporator demonstrated an increasing evaporation rate from 2.03 to 2.42 kg/m2/h during 12 h of continuous solar illumination. Notably, the microfluidic component resulted in controlled water transport enabling programmable adjustment of the hydrogel evaporator, allowing it to be reused multiple times in practical applications around the clock. The daily potable freshwater production amount reached 7.84 kg/m2/h in outdoor seawater desalination experiments. This research provides a paradigm approach to address freshwater scarcity on a global scale by using waste biomass to fully compensate for the shortcomings of hydrogels in ISSG systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Green and efficient adsorbent, CeO 2 NPs were synthesized by azadirachta indica leaf extracts. • CeO 2 NPs exhibits good characterization attributes and efficient for Cr and d removal from wastewater. • Kinetic modeling, isotherm models were suitable for chemisorption of NPs for the removal of these metals. • The green CeO 2 NPs have a potential adsorbent for Cr and Cd removal from wastewater. Chromium and cadmium are two hazardous heavy metals that are known carcinogens and can cause a range of health problems as well as changes in the regular functioning of the environment. Green nanotechnology has sparked a lot of attention in recent years as a potential solution to heavy metal concerns. Because of their unique chemical, physical, and biological properties that make them favorable for a wide range of uses, application of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) has gained in popularity. CeO 2 NPs have a larger surface area than larger particles, leading in improved biochemical reactivity, catalytic activity, and environmental effectiveness. In this study, CeO 2 NPs were made from green procedure by the use of plant extract from Azadirachta indica. The stat of the art techniques were utilized to study the physical characteristics of the synthesized CeO 2 NPs. These nanoparticles were utilized as bio-sorbents to extract chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) ions from wastewater. In standard testing conditions, the CeO 2 nanoparticles exhibited high removal efficiency, removing 93% of Cr within approximately 15 min of contact time, and achieving 89% removal of Cd. To acquire the best results for industrial-scale applications and to simplicity the reuse of these heavy metals, exact experimental conditions that improve the absorbance efficiency must be identified. Despite the fact that nanoparticles have demonstrated great efficiency and selectivity in extracting and recovering chromium from wastewater, further study is needed to optimize their production and performance for industrial-scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermocatalytic conversion of CO 2 into liquid fuels and chemicals is a promising approach to mitigate global warming. Although, the CO 2 conversion and long-chain hydrocarbon selectivity are highly dependent on the choice of metal-oxide promoter, but role of the promoter remains unclear. Herein, the role of MgO as a promoter for an Fe-based catalyst was investigated. Bimetallic Na-FeMgO x catalyst exhibited a high C 5+ yield of 25.1% with a CO 2 conversion of 49.1% at the early stage of the reaction. The presence of MgO facilitates the reduction of Fe oxides and formation of oxygen vacancies by transferring electrons to Fe-based phases. In addition, at the early stage of reaction, the decoration of the Mg oxide surface with nanosized χ-Fe 5 C 2 enhances the C 5+ yield. However, the progressive transformation of MgO to MgCO 3 during CO 2 conversion deactivates the Na-FeMgO x catalyst. A detailed deactivation mechanism is also discussed. [Display omitted] • MgO-promoted Fe 3 O 4 produced a C 5+ yield of 25.1% at a CO 2 conversion of 49.1%. • MgO performed its role as an electronic promoter on Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 5 C 2. • The formation of MgCO 3 suppressed the promotional effect of MgO. • Re-oxidation of Fe 5 C 2 to Fe 3 O 4 during CO 2 conversion was main deactivation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LSCF for solar steam, and photo-thermoelectric generation. • A multi-directional mass-transfer array provides the salt-resistance ability. • Photothermal membrane endows 2.36 kg m−2 h−1 evaporation rate under one sun. • A complimentary thermoelectric generator delivers V out ∼ 292.2 mV, and I out ∼ 52.5 mA. Solar-driven water purification is a promising technology that efficiently exploits solar energy for water purification, desalination, and energy generation. However, poor material compliance requires intensive energy to generate vapors under natural sunlight with real-time practical implications. Therefore, advanced functional nanomaterials are highly desirable for reducing energy demand for water evaporation. Herein, we report bifunctional La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3−δ (LSCF) perovskite oxide for solar-driven steam and thermoelectric generation. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic structure endows excellent salt-rejection, thermal management, and hydrophilic water channels for an efficient solar evaporation rate (2.36 kg m−2 h−1) using seawater (3.5 wt%) under 1 kW m−2 irradiation. More importantly, the salt-resistant and thermally insulated evaporation structure drives brine through milli-drilled water channels and re-dissolves back into the water body without impeding evaporation efficiency (16.83 kg m−2 mass change during 8 h under 1 sun irradiation). Besides, the LSCF-based photo-thermoelectric generator harvests solar energy into an electric output (V out ∼ 292.2 mV , and I out ∼ 52.5 mA). The state-of-the-art investigations and heat transfer simulations portray the device's functionality and its optimization toward long-term durability, thermoelectricity, and a suitable option for remote sensing areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic and carcinogenic metal (loid)s, such arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), found in contaminated paddy soils pose a serious danger to environmental sustainability. Their geochemical activities are complex, making it difficult to manage their contamination. Rice grown in Cd and As-polluted soils ends up in people's bellies, where it can cause cancer, anemia, and the deadly itai sickness. Solving this issue calls for research into eco-friendly and cost-effective remediation technology to lower rice's As and Cd levels. This research delves deeply into the origins of As and Cd in paddy soils, as well as their mobility, bioavailability, and uptake mechanisms by rice plants. It also examines the current methods and reactors used to lower As and Cd contamination in rice. Iron-modified biochar (Fe-BC) is a promising technology for reducing As and Cd toxicity in rice, improving soil health, and boosting rice's nutritional value. Biochar's physiochemical characteristics are enhanced by the addition of iron, making it a potent adsorbent for As and Cd ions. In conclusion, Fe-BC's biomembrane properties make them an attractive option for remediating As- and Cd-contaminated paddy soils. More efficient mitigation measures, including the use of biomembrane technology, can be developed when sustainable agriculture practices are combined with these technologies. [Display omitted] • Cadmium and arsenic have opposite geochemical behaviours in paddy soils. • Modifying biochar with iron increases its adsorption capacity for both cadmium and arsenic. • Iron-modified biochar decreased the bioavailability of metal (loid) and limited their uptake in rice plants. • Future goals include optimizing performance while reducing production costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To investigate the role of implant surface debridement alone and in conjunction with systemic antibiotics on the clinical and microbiological variables of periimplantitis. Materials and Methods. Data of forty-six patients with at least one dental implant having bleeding-on-probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD) of more than 5 mm, and radiographic bone loss of more than 3 mm were retrieved from clinical records. Data was recorded for dental implant with the deepest PPD, BoP, and bone loss from each patient. "Group-A" received implant surface debridement alone, while "group-B" additionally received systemic antibiotics. Clinical and microbiological data of patients were compared before and after the treatment. Results. At the implant level, a significant reduction of PPD, mucosal recession (MR), and BoP was achieved for all patients. Group B achieved significant improvement in MR and BoP compared to group A at implant level. PPD, MR, and plaque scores showed improvement at implant site level. At 3 months recall visit, 44% of group A and 52% of group B implants required surgical treatment. The presence and proportions of studied bacteria of both groups did not differ significantly at the recall visit when compared to the initial visit. However, P. intermedia and P. micros showed a significant reduction in group A at the recall visit. Conclusions. Implant surface debridement improved the clinical parameters of periimplantitis. In addition, adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics increased mucosal recession and improved bleeding on probing in periimplantitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of Potash Alum (Phitkary) solution on Candida Albicans growth on heat cured acrylic resin. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Oral Pathology, Peshawar Dental College, Peshawar, from Nov 2019 to Jan 2020. Methodology: Acrylic resin discs (n=120) of standard size were prepared following the manufacturer’s instructions. The acrylic discs were contaminated with a suspension of 106cfus/ml of C. albicans in Sabouraud dextrose broth for 24 hours. After contamination, 30 acrylic discs were randomly selected, washed, sonicated, and plated for colony counts. The remaining 90 acrylic discs were randomly divided into 3 groups, 30 acrylic discs in each group. Group A discs were kept in 5.25% Sodium Hypochlrite solution, group B discs were kept in sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline and group C discs were kept in Potash-alum solution (10mg/ml). After 2 hours, all discs were washed, sonicated, and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar in serial dilutions for colony counts. Data was analysed using SPSS version-19. Results: Both Potash Alum (10 mg/ml) and Sodium Hypochlorite were effective in completely removing the attached Candida cells from the acrylic resin. In contrast, the negative control was only able to reduce viable counts by 23.6%. Sodium Hypochlorite and Potash Alum both showed statistically significant activity (p<0.01) against C. albicans compared to the negative control. Conclusion: Potash Alum has a significant in vitro antifungal activity against C. albicans on acrylic resin. Its antifungal effect is comparable to the effects of Sodium Hypochlorite and therefore, it may offer a cost-effective and safe alternative to commercial denture cleaning agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The direct conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy is always been a challenging but demanding problem. In this article, we presented a nonconventional direct conversion mechanism of the readily available solar thermal and gravity energy to rotational mechanical energy. The developed rotating assembly affixed concentrically with a plurality of actuating arms harnesses the integrated solar‐gravity energy. Each actuating arm shifts the center of gravity of the attached solid mass with concentrated solar heating. The alternate shift in the center of gravity of each actuating arm with exposure to solar radiation produces a continuous revolution of rotating assembly around its axis of rotation. With a particular set of the system parameters with Al/Si3N4 bimetallic strip the thermal efficiency of the proposed thermogravity bimetallic strip heat actuator/engine is 12.41% which is 100 times more efficient compared to a gravity‐less thermal engine with same set up. The proposed thermogravity system can generate mechanical power ranges from less than 1 W to 40 kW with a particular set of system parameters. This solar‐gravity rotary actuator is a novel work in this domain which has a huge impact and contribution in the available rotary actuator or energy harvester knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To examine whether negative emotions could mediate the association linking social undermining in families (i.e. negative judgements that prevent the maintenance of positive familial ties) to nurses' deviant workplace behaviours (i.e. behaviours that disrupt the normal functioning of organisations), and whether neuroticism could moderate the association linking social undermining in families to negative emotions by adopting the spillover theory. Background: This study tested a moderated mediation model based on the hospital industry in Pakistan. Negative familial stressors can disrupt work‐related behaviours, but it remains unknown as to how negative emotions and personality traits can affect this family‐to‐work relationship. Method: Temporally segregated survey data were collected from nurses (n = 325 dyads) working in the hospitals of Pakistan. Results: Findings showed that social undermining in families triggered deviant workplace behaviours in Pakistani nurses through the mediating effect of negative emotions. High levels of neuroticism strengthened the association linking social undermining in families to negative emotions. Conclusion: Our moderated mediated model showed that family‐related stressors can "spill over" to the workplace and disrupt employee behaviours under the mediating effect of negative emotions. The perception of family‐related negative emotions can also be increased among individuals with high levels of neuroticism. Implications for Nursing Management: We recommend the establishment of social support networks and workshops for nurses to cope with the negative emotions they experienced from family and non‐work domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants were excised from 10–12 days in vitro raised seedling for in vitro regeneration. • Reduced the nitrogen level in MS medium results the formation of embryogenic callus and enhance the regeneration frequency. • Hypocotyl shows the excellent performance in direct in vitro regeneration. • Plant growth regulator, modified MS medium and explant types plays an important role in in vitro response of okra culture. • By incorporation of activated charcoal along with auxin improved the in vitro routing protocol. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a difficult species to regenerate in vitro because of its recalcitrant nature. Whitish colored 'non-embryogenic' callus formation is a major problem in okra tissue culture. In this study, different levels of inorganic–nitrogen (KNO 3 and NH 4 NO 3 with 1:2 ratios, 30–60 mM) in MS media with different PGRs combinations were tested to obtain friable and embryogenic callus masses. Hypocotyls produced the highest callus induction (71%) on media containing 1.0 mgL−1 BAP + 1.5 mgL−1 2, 4-D, whereas cotyledons induced (58%) calli on media containing 1.5 mgL−1 NAA + 0.5mgL−1 BAP. Regarding shooting frequency, media containing 40 mM of total nitrogen and supplemented with 1.5 mgL−1 KIN + 0.5 mgL−1 IBA produced maximum shooting (66.5%) with 3.5 shoots per calli from hypocotyl derived calli, whereas, media having 30 mM of total nitrogen supplemented with 1.5 mgL−1 BAP + 0.5 mgL−1 NAA produced (49.50%) shooting with 2.95 shoots per calli from cotyledons derived calli. In contrasts, calli cultured on media containing 60 mM total nitrogen exhibited very low shooting frequency. Activated charcoal (AC) in rooting media promoted root formation with higher survival rates. Healthy and strong roots (79%) were obtained on media containing 2.0 mgL−1 IBA and 100 mgL−1 AC. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and grew normally. Hypocotyls have more potential for callus induction than cotyledon explants. The results demonstrated that using a modified MS media with reduced nitrogen reprogrammed the compact non-friable embryogenic callus to friable embryogenic callus with high shoot induction frequency. This study provides a contribution towards the development of efficient regeneration and genetic transformation in okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) can naturally accumulate high amounts of astaxanthin – a powerful antioxidant. However, complete recovery of astaxanthin from the cysts of H. pluvialis is challenging because of the presence of a robust acetolysis resistant cell wall. Herein, a simple and effective planetary ball-milling pretreatment was developed to rupture the cells to attain an almost complete recovery of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis, using a supercritical CO2 and conventional organic solvent-based extraction. An optimized pretreatment using planetary ball mill under very mild conditions (150 rpm, 60 min) allowed the recovery of 31.4 mg/g dry weight of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis, while slightly harsh milling (500 rpm) was found to be detrimental toward astaxanthin. The extracts in acetone exhibited higher antioxidant activity in 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay than those in dichloromethane. These mild conditions were safe and highly effective for the complete extraction of astaxanthin along with the others extractables. This study opens a new avenue for the efficient recovery of valuable thermolabile ketocarotenoid species from microalgae, which can be applied to the development of economically viable biorefineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils pollution with heavy metals (HMs) is a serious concern due to their toxic effects on crop yield, crop quality, soil environment, and human health. In the current study, four stabilizers of calcium carbonate (CC), dolomite (DL), zeolite (ZL), and steel slag (SS) were applied to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)-contaminated soils as in-situ chemical remediation techniques along with in-situ physical remediation techniques i.e. soil covering (SC) and soil dilution (SD) under real field conditions. For three years, Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) was grown on the amended fields to examine how the amendments impacted Cd and Pb uptake in plants. The stabilization efficiency of SS, CC, and SC were 75.7 %, 66.0 %, and 71.1 %, respectively, for Cd, and 55.6 %, 55.6 %, and 70.0 %, respectively, for Pb. Results indicated that stabilizer soil amendments significantly decreased the exchangeable (F1) and carbonates bound (F2) fractions of both Cd and Pb. For instance, F1 fraction of Cd decreased from 10.2 (control) to 1.8–2.9 % (with stabilizers). The stabilizers increased Chinese cabbage dry weight by 11.4–22.5 % and decreased Cd and Pb uptake by 67.4 % and 24 %, respectively. The results demonstrated that in-situ chemical remediation technique showed promising results and maintained its efficiency for more than 130 weeks. Current study indicated that chemical remediation of Cd and Pb contaminated soil is more effective and last longer than physical remediation. [Display omitted] • Stabilizers had better efficiency and longevity than physical remediation. • Chemical remediation suppressed uptake of Pb and Cd in crop. • Stabilizers better increased Chinese cabbage yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-free potassium sodium niobate (KNN)-based transparent ceramics are highly desirable owing to their excellent piezoelectricity, and recoverable energy storage density (W rec) especially for optoelectronic devices. However, it is challenging to achieve all parameters such as efficient light transmittance and excellent piezoelectricity or energy storage performance in a single device. Herein, we report a facile fabrication of transparent ceramic composed of (1 – x)[(Na 0.57 K 0.43) 0.94 Li 0.06 ][(Nb 0.94 Sb 0.06) 0.95 Ta 0.05 ]O 3 - x CaZrO 3 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.10) ((1 – x)KNLNST- x CZ) via conventional solid-state reaction method. It has been found that ceramics can retain good light transmission and maintain their piezoelectric properties by adjusting the phase structure and refining the grains to a certain extent. In particular, KNLNST-based transparent ceramic with 0.07CZ modifications demonstrates a high transmittance (T = 73.5% at 1800 nm) and exceptional piezoelectric constants (d 33 = 130 pC/N), which is more efficient than reported KNN-based transparent ceramics. More importantly, a significant improvement in grain size refinement is also achieved through the integration of CZ into KNLNST, which allow us to increase the breakdown strength of the ceramics while improving their light transmittance, which result in a high density of energy storage. The highly efficient energy storage performance (W rec = 4.88 J/cm3) and the higher transparency (T = 75% at 1800 nm) at 0.91KNLNST-0.09CZ ceramic. We believe that this work will provide useful strategies for the development of KNN-based functional ceramics. • The ceramic 0.93KNLNST-0.07CaZrO 3 demonstrates a high transmittance and exceptional piezoelectric constants. • The highly efficient energy storage performance and higher transparency are achieved in 0.91KNLNST-0.09CZ ceramic. • Together with the smaller grain size, both high light transmittance and excellent energy storage are achieved in the ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the availability of plant nutrients in soils treated with manure co-composted feed-stocks are very rare. The present investigation aimed at studying the nutrient release pattern from three soils amended with maple tree leaves co-composted with cow manure. Soils were mixed with the compost at the rate of 20 t/hm² and incubated at room temperature. Prior to incubation, plants residue samples were analyzed for total elemental concentrations (NO3, NH4, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ni and Cd). Water extractability of nutrients from soils was affected by the type of soil and ratio of composted manure applied. Extractable NH4, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations varied in the descending order of sandy clay, sandy loam and silt loam except NO3. The concentrations of P, K, Ca and Mg in the amended soils increased with the ratio of manure co-composted with leaf litter while those of NO3, NH4 and trace elements decreased. The residual nutrients in soil varied directly with their contents in the compost amendments. Co-composting improved the availability of nutrients in soils and this should be an ideal approach to managing the enormous waste generated from the livestock sector for restoring soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) preparation using a green as well as environmentally acceptable processes has achieved a lot of attention in recent decade. The current study compared the synthesis of titania (TiO 2) nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extracts of two plant species (Trianthema portulacastrum , Chenopodium quinoa) and traditional approach by chemical preparation. The effects of no calcination on the physical characteristics of TiO 2 NPs as well as their antifungal effects were examined and compared with the already reported calcinated TiO 2 NPs. The produced TiO 2 NPs were evaluated using high-tech techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and elemental mapping. TiO 2 NPs prepared by sol-gel technique (T1) and prepared from extractions from leaves of T. portulacastrum (T2), and C. quinoa (T3) were either calcinated or non calcinated and tested against fungal disease (Ustilago tritici) of wheat for antifungal efficacy. The -peak (2θ) at 25.3 was confirmed by XRD to be connected with the anatase (101) form in both cases but before calcination, NPs were lacking the rutile and brookite peaks. The results showed that all types of TiO 2 NPs examined had good antifungal activity against U. tritici , but those made from C. quinoa plant extract have good antifungal activity against disease. TiO 2 NPs which are produced by the green methods (T2, T3) have the highest antifungal activity (58%, 57% respectively), while minimal activity (19%) was recorded when NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel method (T1) with 25 μl/mL. Non calcinated TiO 2 NPs have less antifungal potential than calcined TiO 2 NPs. It can be concluded that calcination may be preferred for efficient antifungal activity when using titania nanoparticles. The green technology may be used on a larger scale with less damaging TiO 2 NP production and can be utilized against fungal disease on wheat crop to reduce crop losses worldwide. • Chemical and green methods were used for TiO 2 -NPs synthesis. • Size of NPs varied before calcination and after calcination. • Calcinated NPs have good antifungal potential against wheat disease than non-calcinated NPs. • Calcinated green synthesized NPs may be used for antifungal potential against Ustilago tritici. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of our study is to compare the extravesical and intravesical ureteric reimplantation for the treatment of bilateral vesicoureteral reflux in children. Period: April 2013 and July 2016. Setting: Urology Department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Methodology: 66 children diagnosed with primary vesicoureteral reflux and undergoing ureteric reimplantation. The Cohen cross-trigonal reimplantation (intravesical) and modified Lich-Gregoir procedure (extravesical) were performed on two separate groups Group IR and group ER. The following parameters were compared: postoperative duration of stay in the hospital, hematuria and bladder spasm. Frequency of hematuria, bladder spasm and average duration of stay in the hospital were compared in both group. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for age, gender and duration of surgery in both groups.). Chi square test was applied to check the association of outcome variables with demographical variables and duration of surgery. Results: These 100% (n=66) patients were divided into 2 groups equally, 33 in each, i.e. group ER and group IR. The mean age and duration of surgery of the patients of group ER were 13.78±2.83 years, 102.45±4.13 minutes respectively. While the mean age and duration of surgery of the patients of group IR was 30.33±4.58 years and 119.7±10.70 minutes respectively (Table-II).The main outcome variables of this study were the hospital stay, postoperative bladder spasm and hematuria. The mean hospital stay of the patients of group ER and group IR was 4.30±1.35 days and 5.84±1.0 respectively (Table-II). It was observed that bladder spasm in group ER and group IR was 39.4% (n=13) and 54.5% (n=18) respectively (Figure-1). It was also observed that hematuria in group ER and group IR was 36.4% (n=12) and 48.5% (n=16) respectively (Figure-2). Conclusion: The observation of this study concludes that extravesical ureteric reimplantation has an edge over conventional procedure of intravesical ureteric approach. Intravesical procedure has disadvantages of more frequency of postoperative complications like, hospital stay, bladder spasms and hematuria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regeneration frequency of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is greatly influenced by its genetic makeup and recalcitrant nature. Phenolic secretion, in particular, is a major problem in okra tissue culture. This study describes a reproducible, rapid, and more efficient in vitro regeneration method using cotyledonary node explants of okra. Explants were incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations and combinations of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) [benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), and α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA)], and regeneration enhancers [silver nitrate (AgNO3) and Pluronic F-68]. Cut ends of cotyledonary node segments rapidly turned brown and cultures failed to establish. Antibrowning additives, such as activated charcoal (AC), ascorbic acid (AA), and AgNO3 at various concentrations in PGR-free MS basal medium were tested for their ability to control phenolic secretion from explants. Among these additives, 15 mg-L-1 AA was found to be optimal for controlling phenolic secretion, resulting in healthy explants and culture establishment. The highest number of shoots (a mean of 9.3 ± 0.9 shoots per cotyledonary node explant) was obtained on MS media containing 0.5 mg-L-1 NAA + 1 mg-L-1 TDZ + 0.1% Pluronic F-68. Individual shoots were elongated on MS medium +1 mg-L-1 BA + 0.1 mg-L-1 gibberellic acid (GA3) (shoot length 5.3 ± 0.2 cm) and rooted on % MS medium + 1 m g L 1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 200 m g L 1 AC (5.3 ± 0.2 roots per shoot). Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in plastic pots inside a plant growth chamber at 25 ± 2 °C and 70% relative humidity, with an 80% survival rate. This optimized protocol can be used for producing transgenic plants of commercial okra cultivars through genetic transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, novel fractions of polygalacturonase (PG), and pectin lyase (PL) were extracted from Neurospora crassa -fermented citrus peel waste. A central composite design from response surface methodology was used to study the in-depth interactions between various fermentation parameters. The active PG and PL fractions were purified to homogeneity and surface immobilized using various concentrations of chitosan (CHI) and glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. A significant increase in the specific activities of PG and PL with 12.3-fold and 6.52-fold purification after Sephadex G-100 column chromatography was achieved. Evidently, the successful immobilization was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The catalytic characterization of free parts, i.e., FP–PG and FP–PL and CHI-immobilized parts, i.e., CHI–PG and CHI–PL was investigated using various parameters including pH, thermal behavior, Michaelis–Menten kinetic constants, inhibitors/stimulators, i.e., divalent cations and chelating agents including Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and Sodium dodecyl sulfate. The immobilized fractions were highly stable over a broader pH and temperature range from 4-9 and 45–85 °C, respectively. The catalytic = constants K m and V max were 0.20, 0.13, 0.14, and 0.10 mg/mL and 204, 154, 208, and 143 U/mL/min for FP–PG, FP–PL, CHI–PG, and CHI–PL, respectively. The negligible difference between the K m and V max values of free and immobilized fractions revealed that the conformational flexibility was retained as such. The CHI–PG and CHI–PL fractions retained more than 75% of their operational activities even after seven consecutive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological macromolecules are primarily composed of complex polysaccharides that strengthen microbial growth for the production of industrially relevant enzymes. The presence of polysaccharides in the form of the disrupted cell wall and cell materials are among major challenges in the fruit juice industry. The breakdown of such biological macromolecules including cellulose and pectin is vital for the juices processing. In this background, pectinolytic enzymes including polygalacturonase (PG), pectin lyase (PL), and pectin methylesterase (PME) were isolated from Aspergillus ornatus , statistically optimized and purified via ammonium sulfate fractionation (ASF), dialysis, and Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography. After passing through Sephadex G-100 column, PG, PL, and PME were 2.60-fold, 3.30-fold, and 4.52-fold purified with specific activities of 475.2 U/mg, 557.1 U/mg, and 205.7 U/mg. The active PG, PL, and PME, each separately, were surface immobilized using various concentrations of chitosan and dextran polyaldehyde as a macromolecular crosslinking agent. Prior to exploit for juice clarification purposes, various parameters including pH, thermal and Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants of purified and chitosan-immobilized fractions were investigated. A considerable improvement in the pH and thermal profiles was recorded after immobilization. However, the negligible difference between the K m and V max values of purified free and chitosan-immobilized fractions revealed that the conformational flexibility of pectinolytics was retained as such. A significant color and turbidity reductions were recorded after 60 min treatment with CTS-PG, followed by CTS-PME, and CTS-PL. It can be concluded that the clarification of apples, mango, peach, and apricot juices was greatly affected by CTS-PG, CTS-PME, and CTS-PL treatments rendering them as potential candidatures for food industry applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe management of animal and plant waste is one of the world's most important environmental challenges. Composting has been proposed as a useful technique for beneficially recycling wastes. This study showed that significant temporal changes in the nutrient availability occurred during the composting of cow manure with poplar leaf litter within 120 days. In particular, total C in the final compost was directly related to the addition of tree litter and inversely related to the time of composting, whereas extractable P and NO3increased with increasing amounts of tree litter and ammonium showed the opposite trend. During the later stages of the composting process higher concentrations of water soluble K, Ca, Mg, and Na were observed. The major benefit observed was that heavy metal concentrations initially present in the manure were significantly reduced during composting. Heavy metals in the final compost decreased in the order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The increased availability of plant nutrients following composting coupled with the lower extractability of heavy metals indicates that composting may be a sustainable option for agricultural waste recycling and increased productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CoTb 0.03 Fe 1.97 O 4 ferrite and poypyrrole (PPy) polymer nano composites were prepared by mixing the nano crystalline ferrite with poypyrrole (PPy) by following the solid state reaction synthesis route. The XRD patterns of CoTb 0.03 Fe 1.97 O 4 spinel ferrite powders and polymer (PPy) exhibited single phase spinel structure. The amorphous nature of PPy was evidenced by the broad peaks of XRD patterns. The surface morphology unfolded heterogeneous distribution in composites and ferrite. The grains in ferrite were spherical in shape with clear boundaries. The morphology was appreciably altered by the inclusion of ferrite contents. The higher activation energy and resistivity aroused due to blocking of conduction mechanism owing to nanoparticles embedded in the PPy matrix. A downfall in the dielectric loss of the composites is observed as the frequency of the applied field is increased. The incorporation of ferrite contents optimized the magnetic parameters of the composites. The enhanced coercivity (Hc) of these nanocomposites might be beneficial for memory devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly charged solar evaporator for in-situ freshwater and power generation excluding volatile ammonia using Donnan exclusion strategy by optimizing positive charge density. The multi-functional solar evaporator yields ∼14.66 kg m−2 freshwater from wastewater, and the complementary thermoelectric generator achieved a power density of ∼45.4 Wm−2 along with solar to electric conversion efficiency (γ = 2.27%). [Display omitted] • Highly charged nanospheres for in-situ freshwater and power generation excluding Ammonia ions by Donnan exclusion strategy. • 14.66 kg m−2 freshwater from Shahu lake water/NH 4 Cl·H 2 O (25 wt%) slurry during 8 hrs under natural sunlight. • Simultaneous waste heat recovery into thermoelectric power generation (P out ∼ 45.4 Wm−2). • Solar to electric conversion efficiency (γ = 2.27 %) under 2 kW m−2 solar irradiations. Hybrid solar-driven interfacial evaporation (HSDIE) systems are promising solar technologies for simultaneous freshwater and power generation. However, lower efficiencies due to inevitable heat losses, salt accumulation, and volatile organic impurities are detrimental to the sustainability of solar evaporators that limit their practical applications. Herein, we report a highly charged solar evaporator for in-situ freshwater and power generation developed by a UV-induced deposition of Fe 3 O 4 @PPy nanospheres anchored on a self-floating cellulose evaporator. The endowment of synergic resistance of ammonium (NH 4 +) ions is significantly increased by optimizing the positive charge density of R-NH+ groups by the Donnan exclusion without sacrificing the evaporation rates (1.98 kg m−2h−1) using Shahu Lake water/NH 4 Cl·H 2 O (25 wt%) slurry. The state-of-the-art investigations validate the long-term stability without any salt accumulation under natural conditions (mass change, 14.66 kg m−2/8 hrs). More importantly, in-situ thermoelectric power generation achieved power density (P out ∼ 45.4 Wm−2, I out ∼ 101 mA) along with solar to electric conversion efficiency (γ = 2.27 %) under 2 kW m−2 solar irradiations. This work will further insight into further advancement in the multifunctional integration of solar evaporation technology concerning the water-energy nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a sustainable environment requires addressing primitive water scarcity and water contamination. Antibiotics such as oxytetracycline (OTC) may accumulate in the environment and in the human body, increasing the risks to the ecosystem. The treatment of polluted water and the production of potable water can be achieved in a variety of ways, including photodegradation, solar distillation, and filtration. Freshwater supplies can be increased by implementing energy-efficient technologies for the production of clean water. Solar water evaporation combined with photocatalytic degradation and sterilization offers a promising avenue for integration into the clean water and energy production fields. The present study reports the synthesis of a 3D solar steam generator comprised of BiVO4 and carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposite decorated over a cigarette filter as the light-to-heat conversion layer for solar steam generation. The BiVO4@CNT-based 3D solar evaporator over the hydrophilic cellulosic fibers of the cigarette filter endowed excellent evaporation rates (2.36 kg m−2 h−1) under 1 kW m−2 solar irradiation, owing to its superior hydrophilicity and broadband solar absorption (96%) equipped with localized heating at microscale thermal confinement optimized by the minimum thermal conductivity of the overall system. Furthermore, the BiVO4@CNT composite exhibited a heightened photo activity up to 83% of the photodegradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) antibiotic due to the inhibition of charge recombination from the industrial effluents. This approach transforms the water-energy nexus into a synergistic bond that offers opportunities to meet expected demand, rather than being competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive scholarly inquiry into destructive leadership, research on leaders' self‐serving and exploitative behaviour is in its initial stages. This multi‐study investigation contributes to this body of literature. Study 1 was conducted to test the serial mediation of state suspicion (SS) and supervisor‐based cynicism between exploitative leadership and employee procrastination. It involved collecting single‐source time‐lagged data from textile industry employees in Pakistan. Study 2 replicated the findings of study 1 in the information technology (IT) industry by using multi‐source time‐lagged data. It extended the suggested model by proposing negative workplace gossip about supervisors as an outcome of exploitative leadership and employee procrastination. The results of study 1 (N = 279) and study 2 (N = 244) supported the serial mediation of SS and supervisor‐based cynicism between exploitative leadership and employee outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning with deep neural networks (DNNs) is widely used for human activity recognition (HAR) to automatically learn features, identify and analyze activities, and to produce a consequential outcome in numerous applications. However, learning robust features requires an enormous number of labeled data. Therefore, implementing a DNN either requires creating a large dataset or needs to use the pre-trained models on different datasets. Multitask learning (MTL) is a machine learning paradigm where a model is trained to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, with the idea that sharing information between tasks can lead to improved performance on each individual task. This paper presents a novel MTL approach that employs combined training for human activities with different temporal scales of atomic and composite activities. Atomic activities are basic, indivisible actions that are readily identifiable and classifiable. Composite activities are complex actions that comprise a sequence or combination of atomic activities. The proposed MTL approach can help in addressing challenges related to recognizing and predicting both atomic and composite activities. It can also help in providing a solution to the data scarcity problem by simultaneously learning multiple related tasks so that knowledge from each task can be reused by the others. The proposed approach offers advantages like improved data efficiency, reduced overfitting due to shared representations, and fast learning through the use of auxiliary information. The proposed approach exploits the similarities and differences between multiple tasks so that these tasks can share the parameter structure, which improves model performance. The paper also figures out which tasks should be learned together and which tasks should be learned separately. If the tasks are properly selected, the shared structure of each task can help it learn more from other tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrroloimidazoles have been synthesized by diastereoselective of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition by using 4, 5-dihydroimidazolium ylides with an alkylating agent and base. Three new pyrroloimidazoles were synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 4,5-dihydroimidazolium ylides by using isopropyl bromoacetate as an alkylating agent with sulfur activated dipolorophile in the presence of base and were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. One of these pyrroloimidazoles synthesized with methyl activated dipolorophile exhibited significant antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punica granatum L. (Wild) is an important fruit-yielding species of the world and a source of income for people, particularly in the Hindukush-Himalayas of Pakistan. Considering its ecological and commercial importance, an attempt was made to provide a primary assessment of its compositional pattern with relation to environmental variables for ecologically unexplored Punica granatum forests located in a subtropical dry temperate zone using multivariate techniques. The vegetation data were collected from 40 Punica granatum forest stands along with the associated environmental data (12 variables) at different locations. Classification of the stands was carried out using Ward's agglomerative cluster analysis. In total, 20 tree species belonging to 13 families of 19 genera with 78 understories were surveyed. Finally, nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination with associated Monte Carlo permutation tests was performed to explore the patterns of variation in vegetation distribution explained by the environmental variables. Four community types were identified in different altitudinal and microclimatic thickets that significantly varied in species composition. The soil physical properties, i.e. sand and clay, forming an amalgam with chemical properties, i.e. N+1 and K+1 concentrations, were the most influential variables responsible for distribution of Punica granatum and associated species and compositional variation in the subtropical dry temperate areas of Pakistan. The present study will help in the understanding of conservation and management of this ecologically and commercially important species and will provide baseline information for other forests species growing in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) has shown extraordinary promise in achieving high-efficiency seawater desalination. However, a high evaporation rate cannot be maintained because of the seemingly unavoidable heat losses caused by the excessive water in solar absorber. Herein, inspired by the Arabic dome-architectural style, we report an integrated solar evaporator developed through foaming straw-based photothermal polyurethane sponge (SPPU) in the cavity of natural corn straw (NCS). This hierarchical design traps water at the interface between SPPU and NCS during ISSG, which balances water supply and evaporation and prevents harvested solar energy from heating superfluous unevaporated water. Moreover, SSPU with Arabic-dome-style structure ensures excellent photothermal conversion at different light incident angles. The so-fabricated evaporator displays an outstanding evaporation rate (2.18 kg/m2/h) under 1 sun illumination and the small-scale prototype produces a positive freshwater yield (3.58 kg/m2/day) under natural sunlight. This work provides an ingenious route to construct 3D solar evaporator with good water regulation for seawater purification. [Display omitted] • An integrated 3D evaporator was obtained by a facile method. • Water supply and evaporation were balanced by the hierarchical water management. • Arabic-dome-inspired design ensures excellent photothermal conversion under light at different incident angles. • Evaporator shows a remarkable evaporation rate of 2.18 kg/m2/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]