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Supplementary Figures and Supplementary Figure legends. Supplementary Fig. 1.- CDK4 inhibition or depletion decreases mTORC1 activity in several cancer cell lines, Supplementary Fig. 2.- CDK4 effects on mTORC1 are α-ketoglutarate and E2F1-independent, Supplementary Fig. 3.- CDK4 phosphorylates FLCN, Supplementary Fig. 4.- CDK4 regulates mTORC1 activity through phosphorylating FLCN, Supplementary Fig. 5.- CDK4 inhibition or depletion increases lysosomal mass, Supplementary Fig. 6.- Hematoxylin and eosin staining and gene expression analysis of tumors from mice treated with or without LY2835219, Supplementary Fig. 7.- In vitro cell death analysis and in vivo electron microscopy analysis of tumors treated with DMSO, LY2835219, A769662 and the combination of A769662 with LY2835219

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is well-known for its role in regulating the cell cycle, however, its role in cancer metabolism, especially mTOR signaling, is undefined. In this study, we established a connection between CDK4 and lysosomes, an emerging metabolic organelle crucial for mTORC1 activation. On the one hand, CDK4 phosphorylated the tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN), regulating mTORC1 recruitment to the lysosomal surface in response to amino acids. On the other hand, CDK4 directly regulated lysosomal function and was essential for lysosomal degradation, ultimately regulating mTORC1 activity. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic inactivation of CDK4, other than retaining FLCN at the lysosomal surface, led to the accumulation of undigested material inside lysosomes, which impaired the autophagic flux and induced cancer cell senescence in vitro and in xenograft models. Importantly, the use of CDK4 inhibitors in therapy is known to cause senescence but not cell death. To overcome this phenomenon and based on our findings, we increased the autophagic flux in cancer cells by using an AMPK activator in combination with a CDK4 inhibitor. The cotreatment induced autophagy (AMPK activation) and impaired lysosomal function (CDK4 inhibition), resulting in cell death and tumor regression. Altogether, we uncovered a previously unknown role for CDK4 in lysosomal biology and propose a novel therapeutic strategy to target cancer cells.Significance:These findings uncover a novel function of CDK4 in lysosomal biology, which promotes cancer progression by activating mTORC1; targeting this function offers a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.

Supplementary Tables. Supplementary Table 1. Target sequences for guide RNA used to create KO stable cell lines with CRISP/Cas9 technology, Supplementary Table 2. Primers used for qPCR Analysis of Transcription Factor EB (TFEB) regulated genes (human), Supplementary Table 3. Primers used for qPCR Analysis of Senescence genes (human), Supplementary Table 4. Primers used for qPCR Analysis of housekeeping genes (human), Supplementary Table 5. Primers used for FLCN mutagenesis

Supplementary Methods.

Adipose tissue regulates whole-body energy homeostasis. Both lipodystrophy and obesity, the extreme and opposite aspects of adipose tissue dysfunction, result in metabolic disorders: insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been reported to be involved in adipose tissue development and functions. Using adipose tissue-specific knockout mice, here we demonstrate that the deletion of CDK7 in adipose tissue results in progressive lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, impaired adipokine secretion and downregulation of fat-specific genes, which are aggravated on high-fat diet and during ageing. Our studies suggest that CDK7 is a key regulatory component of adipose tissue maintenance and systemic energy homeostasis.

Memory CD8 T cells can provide long-term protection against tumors, which depends on their enhanced proliferative capacity, self-renewal and unique metabolic rewiring to sustain cellular fitness. Specifically, memory CD8 T cells engage oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation to fulfill their metabolic demands. In contrast, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) display severe metabolic defects, which may underlie their functional decline. Here, we show that overexpression of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis (MB), favors CD8 T cell central memory formation rather than resident memory generation. PGC-1α-overexpressing CD8 T cells persist and mediate more robust recall responses to bacterial infection or peptide vaccination. Importantly, CD8 T cells with enhanced PGC-1α expression provide stronger antitumor immunity in a mouse melanoma model. Moreover, TILs overexpressing PGC-1α maintain higher mitochondrial activity and improved expansion when rechallenged in a tumor-free host. Altogether, our findings indicate that enforcing mitochondrial biogenesis promotes CD8 T cell memory formation, metabolic fitness, and antitumor immunity in vivo.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is well-known for its role in regulating the cell cycle, however, its role in cancer metabolism, especially mTOR signaling, is undefined. In this study, we established a connection between CDK4 and lysosomes, an emerging metabolic organelle crucial for mTORC1 activation. On the one hand, CDK4 phosphorylated the tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN), regulating mTORC1 recruitment to the lysosomal surface in response to amino acids. On the other hand, CDK4 directly regulated lysosomal function and was essential for lysosomal degradation, ultimately regulating mTORC1 activity. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic inactivation of CDK4, other than retaining FLCN at the lysosomal surface, led to the accumulation of undigested material inside lysosomes, which impaired the autophagic flux and induced cancer cell senescence in vitro and in xenograft models. Importantly, the use of CDK4 inhibitors in therapy is known to cause senescence but not cell death. To overcome this phenomenon and based on our findings, we increased the autophagic flux in cancer cells by using an AMPK activator in combination with a CDK4 inhibitor. The cotreatment induced autophagy (AMPK activation) and impaired lysosomal function (CDK4 inhibition), resulting in cell death and tumor regression. Altogether, we uncovered a previously unknown role for CDK4 in lysosomal biology and propose a novel therapeutic strategy to target cancer cells. Significance: These findings uncover a novel function of CDK4 in lysosomal biology, which promotes cancer progression by activating mTORC1; targeting this function offers a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.

Sustained ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ leak is associated with pathological conditions such as heart failure or skeletal muscle weakness. We report that a single session of sprint interval training (SIT), but not of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), triggers RyR1 protein oxidation and nitrosylation leading to calstabin1 dissociation in healthy human muscle and in in vitro SIT models (simulated SIT or S-SIT). This is accompanied by decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content, increased levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteins, supercomplex formation and enhanced NADH-linked mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Mechanistically, (S-)SIT increases mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in mouse myotubes and muscle fibres, and decreases pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation in human muscle and mouse myotubes. Countering Ca2+ leak or preventing mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake blunts S-SIT-induced adaptations, a result supported by proteomic analyses. Here we show that triggering acute transient Ca2+ leak through RyR1 in healthy muscle may contribute to the multiple health promoting benefits of exercise., Ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) are involved in skeletal muscle contraction. Here, the authors show that a transient calcium leak in response to exercise-induced post translational modifications of RyR1 causes mitochondrial remodeling to improve respiration.

This study investigated the role of CDK4 in the oxidative metabolism of brown adipose tissue (BAT). BAT from Cdk4 −/− mice exhibited fewer lipids and increased mitochondrial volume and expression of canonical thermogenic genes, rendering these mice more resistant to cold exposure. Interestingly, these effects were not BAT cell‐autonomous but rather driven by increased sympathetic innervation. In particular, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is known to modulate BAT activation via the sympathetic nervous system. We thus examined the effects of VMH neuron‐specific Cdk4 deletion. These mice display increased sympathetic innervation and enhanced cold tolerance, similar to Cdk4 −/− mice, in addition to browning of scWAT. Overall, we provide evidence showing that CDK4 modulates thermogenesis by regulating sympathetic innervation of adipose tissue depots through hypothalamic nuclei, including the VMH. This demonstrates that CDK4 not only negatively regulates oxidative pathways, but also modulates the central regulation of metabolism through its action in the brain., CDK4 negatively regulates thermogenesis by suppressing oxidative pathways. This study reveals that CDK4 also modulates the systemic regulation of metabolism through its action in the hypothalamus.

International audience; Aging-dependent changes in tissue function are associated with the development of metabolic diseases. However, the molecular connections linking aging, obesity, and diabetes remain unclear. Lamin A, lamin C, and progerin, products of the Lmna gene, have antagonistic functions on energy metabolism and life span. Lamin C, albeit promoting obesity, increases life span, suggesting that this isoform is crucial for maintaining healthy conditions under metabolic stresses. Because β-cell loss during obesity or aging leads to diabetes, we investigated the contribution of lamin C to β-cell function in physiopathological conditions. We demonstrate that aged lamin C only–expressing mice (LmnaLCS/LCS) become obese but remain glucose tolerant due to adaptive mechanisms including increased β-cell mass and insulin secretion. Triggering diabetes in young mice revealed that LmnaLCS/LCS animals normalize their fasting glycemia by both increasing insulin secretion and regenerating β-cells. Genome-wide analyses combined to functional analyses revealed an increase of mitochondrial biogenesis and global translational rate in LmnaLCS/LCS islets, two major processes involved in insulin secretion. Altogether, our results demonstrate for the first time that the sole expression of lamin C protects from glucose intolerance through a β-cell–adaptive transcriptional program during metabolic stresses, highlighting Lmna gene processing as a new therapeutic target for diabetes treatment.

The hypothalamus plays a key role in the detection of energy substrates to regulate energy homeostasis. Tanycytes, the hypothalamic ependymo-glia, are located at a privileged position to integrate multiple peripheral inputs. We observed that tanycytes produce and secrete Fgf21 and are located close to Fgf21-sensitive neurons. Fasting, likely via the increase in circulating fatty acids, regulates this central Fgf21 production. Tanycytes store palmitate in lipid droplets and oxidize it, leading to the activation of a reactive oxygen species (ROS)/p38-MAPK signaling pathway, which is essential for tanycytic Fgf21 expression upon palmitate exposure. Tanycytic Fgf21 deletion triggers an increase in lipolysis, likely due to impaired inhibition of key neurons during fasting. Mice deleted for tanycytic Fgf21 exhibit increased energy expenditure and a reduction in fat mass gain, reminiscent of a browning phenotype. Our results suggest that tanycytes sense free fatty acids to maintain body lipid homeostasis through Fgf21 signaling within the hypothalamus.

Protein phosphorylation - catalyzed by protein kinases - is the most common post-translational modification. It increases the functional diversity of the proteome and influences various aspects of normal physiology and can be altered in disease states. High throughput profiling of kinases is becoming an essential experimental approach to investigate their activity and this can be achieved using technologies such as PamChip® arrays provided by PamGene for kinase activity measurement. Here we present “pamgeneAnalyzeR”, an R package developed as an alternative to the manual steps necessary to extract the data from PamChip® peptide microarrays images in a reproducible and robust manner. The extracted data can be directly used for downstream analysis.Availability and implementationPamgeneAnalyzeR is implemented in R and can be obtained from https://github.com/amelbek/pamgeneAnalyzeR.

Multidirectional interactions between metabolic organs in the periphery and the central nervous system have evolved concomitantly with multicellular organisms to maintain whole‐body energy homeostasis and ensure the organism's adaptation to external cues. These interactions are altered in pathological conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Bioactive peptides and proteins, such as hormones and cytokines, produced by both peripheral organs and the central nervous system, are key messengers in this inter‐organ communication. Despite the early discovery of the first hormones more than 100 years ago, recent studies taking advantage of novel technologies have shed light on the multiple ways used by cells in the body to communicate and maintain energy balance. This review briefly summarizes well‐established concepts and focuses on recent advances describing how specific proteins and peptides mediate the crosstalk between gut, brain, and other peripheral metabolic organs in order to maintain energy homeostasis. Additionally, this review outlines how the improved knowledge about these inter‐organ networks is helping us to redefine therapeutic strategies in an effort to promote healthy living and fight metabolic disorders and other diseases.

Cell cycle regulators, such CDK4, have previously been shown to be involved in the regulation of oxidative processes. Oxidative metabolism is indeed required for the thermogenic function of BAT. This study investigated the role of CDK4 in BAT function. To this end, we examined metabolic parameters, thermogenesis, and interscapular BAT (iBAT) morphology in a global Cdk4 knockout (Cdk4-/-) mouse, and BAT- and VMH-specific Cdk4 knockout mice. iBAT from Cdk4-/- mice exhibited fewer lipid droplets, increased mitochondrial volume, and increased expression of canonical thermogenic genes, rendering these animals more thermogenic and resistant to cold exposure. These effects were not cell-autonomous, since the BAT-specific deletion (Ucp1-Cre driven) of Cdk4 did not affect thermogenesis in mice. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) maintains body temperature during cold challenges through non-shivering thermogenesis. This process is tightly regulated by several hypothalamic areas, including the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), that modulate BAT activation via the sympathetic nervous system. Indeed, the sympathetic innervation of iBAT was also increased in Cdk4-/- mice, suggesting that CDK4 expressed in the central nervous system may mediate the increased thermogenic capacity of these animals. We thus examined the effects of VMH neuron-specific Cdk4 deletion, and found that these mice display increased iBAT sympathetic innervation and enhanced cold tolerance, similar to Cdk4-/- mice. Overall, these data provide new evidence showing that CDK4 in the VMH modulates thermogenesis by regulating the sympathetic innervation of iBAT. We show for the first time that CDK4, not only negatively regulates directly the oxidative pathways, such as observed in muscle cells, but also have a central control in the control of the metabolism of the whole organism through its action in the brain. This raises a new paradigm in our knowledge of the function of CDK4.

Insulin resistance is a fundamental pathogenic factor that characterizes various metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue contributes to the development of obesity-related insulin resistance through increased release of fatty acids, altered adipokine secretion, and/or macrophage infiltration and cytokine release. Here, we aimed to analyze the participation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) in adipose tissue biology. We determined that white adipose tissue (WAT) from CDK4-deficient mice exhibits impaired lipogenesis and increased lipolysis. Conversely, lipolysis was decreased and lipogenesis was increased in mice expressing a mutant hyperactive form of CDK4 (CDK4(R24C)). A global kinome analysis of CDK4-deficient mice following insulin stimulation revealed that insulin signaling is impaired in these animals. We determined that insulin activates the CCND3-CDK4 complex, which in turn phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) at serine 388, thereby creating a positive feedback loop that maintains adipocyte insulin signaling. Furthermore, we found that CCND3 expression and IRS2 serine 388 phosphorylation are increased in human obese subjects. Together, our results demonstrate that CDK4 is a major regulator of insulin signaling in WAT.

Deficiency in the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) favors leanness and a healthy metabolic profile in mice largely attributed to activation of oxidative metabolism in white and brown adipose tissues. Less is known about Rb modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. This was studied here by transiently knocking down Rb expression in differentiated C2C12 myotubes using small interfering RNAs. Compared with control cells transfected with non-targeting RNAs, myotubes silenced for Rb (by 80-90%) had increased expression of genes related to fatty acid uptake and oxidation such as Cd36 and Cpt1b (by 61% and 42%, respectively), increased Mitofusin 2 protein content (∼2.5-fold increase), increased mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratio (by 48%), increased oxygen consumption (by 65%) and decreased intracellular lipid accumulation. Rb silenced myotubes also displayed up-regulated levels of glucose transporter type 4 expression (∼5-fold increase), increased basal glucose uptake, and enhanced insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, exercise in mice led to increased Rb phosphorylation (inactivation) in skeletal muscle as evidenced by immunohistochemistry analysis. In conclusion, the silencing of Rb enhances mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and fatty acid and glucose disposal in skeletal myotubes, and changes in Rb status may contribute to muscle physiological adaptation to exercise.

Objective Aberrant hepatic glucose production contributes to the development of hyperglycemia and is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. In a recent study, we showed that the transcription factor E2F1, a component of the cell cycle machinery, contributes to hepatic steatosis through the transcriptional regulation of key lipogenic enzymes. Here, we investigate if E2F1 contributes to hyperglycemia by regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis. Methods We use different genetic models to investigate if E2F1 regulates gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes and in vivo. We study the impact of depleting E2F1 or inhibiting E2F1 activity in diabetic mouse models to evaluate if this transcription factor contributes to hyperglycemia during insulin resistance. We analyze E2F1 mRNA levels in the livers of human diabetic patients to assess the relevance of E2F1 in human pathophysiology. Results Lack of E2F1 impaired gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes. Conversely, E2F1 overexpression increased glucose production in hepatocytes and in mice. Several genetic models showed that the canonical CDK4-RB1-E2F1 pathway is directly involved in this regulation. E2F1 mRNA levels were increased in the livers from human diabetic patients and correlated with the expression of the gluconeogenic enzyme Pck1. Genetic invalidation or pharmacological inhibition of E2F1 improved glucose homeostasis in diabetic mouse models. Conclusions Our study unveils that the transcription factor E2F1 contributes to mammalian glucose homeostasis by directly controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis. Together with our previous finding that E2F1 promotes hepatic steatosis, the data presented here show that E2F1 contributes to both hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetes, suggesting that specifically targeting E2F1 in the liver could be an interesting strategy for therapies against type 2 diabetes., Highlights • Genetic manipulation of the CDK4-RB1-E2F1 pathway in hepatocytes results in changes in gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose production. • Overexpression of E2F1 promotes gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes and in liver. • E2F1 mRNA levels are increased in the livers of diabetic patients and correlate with PCK1 gene expression. • Genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition of E2F1 reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic mice.

Dietary fiber protects against chronic inflammatory diseases by dampening immune responses through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Here we examined the effect of dietary fiber in viral infection, where the anti-inflammatory properties of SCFAs in principle could prevent protective immunity. Instead, we found that fermentable dietary fiber increased survival of influenza-infected mice through two complementary mechanisms. High-fiber diet (HFD)-fed mice exhibited altered bone marrow hematopoiesis, characterized by enhanced generation of Ly6c

Bakground/objectives: Intense drug discovery efforts in the metabolic field highlight the need for novel strategies for the treatment of obesity. Alternative splicing (AS) and/or polyadenylation enable the LMNA gene to express distinct protein isoforms that exert opposing effects on energy metabolism and lifespan. Here we aimed to use the splicing factor SRSF 1 that contribute to the production of these different isoforms as a target to uncover new anti-obesity drug. Subjects/Methods: Small molecules modulating SR protein activity and splicing, we re tested for their abilities to interact with SRSF1 and to modulate LMNA (AS). Using an LMNA luciferase reporter we selected molecules that were tested in Diet Induced Obese (DIO) mice. Transcriptomic analyses were performed in the white adipose tissues from untreated and treated DIO mice and mice fed a chow diet. Results: We identified a small molecule that specifically interacted with the RS domain of SRSF1. ABX300 abolished diet induced obesity (DIO) in mice, leading to restoration of adipose tissue homeostasis. In contrast, ABX300 had no effect on mice fed a standard chow diet. A global transcriptomic analysis revealed similar profiles of White adipose tissue (WAT) from DIO mice treated with ABX300 and from untreated mice fed a chow diet. Mice treated with ABX300 exhibited an increase in O2 consumption and a switch in fuel preference toward lipids. Conclusions: Targeting SRSF1 with ABX300 compensates for changes in RNA biogenesis induced by fat accumulation and consequently represents a novel unexplored approach for the treatment of obesity.

Matching sets of human primary fibroblasts cocultured with placenta explants are used to compare tissue capacities to support trophoblast invasion. Substituting endometrium with dermis dramatically reduces EVCT interstitial invasion, a phenomenon related to the ECM fibronectin content, FN alternative splicing, and expression of the SR protein SRSF1., Cell invasion targets specific tissues in physiological placental implantation and pathological metastasis, which raises questions about how this process is controlled. We compare dermis and endometrium capacities to support trophoblast invasion, using matching sets of human primary fibroblasts in a coculture assay with human placental explants. Substituting endometrium, the natural trophoblast target, with dermis dramatically reduces trophoblast interstitial invasion. Our data reveal that endometrium expresses a higher rate of the fibronectin (FN) extra type III domain A+ (EDA+) splicing isoform, which displays stronger matrix incorporation capacity. We demonstrate that the high FN content of the endometrium matrix, and not specifically the EDA domain, supports trophoblast invasion by showing that forced incorporation of plasma FN (EDA–) promotes efficient trophoblast invasion. We further show that the serine/arginine-rich protein serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) is more highly expressed in endometrium and, using RNA interference, that it is involved in the higher EDA exon inclusion rate in endometrium. Our data therefore show a mechanism by which tissues can be distinguished, for their capacity to support invasion, by their different rates of EDA inclusion, linked to their SRSF1 protein levels. In the broader context of cancer pathology, the results suggest that SRSF1 might play a central role not only in the tumor cells, but also in the surrounding stroma.

In the course of the last decades, metabolism research has demonstrated that adipose tissue is not an inactive tissue. Rather, adipocytes are key actors of whole body energy homeostasis. Numerous novel regulators of adipose tissue differentiation and function have been identified. With the constant increase of obesity and associated disorders, the interest in adipose tissue function alterations in the XXIst century has become of paramount importance. Recent data suggest that adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue browning and mitochondrial function, lipogenesis and lipolysis are strongly modulated by the cell division machinery. This review will focus on the function of cell cycle regulators in adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue function and whole body energy homeostasis; with particular attention in mouse studies.

International audience; Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder phenotypically characterized by many features of premature aging. Most cases of HGPS are due to a heterozygous silent mutation (c.1824C\textgreaterT; p.Gly608Gly) that enhances the use of an internal 5' splice site (5'SS) in exon 11 of the LMNA pre-mRNA and leads to the production of a truncated protein (progerin) with a dominant negative effect. Here we show that HGPS mutation changes the accessibility of the 5'SS of LMNA exon 11 which is sequestered in a conserved RNA structure. Our results also reveal a regulatory role of a subset of serine-arginine (SR)-rich proteins, including serine-arginine rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) and SRSF6, on utilization of the 5'SS leading to lamin A or progerin production and a modulation of this regulation in the presence of the c.1824C\textgreaterT mutation is shown directly on HGPS patient cells. Mutant mice carrying the equivalent mutation in the LMNA gene (c.1827C\textgreaterT) also accumulate progerin and phenocopy the main cellular alterations and clinical defects of HGPS patients. RNAi-induced depletion of SRSF1 in the HGPS-like mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) allowed progerin reduction and dysmorphic nuclei phenotype correction, whereas SRSF6 depletion aggravated the HGPS-like MEF's phenotype. We demonstrate that changes in the splicing ratio between lamin A and progerin are key factors for lifespan since heterozygous mice harboring the mutation lived longer than homozygous littermates but less than the wild-type. Genetic and biochemical data together favor the view that physiological progerin production is under tight control of a conserved splicing mechanism to avoid precocious aging.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is a positive regulator of cell cycle progression, however, there is growing evidence demonstrating that its function exceeds the control of cell division. Here we show that CDK4 is an important regulator of cellular substrate utilization through direct inhibition of the metabolic regulator AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase).

Summary Dietary fiber protects against chronic inflammatory diseases by dampening immune responses through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Here we examined the effect of dietary fiber in viral infection, where the anti-inflammatory properties of SCFAs in principle could prevent protective immunity. Instead, we found that fermentable dietary fiber increased survival of influenza-infected mice through two complementary mechanisms. High-fiber diet (HFD)-fed mice exhibited altered bone marrow hematopoiesis, characterized by enhanced generation of Ly6c − patrolling monocytes, which led to increased numbers of alternatively activated macrophages with a limited capacity to produce the chemokine CXCL1 in the airways. Blunted CXCL1 production reduced neutrophil recruitment to the airways, thus limiting tissue immunopathology during infection. In parallel, diet-derived SCFAs boosted CD8 + T cell effector function by enhancing cellular metabolism. Hence, dietary fermentable fiber and SCFAs set an immune equilibrium, balancing innate and adaptive immunity so as to promote the resolution of influenza infection while preventing immune-associated pathology.

Robust, long-lasting immune responses are elicited by memory T cells that possess properties of stem cells, enabling them to persist long-term and to permanently replenish the effector pools. Thus, stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells are of key therapeutic value and efforts are underway to characterize TSCM cells and to identify means for their targeted induction. Here, we show that inhibition of mechanistic/mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) by rapamycin or the Wnt-β-catenin signalling activator TWS119 in activated human naive T cells leads to the induction of TSCM cells. We show that these compounds switch T cell metabolism to fatty acid oxidation as favoured metabolic programme for TSCM cell generation. Of note, pharmacologically induced TSCM cells possess superior functional features as a long-term repopulation capacity after adoptive transfer. Furthermore, we provide insights into the transcriptome of TSCM cells. Our data identify a mechanism of pharmacological mTORC1 inhibitors, allowing us to confer stemness to human naive T cells which may be significantly relevant for the design of innovative T cell-based cancer immunotherapies., Highlights • Immunostimulatory effect of rapamycin on induction of TSCM cells • Previously unknown mTORC1 inhibiting drug effect of the Wnt activator TWS119 • Insights into the metabolic regulation of human CD4 + TSCM cells and into their transcriptome Stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells represent the newly identified memory T cell subset, which harbours key therapeutic value by its self-renewal capacity and ability to generate memory and effector T cells. However, the signalling pathways controlling TSCM cell formation remain incompletely understood. Here, we present the induction of CD4 + TSCM cells from highly purified naïve cells by pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 by either rapamycin or TWS119. We carried out comprehensive transcriptome and metabolic analyses of induced and naturally occurring TSCM cells. Targeted induction of TSCM cells by pharmacological means is highly relevant for the design of novel immunotherapeutic approaches.

E2F transcription factors are known regulators of the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Here, we reveal that E2F1 plays an essential role in liver physiopathology through the regulation of glycolysis and lipogenesis. We demonstrate that E2F1 deficiency leads to a decrease in glycolysis and de novo synthesis of fatty acids in hepatocytes. We further demonstrate that E2F1 directly binds to the promoters of key lipogenic genes, including Fasn, but does not bind directly to genes encoding glycolysis pathway components, suggesting an indirect effect. In murine models, E2F1 expression and activity increased in response to feeding and upon insulin stimulation through canonical activation of the CDK4/pRB pathway. Moreover, E2F1 expression was increased in liver biopsies from obese, glucose-intolerant humans compared with biopsies from lean subjects. Finally, E2f1 deletion completely abrogated hepatic steatosis in different murine models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that E2F1 regulates lipid synthesis and glycolysis and thus contributes to the development of liver pathology.

Specific cellular functions, such as proliferation, survival, growth, or senescence, require a particular adaptive metabolic response, which is fine tuned by members of the cell cycle regulators families. Currently, proteins such as cyclins, CDKs, or E2Fs are being studied in the context of cell proliferation and survival, cell signaling, cell cycle regulation, and cancer. We show in this review that cellular, animal and molecular studies provided enough evidence to prove that these factors play, in addition, crucial roles in the control of mitochondrial function; finally resulting in a dual proliferative and metabolic response.

International audience; Alternative RNA processing of LMNA pre-mRNA produces three main protein isoforms, that is, lamin A, progerin, and lamin C. De novo mutations that favor the expression of progerin over lamin A lead to Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), providing support for the involvement of LMNA processing in pathological aging. Lamin C expression is mutually exclusive with the splicing of lamin A and progerin isoforms and occurs by alternative polyadenylation. Here, we investigate the function of lamin C in aging and metabolism using mice that express only this isoform. Intriguingly, these mice live longer, have decreased energy metabolism, increased weight gain, and reduced respiration. In contrast, progerin-expressing mice show increased energy metabolism and are lipodystrophic. Increased mitochondrial biogenesis is found in adipose tissue from HGPS-like mice, whereas lamin C-only mice have fewer mitochondria. Consistently, transcriptome analyses of adipose tissues from HGPS and lamin C-only mice reveal inversely correlated expression of key regulators of energy expenditure, including Pgc1a and Sfrp5. Our results demonstrate that LMNA encodes functionally distinct isoforms that have opposing effects on energy metabolism and lifespan in mammals.

Cell proliferation is regulated by a coordinated entry into the cell cycle. This process is an obligated step during any remodeling or regeneration of tissues. Interestingly, most of the cell proliferation processes are accompanied by an adapted metabolic response. In this article, we describe how proteins and factors that control cell cycle progression regulate at the same time the required metabolic changes. We will focus here on the description of the coordinated metabolic and proliferative responses involving cell cycle progression during the processes of adipose tissue remodeling, pancreas regeneration and function, muscle and liver regeneration, and cardiac hypertrophy development.

Introduction E2F1 a ete principalement etudie pour son role dans le controle du cycle cellulaire et le cancer. Dans cette etude, nous revelons un role essentiel de E2F1 dans le metabolisme hepatique via le controle de la glycolyse et de la lipogenese. Materiels et methodes Afin d’evaluer le role specifique de E2F1 dans le foie, nous avons etudie les souris invalidees pour E2F1 dans un premier temps, puis en culture primaire d’hepatocytes. Les cibles directes de E2F1 ont ete determinees par chromatine immunoprecipitation couplee au sequencage haut debit (ChIP-Seq) et l’etude des promoteurs specifiques en transfection transitoire. Le model de souris sous regime riche en graisse et les souris db/db invalidee pour E2F1 nous ont permis de determiner le role de E2F1 dans la physiopathologie du foie. Resultats L’invalidation de E2F1 dans le foie conduit a une diminution de la glycolyse et de la synthese de novo d’acides gras. Nous avons determine que E2F1 se lie directement sur les promoteurs des genes de la glycolyse et de la lipogenese pour controler l’expression de l’ensemble de la voie. En outre, l’expression et l’activite E2F1 dans le foie augmentent en reponse a l’alimentation via l’activation de la voie CDK4-pRB en reponse a la stimulation de l’insuline. Enfin, au niveau de la physiopathologie de la steatose hepatique non alcoolique (NAFLD), la suppression de E2F1 protege de la steatose hepatique. Conclusion En resume, E2F1 est non seulement un nouvel acteur transcriptionnel important dans le control de la glycolyse et la synthese de lipide, mais il contribue egalement au developpement de la physiopathologie du foie. Cette etude met en evidence l’importance d’un facteur du cycle cellulaire dans le controle d’un processus metabolique hepatique et sa physiopathologie. E2F1 apparait ainsi comme une cible therapeutique potentielle dans le traitement de la steatose hepatique. Declaration d’interet Les auteurs declarent ne pas avoir d’interet direct ou indirect (financier ou en nature) avec un organisme prive, industriel ou commercial en relation avec le sujet presente.