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Quali che siano le sfide dei movimenti collettivi, è opportuno analizzarne la dimensione spaziale. La geografia (sociale), con la sua specifica impostazione, può dare il suo contributo alla comprensione e/o partecipazione a tali movimenti. Gli eventi che essi organizzano si svolgono da qualche parte e va dunque compreso il contesto spazio-temporale. Persino i movimenti nati sui social si materializzano - in certi momenti - in luoghi precisi: il movimento delle sardine, quello dei gilets gialli. Inoltre, ogni aspetto di un movimento contiene una dimensione spaziale: l’organizzazione, il bacino d’influenza, le tipologie di appropriazione collettiva dello spazio - pubblico o privato, aperto o chiuso - (da Occupy Wall Street, all’occupazione di fabbriche, dalla strada ai tetti), l'impiego del corpo in quanto tale (performances di gruppo – cfr. “Non Una Di Meno”). La dimensione spaziale può anche essere influenzata da come i movimenti sono rappresentati nello spazio mediatico e dai processi di delegittimazione, criminalizzazione e relativi opposti. Infatti, tale rappresentazione, condizionando la percezione individuale e collettiva, influenza i comportamenti sul piano spaziale sia dei movimenti, sia di chi non ne ha conoscenza diretta. Infine, i movimenti affrontano oggi le sfide imposte dalle restrizioni della pandemia che li obbligano a trasformarsi. Tale crisi apre dunque nuovi interrogativi sulle pratiche di mobilitazione. Si attendono casi studio ma anche contributi più incentrati sugli aspetti teorici.

Il contributo mira ad analizzare le trasformazioni ambientali e paesaggistiche di un’area industriale del settore chimico dismessa e pesantemente contaminata, pienamente inclusa nel tessuto urbanizzato di una cittadina emiliana, le cui due principali fabbriche private hanno chiuso i battenti rispettivamente nel 1973 e nel 2003. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è duplice: - con l’analisi empirica si mira a identificare le varie fasi delle trasformazioni subite dall’area in questione: dal processo di dismissione, tipicamente corredato da inselvatichimento dell’intera zona industriale (edifici e cortili alle prese con un’estesa copertura vegetale spontanea) fino alla rivegetazione finale di una parte dell’area, passando dalle varie fasi di bonifica tramite biorisanamento (“Life Biorest” finanziato dall’Unione Europea) e altre tecniche; - e partendo dalla successione di modifiche ambientali e paesaggistiche -spontanee o fortemente guidate, seppur tramite processi “naturali”- si propone una riflessione teorica su alcuni fenomeni/categorie di analisi (inselvatichimento, rivegetazione…) e sulla loro percezione. Il caso studio scelto -SIN Fidenza- fa parte dei 42 Siti di Interesse Nazionale (SIN) ufficialmente riconosciuti (ISPRA, 2020). Dal 2001 il Ministero dell’Ambiente, con il decreto 18 settembre 2001, n. 468 “Programma nazionale di bonifica e ripristino ambientale”, ha inserito nei SIN anche la realtà di Fidenza, composta da 5 siti: 2 aree industriali dismesse confinanti (estensione di 115.310 mq), 2 ex-discariche e un ex-inceneritore. Lo studio si concentra solo sulle aree industriali, principalmente per tre motivi. Il primo è legato alla loro specifica collocazione, adiacente al centro storico, a 200 m dalla piazza principale. Il secondo è legato alla loro problematicità: impatti negativi sull’ambiente e sulla salute. Il terzo è legato alla particolarità dell’intervento: la realizzazione del progetto di recupero ambientale e urbanistico è stata possibile in quanto il Comune è diventato proprietario di questi terreni (nel 2001 per l’ex Cip -produzione di piombo tetraetile- e nel 2005 per l’ex Carbochimica -distillazione del catrame-) e ha stabilito un partenariato multiplo con enti pubblici e privati per implementare tecniche innovative di bonifica, con l’obiettivo finale di realizzare un’Area Produttiva Ecologicamente Attrezzata (APEA), coerentemente con i parametri fissati dalla Regione Emilia-Romagna (Atto d’indirizzo del Consiglio Regionale n. 118/07).

IntroductionThe pathophysiology of Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) remains unclear. There are a number of hypotheses but these are not exclusive. In its clinical presentation, this complication intersects with the semiology of diabetic-induced neuropathy, such as peripheral hypervascularization and the appearance of arteriovenous shunt. The EPICHAR study is as yet an unpublished cohort of people living with diabetes complicated by CN (in active or chronic phase). Based on the findings of the EPICHAR study, this study aimed to investigate whether a reduction in the rate of hyperglycemia accompanies the onset of an active phase of CN.Research design and methodsHemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were assessed 3 months (M3) and 6 months (M6) before the diagnosis of active CN (M0).Results103 patients living with diabetes and presenting active CN were included between January and December 2019 from the 31 centers participating in this study (30 in France and 1 in Belgium). The mean age of the participants was 60.2±12.2 years; the vast majority were men (71.8%) living with type 2 diabetes (75.5%). Mean HbA1c levels significantly declined between M6 (median 7.70; Q1, Q3: 7.00, 8.55) and M3 (median 7.65; Q1, Q3: 6.90, 8.50) (p=0.012), as well as between M6 and M0 (median 7.40; Q1, Q3: 6.50, 8.50) (p=0.014). No significant difference was found between M3 and M0 (p=0.072).ConclusionsA significant reduction in HbA1c levels seems to accompany the onset of the active phase of CN.Trial registration numberNCM03744039.

Canada has legalized medical assistance in dying (MAID) for mentally competent persons who satisfy the legal requirements. Debate is ongoing as to whether MAID should be accessible to no-longer-competent persons through an advance request. We conducted an anonymous vignette-based survey among 367 social workers from Quebec to (1) elicit their attitudes toward MAID in the context of dementia; (2) assess their underlying values and beliefs; and (3) compare their attitudes to those of nurses (

Questo saggio a cura di Bernard Floris e Luc Gwiazdzinski non è un’analisi sistematica di ciò che è stato il movimento dei gilets jaunes in Francia e ancor meno un’analisi della sua narrazione mediatica e social. È piuttosto il risultato di una ricerca empirica e qualitativa durata diversi mesi su un singolo caso studio: la rotonda del Rafour, a Nord-Est di Grenoble. Caratterizzato da una scrittura vivace e fluida, il libro è una sorta di ibridazione tra un diario di campo e una raccolta di testimonianze delle persone che hanno occupato la rotonda in questione e rende conto delle difficoltà di una parte della popolazione, delle sue rivendicazioni e di un «nuovo» modo di impegnarsi in politica, rifiutando però di parteciparvi attivamente nelle modalità tradizionali. Partendo da questa singola rotonda, come una nuova agorà con le sue autogestioni, assemblee generali, manifestazioni ed altre attività in qualche modo politiche, il libro cerca di sintetizzare le aspirazioni e i sentimenti che hanno sostenuto con forza l’occupazione di quel luogo e più in generale l’adesione al movimento: la disuguaglianza sociale e il sentimento di ingiustizia sociale, l’indecente ostentazione delle ricchezze, il rigetto della classe politica e più particolarmente del Presidente della Repubblica, la marcata avversione nei confronti dei media eccetera. Tanti sono i paradossi che emergono dall’analisi di questa esperienza di occupazione.

Attraverso il caso di studio di un quartiere di Roma (Tor Marancia), questo contributo mira ad analizzare l'arte urbana come rivelatrice e creatrice di "spazio vissuto". I cambiamenti che accompagnano la creazione di murales non risolvono tutti i problemi socio-urbani, ma aprono lo spazio in questione e, soprattutto, ampliano l'orizzonte di possibilità per la comunità locale. Inoltre, è chiaro che l'arte urbana come arte contestualizzata per poter mantenere la sua essenza o acquisire la sua ragion d'essere, non può essere despazializzata a rischio di snaturarsi. Allo stesso tempo molto legata all'organizzazione e alla storia socio-culturale che la accompagna e al luogo in cui si inscrive, essa deve essere fondamentalmente espressione e fermento dello spazio vissuto.

La diffusione di un’urbanità intesa come attenzione alla città da parte di soggetti plurimi, con particolare riferimento agli spazi pubblici, richiama e rilancia l’importanza delle pratiche di coinvolgimento attivo, formali e informali. Si assiste oggi alla diffusione di fenomeni di corrosione dello spazio pubblico comunemente inteso, realizzati tramite diverse forme di «privatizzazione» in senso lato. È però altrettanto evidente che si moltiplicano anche le occasioni di (ri)appropriazione di tali spazi, con la creazione di forum di associazioni e comitati di quartiere, ma anche con modalità nuove: utilizzando ad esempio le nuove tecnologie in un processo decisionale partecipativo. Le dinamiche che si sviluppano nello spazio pubblico urbano, compreso il coinvolgimento e/o posizionamento dei ricercatori, mettono in luce due diversi ordini di aspetti. Il primo è legato all’emergere di «nuove» modalità di «creazione» di esso, la cui novità non sta nel mezzo in sé, ma nella produzione di una performance da esibire. Il secondo focalizza invece l’attenzione sui diversi livelli e sfaccettature della governance di tali spazi. Trasversale a questi due ordini di aspetti e spesso in grado di ibridarli, sembra oggi acquisire sempre più rilevanza la dimensione artistica («artivismo»). The spread of urbanity intended as attention to the city by multiple subjects, particularly in relation to public spaces, recalls and relaunches the importance of formal and informal active involvement practices. Nowadays, the diffusion of corrosion phenomena in the commonly understood public space, achieved through various forms of «privatization» in the broad sense, is observed. However, it is equally evident that the opportunities for (re)-appropriation of these spaces are also increasing, with the creation of forums of neighborhood associations and committees, but also in new ways: i.e. by using new technologies in a participatory decision-making process. The dynamics that develops in the urban public space, including the involvement andor positioning of researchers, highlights two different aspects. The first one is linked to the emergence of «new» ways of «creating» it, whose novelty lies not in the medium itself but in the production of a performance to be exhibited. The second one instead focuses attention on the different levels and facets of the governance of these spaces. Transversal to these two orders of aspects, and often able to hybridize them, is the artistic dimension that seems to acquire more and more relevance in the present time («artivism»). La diffusion d’une urbanité entendue comme attention à la ville de la part de multiples sujets, avec une référence particulière aux espaces publics, rappelle et relance l’importance des pratiques formelles et informelles d’engagement actif. Aujourd’hui, à cause de différentes formes de « privatisation », nous assistons à la diffusion de phénomènes de corrosion de l’espace public. Malgré cela, il est évident que les opportunités de (ré)appropriation de ces espaces se multiplient non seulement avec la création de forums d’associations et de comités de quartier mais aussi de façon nouvelle, par exemple, en utilisant les nouvelles technologies dans un processus décisionnel participatif. Les dynamiques qui se développent dans l’espace public urbain, y compris l’implication et/ou le positionnement des chercheurs, mettent en évidence deux ordres d’aspects différents. Le premier est lié à l’émergence de « nouvelles » modalités de « création », dont la nouveauté ne consiste pas dans l’instrument en soi mais dans la production d’une performance à exhiber. Le second concentre plutôt l’attention sur les différents niveaux et facettes de la gouvernance de ces espaces. La dimension artistique, transversale à ces deux ordres d’aspects et souvent capable de les hybrider, semble acquérir de plus en plus de pertinence aujourd’hui (« artivisme »).

L’Apennin émilien, comme de nombreux espaces de montagne, n’échappe pas à l’épineux problème démographique du vieillissement de la population d’une part et de la dépopulation d’autre part. En outre, malgré la con-fiance excessive de nombreuses personnes dans la puissance des « nou-velles » technologies et dans leurs capacités à rapprocher et à virtuali-ser, certaines réalités montrent très clairement que l’ère de la communi-cation numérique n’a pas annulé la prégnance du milieu et encore moins la distance euclidienne et son impact sur le fonctionnement des sociétés. Le départ contraint de la population jeune par absence de perspectives s’est accompagné par celui des plus âgés, désarmés face à la disparition pro-gressive des commerces et des services de proximité. La délicate situa-tion budgétaire de la plupart des administrations locales et régionales a en outre aggravé ces problèmes. S’il reste essentiel que les politiques publiques et le troisième secteur s’occupent des zones marginales de montagne, il devient encore plus important que les citoyens jouent un rôle actif dans l’élaboration d’actions qui s’opposent au déclin de ces territoires. Ce déclin prend bien entendu différentes formes : de l’immédiate dégradation environne-mentale à la plus discrète mais non moins importante amnésie collective et institutionnelle. En réaction à ces problèmes, plusieurs types de propositions mises en œuvre avec succès sont apparus ponctuellement ces dernières années dans l’Apennin émilien, dont ceux qui sont l’objet de ce texte.

Lo scopo dei curatori è dunque quello di delineare le tappe dell’avvento dei Night Studies come vero e proprio campo specifico di studio. Come ricordano gli stessi curatori, prima di arrivare a identificare un nuovo filone di ricerca, questa espressione compariva già in opere letterarie e nel mondo della musica ma solo dopo i primi studi pioneristici degli anni Novanta del XX secolo si è sviluppato l’interesse per la notte in quanto oggetto di ricerca, che si è poi definitivamente confermato dagli anni 2010 in avanti (moltiplicazione delle pubblicazioni, dei convegni eccetera). Questa pubblicazione raccoglie così una molteplicità di “esplorazioni” – in varie direzioni – dei diversi aspetti della notte. Oltre alla prefazione, la postfazione, l’introduzione e la conclusione, il libro si divide in tante sezioni: “storia”, “percezioni”, “rappresentazioni”, “attività”, “spazio pubblico”, “notte d’altrove”, “popolazioni”, “messa in luce”, “poesia”, “prospettive”. Nei vari saggi proposti, gli approcci e gli orizzonti sono assai variegati e la notte viene considerata talvolta nella dimensione temporale talvolta più in quella spaziale o, su un altro piano, talvolta nella dimensione politica e talvolta più in quella percettiva ed esperienziale.

Le débat en bioéthique et en éthique médicale sur l’objection de conscience des professionnels de la santé souffre d’au moins deux grandes lacunes. D’une part, l’enjeu de l’objection de conscience est appréhendé comme étant indépendant et sui generis, alors qu’il ne peut être dissocié de la réflexion en philosophie et en droit sur la liberté de conscience et sur les demandes d’exemption à des règles d’application générale. D’autre part, les écrits en éthique appliquée pour ou contre le droit à l’objection de conscience des professionnels de la santé s’appuient rarement sur une analyse du discours et de l’expérience morale desdits professionnels. En nous appuyant sur une étude qualitative menée auprès de 20 médecins objecteurs de conscience, nous arguons que le législateur a eu raison de reconnaître un droit à l’objection de conscience pour les professionnels de la santé et plaidons en faveur d’une conception plus riche et généreuse du droit à l’objection de conscience. La non-reconnaissance du droit à l’objection de conscience forcerait les objecteurs de conscience à choisir entre leur liberté de conscience et l’égalité des chances sur le plan de l’accession à la profession médicale. Nous soutenons qu’une reconnaissance du droit à l’objection de conscience des médecins doublée d’une obligation diriger les patients vers une instance administrative compétente permet le mieux de concilier les droits fondamentaux des parties concernées. The debates in bioethics and medical ethics about the conscientious objection claims made health professionals suffer from at least two limitations. On the one hand, conscientious objection claims by health professional are thought of as a freestanding and sui generis issue, whereas we believe that it cannot be dissociated from the broader philosophical and legal reflection on the meaning and scope of freedom of conscience and on exemption claims. On the other hand, the literature in medical ethics on the normative status of conscientious objections claims is rarely based on an analysis of the actual discourse and moral experience of the concerned health professionals. Relying on a qualitative study with 20 physicians, we plead for a large and liberal construal of freedom of conscience and argue that legislators were right to include a limited right to conscientious objection in the context of medical assistance in dying. The nonrecognition of a right to conscientious objection would force objectors to choose between their freedom of conscience and their right to equal opportunity. We argue that a right to conscientious objection supplemented by the obligation to refer patients to a relevant administrative body is the most satisfactory way to conciliate the rights of physicians and patients.

Che si passeggi per le strade di New York, Mosca, Pechino, Roma o altre grandi città contemporanee, sempre più spesso si incontrano muri che ospitano “opere banali o geniali, piccole come francobolli o grandi centinaia di metri quadri, realizzate nel cuore della notte con cuore palpitante, a proprio rischio e pericolo, oppure al contrario profumatamente pagate da amministrazioni comunali in commissioni pubbliche portate avanti in tutta sicurezza.” (D. Dogheria, 2015, p.13). Tutte queste opere di dimensioni e stili tanto vari quanto lo sono le immagini in esse rappresentate e i messaggi veicolati, rientrano nella vasta galassia ormai comunemente denominata Street Art. Secondo la definizione ricorrente attribuita a John Fekner, diventata ormai un ritornello, si considera Street Art “tutta l’arte in strada che non è graffiti-writing” (Lewisohn, 2008, p.23). In ogni modo, al di là della confusione, del flou o addirittura delle contraddizioni dal punto di vista della definizione e dello stesso significato sociopolitico della Street art (che cos’è esattamente, indipendentemente delle diverse tecniche e dai diversi tipi di autori: writers, designers eccetera), è indubbio che essa intrattenga relazioni polimorfe con la realtà urbana. La dimensione geografica del fenomeno si esprime in particolar modo nell’uso specifico dello spazio “pubblico” e nella creazione di opere in situ, a priori inscindibilmente connesse a un determinato contesto territoriale. Tuttavia l’espressione inglese, nella sua semplicità sintattica, non rende immediatamente evidenti tre diversi aspetti in cui si declina questa realtà, in quanto si tratta allo stesso tempo di un’arte “della”, “nella” e “dalla” strada, le cui opere sono partecipative, “conversative” – per la loro capacità di innescare una sorta di dialogo visivo – e viventi, ovvero in permanente evoluzione poiché all’opera originaria possono essere aggiunti elementi da altri street artisti o writers: «the term Street Art cannot be defined conclusively since what it encompasses is constantly being negotiated (Bengtsen 2014, p.11). Questo contributo affronta la recente trasformazione del fenomeno Street Art in un significativo agente geografico, focalizzandosi su tre aspetti in particolare: la sua dimensione comunicativa nello spazio pubblico, le grandi potenzialità dell’arte di strada nei contrastati processi di riqualificazione urbana e infine i problematici effetti del suo grande successo in termini di turisticizzazione e museificazione.

La sessione relativa a questo testo introduttivo vuole discutere il ruolo/contributo di una geografia sociale engagée – in termini teorici e pragmatici – anche attraverso un riesame dei metodi di ricerca e divulgazione, nella costruzione di visioni e percorsi capaci di produrre cambiamento: in particolare, efficacia e praticabilità di quegli approcci multi-metodo il cui scopo non è confermare, per diverse vie, un medesimo risultato ‚veritiero‛, ma proporre una pluralità di risultati ‚verosimili‛ e ‚di parte‛, che arricchiscono l’analisi e la comprensione di differenze e sfumature più che di uniformità»

International audience; Carbonates probably host the most complex aquifers in terms of organisation of porosity networks and flow behaviour. Their heterogeneity originates at different scales and from numerous processes related to geology, hydrodynamics, chemistry and mechanic. These processes occur during a longterm history from just after the deposition of sediments to present day. At small scale, they provide the rock matrix with its petrophysical, mechanic and geophysical properties. At large scale, they can promote the development of karst networks or flow barriers.The ALBION Project addresses the question of the relationships between the heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs from pore to field scale and the heterogeneity of groundwater dynamics, which is induced. An interdisciplinary approach has been developed to tackle genetic processes and their impact on medium properties. Switching back and forth between in-situ multi-physics measurements and integrative modelling allow coupling interpretations and strengthening concepts used to populate reservoir models.This innovative approach has been applied and enhanced on nested field sites in the Fontaine de Vaucluse catchment area (south-eastern France). The LSBB sector includes the so-called underground laboratory, an almost 4 km long tunnel, and three sets of boreholes drilled in the reservoir. It enables the investigation of flow behaviour for different media (matrix, fractures and karst) at various scales, in different well-known geological conditions and from different natural or experimental settings. Through a micro to meso-scale multi-physics characterization of matrix, relationships between geological, petrophysical and geophysical properties have been investigated, and an integrative classification of rock-types has been proposed. In the central sector of the catchment, near Saint-Christold’Albion, the karst network is well developed with several famous caves, as “Le trou souffleur”. In this area, factors controlling the genesis of karst conduits in the unsaturated zone have been investigated and a conceptual model has been proposed. Lastly, at the aquifer scale, integration of results acquired at lower scales added to numerous geological descriptions and analyses give new insights on the role and importance of the driving parameters of the evolution of the carbonate platform.In next steps, other sites as the Lagnes-Robion quarry or a new tunnel in the LSBB will complete the disposal in this way. Finally, the assessment of porosity, permeability or geophysical properties of different rock-types at various scales will provide the framework to address the issue of upscaling in carbonates. Thanks to these different studies, a workflow of characterization and modelling has been established to investigate dynamic analogues.

Quando la fiction permea e produce la realtà. Riflessioni preliminari sulla performatività del «piccolo schermo» Gli ultimi decenni hanno visto lo sviluppo di una «nuova formula narrativa» nel mondo della fiction, in grado di influenzare opinioni e comportamenti e di stimolare negli spettatori una sorta di «stato di immersione». Inoltre, alcune fictions finiscono per avere un effetto performativo più tangibile, realizzando uno stato di permeazione della realtà che può concretizzarsi ad esempio nel turismo indotto dalla fiction stessa, ma anche nella creazione di «forum pubblici» dove i telespettatori mescolano opinioni politiche e sfera privata. Tuttavia, la «permeazione» costituisce solo un primo livello della performatività, mentre un secondo stadio – la «produzione della realtà» – viene raggiunto in alcuni casi allorquando determinate locations assumono fisicamente alcune caratteristiche di una fiction. Quali sono dunque i fattori e i meccanismi che innescano la performatività? Una possibile chiave per rispondere alla domanda può essere trovata applicando il concetto di médiance di Berque all’analisi di questo fenomeno. The last decades witnessed the development of a «new narrative formula» in the world of TV series, able to influence opinions and behaviours and to stimulate in spectators a sort of «state of immersion». Furthermore, some series end up with having a more tangible performative effect, realizing a state of permeation of reality which can be materialized for instance in the fiction induced tourism, but also with the creation of «public forums» where TV viewers mix up political opinions and their private sphere. Nevertheless, «permeation» only constitutes a first step of performativity, while a second stage – «production of reality» – is reached in some cases when locations physically take on some characteristic features of a TV series. Which are then the factors and mechanisms that trigger performativity? A possible key to answer the question can be found applying Berques’ concept of médiance to the analysis of this phenomenon. Quand la série télévisée pénètre et produit la réalité. Réflexions préliminaires sur la performativité du « petit écran » Les dernières décennies ont vu le développement d’une « nouvelle formule narrative » dans le monde de la série télévisée, capable d’influencer les opinions et les comportements et de susciter chez le spectateur une sorte d’« état d’immersion ». De plus, certaines séries télévisées finissent par avoir un effet performatif plus tangible, réalisant un état de perméabilité de la réalité qui peut se concrétiser non seulement par le tourisme télévisuel, mais aussi par la création de « forums publics » où les téléspectateurs mélangent opinions politiques et sphère privée. Néanmoins, la « pénétration » ne constitue qu’une première étape de la performativité, tandis qu’une seconde étape – la « production de réalité » – est atteinte quand, dans certains cas, les lieux acquièrent physiquement certains traits caractéristiques d’une série télévisée. Quels sont donc les facteurs et les mécanismes qui déclenchent la performativité ? Répondre à cette question semble possible en appliquant le concept de médiance de Berque à l’analyse de ce phénomène.

Le pellicole prese in esame hanno il pregio di offrire uno sguardo intimo e perfino un’esperienza sensitiva di questi luoghi che si presentano allo spettatore con diverse sottili sfumature e talvolta con decisi contrasti. La geografia regionale che scaturisce da questa filmografia non ha soltanto una semplice dimensione estetica e descrittiva ma può in qualche modo offrire un quadro geografico olistico, ovvero plasmato dagli elementi naturali e dalle generazioni di gruppi umani, dalle loro attività, dal loro rispettivo habitus (Bourdieu, 1980)e dal «vissuto» di queste terre. Certamente tutto ciò costituisce il substrato o meglio l’humus dal quale potrebbe nascere e svilupparsi ogni altra eventuale flânerie poetica.

The last decades have been marked by an increased aging of the population on the one hand and by the depopulation of marginal areas on the other hand. Added to this is the Welfare crisis which has led central and local governments to find it increasingly difficult to get all the resources needed to face these problems. While it remains essential that public policies take care of marginal areas, it is even more important that citizens play an active role in implementing actions which oppose the decline of these territories. This decline takes by sure different forms: from immediate environmental degradation to the more discreet but no less important institutional amnesia, that can be seen when a given territory seems to be left behind. But by who? The State? The society? The dynamics of the orthodox economy? ... Among the proposals that have been successfully implemented to try to struggle with these problems, there are the «Community Cooperatives». Some scholars specialized in the study of social enterprises even propose to make of them a new paradigm of economic and social development for marginal areas. This work tries to delve deeper into the challenges of these realities, starting from the analysis of two case-studies in Emilia Romagna region (Italy).

The 9th GCCClosed Forum was held just prior to the 2015 Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (WRIB) in Miami, FL, USA on 13 April 2015. In attendance were 58 senior-level participants, from eight countries, representing 38 CRO companies offering bioanalytical services. The objective of this meeting was for CRO bioanalytical representatives to meet and discuss scientific and regulatory issues specific to bioanalysis. The issues selected at this year's closed forum include CAPA, biosimilars, preclinical method validation, endogenous biomarkers, whole blood stability, and ELNs. A summary of the industry's best practices and the conclusions from the discussion of these topics is included in this meeting report.

Several proposal have emerged over time in search of a more sustainable and participatory living, cohousing and ecovillages are among them. The docufilm, made with Roma Tre university students, seeks to understand from inside these “participatory forms of living” which try to implement the three complementary axes of sustainability (environmental, economic and social). 4 different cases have been analyzed: 2 in rural and 2 in urban contexts and for each context there is a project built from new and another involving the recovery of old buildings. The docufilm construction by the students (interviews, shootings selection…), was part of an experimental project aimed to draw their attention on the importance of field research, as well as aimed to motivate them to translate the scientific knowledge into the modern languages of the image, fostering the dialogue with civil society. The full version of the film is available in DVD, while the short one is visible on https://vimeo.com/189299910.

Tra il 23 maggio 2015, data di chiusura dell’incontro italo-francese di geografia sociale svoltosi a Torino, e il 30 settembre 2015, data di consegna di questo contributo, la questione dell’immigrazione ha assunto ben altra entità, dal punto di vista numerico e umanitario e soprattutto dal punto di vista politico e mediatico. A Torino l’attenzione si era infatti principalmente focalizzata sulla presenza e la traiettoria dei migranti, come strumento di lettura delle trasformazioni della città contemporanea (evoluzione del percorso lavorativo, cambiamento dell’ethnoscape, processi di territorializzazione dei migranti eccetera)., Semestrale di studi e ricerche di geografia, N. 2 (2017): Ripensare lo spazio sociale: reti, mobilità,territorialità

The 2014 8th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (8th WRIB), a 5-day full immersion in the evolving field of bioanalysis, took place in Universal City, California, USA. Close to 500 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide convened to share, review, discuss and agree on approaches to address current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA approaches and immunogenicity. From the prolific discussions held during the workshop, specific recommendations are presented in this 2014 White Paper. As with the previous years’ editions, this paper acts as a practical tool to help the bioanalytical community continue advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2014 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 2) covers the recommendations for Hybrid LBA/LCMS, Electronic Laboratory Notebook and Regulatory Agencies’ Input. Part 1 (Small molecules bioanalysis using LCMS) was published in the Bioanalysis issue 6(22) and Part 3 (Large molecules bioanalysis using LBA and Immunogenicity) will be published in the Bioanalysis issue 6(24).

The 2014 8th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (8th WRIB), a 5-day full immersion in the evolving field of bioanalysis, took place in Universal City, California, USA. Close to 500 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide convened to share, review, discuss and agree on approaches to address current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA approaches and immunogenicity. From the prolific discussions held during the workshop, specific recommendations are presented in this 2014 White Paper. As with the previous years’ editions, this paper acts as a practical tool to help the bioanalytical community continue advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2014 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations for Large molecules bioanalysis using LBA and Immunogenicity. Part 1 (Small molecules bioanalysis using LCMS) and Part 2 (Hybrid LBA/LCMS, Electronic Laboratory Notebook and Regulatory Agencies' Input) were published in the Bioanalysis issues 6(22) and 6(23), respectively.

The 2014 8th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (8th WRIB), a 5-day full immersion in the evolving field of bioanalysis, took place in Universal City, California, USA. Close to 500 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide convened to share, review, discuss and agree on approaches to address current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA approaches and immunogenicity. From the prolific discussions held during the workshop, specific recommendations are presented in this 2014 White Paper. As with the previous years’ editions, this paper acts as a practical tool to help the bioanalytical community continue advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2014 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 1) covers the recommendations for small molecule bioanalysis using LCMS. Part 2 (Hybrid LBA/LCMS, Electronic Laboratory Notebook and Regulatory Agencies’ input) and Part 3 (Large molecules bioanalysis using LBA and Immunogenicity) will be published in the upcoming issues of Bioanalysis.

The 8th GCC Closed Forum for Bioanalysis was held in Baltimore, MD, USA on 5 December 2013, immediately following the 2013 AAPS Workshop (Crystal City V): Quantitative Bioanalytical Methods Validation and Implementation – The 2013 Revised FDA Guidance. This GCC meeting was organized to discuss the contents of the draft revised FDA Guidance on bioanalytical method validation that was published in September 2013 and consolidate the feedback of the GCC members. In attendance were 63 senior-level participants, from seven countries, representing 46 bioanalytical CRO companies/sites. This event represented a unique opportunity for CRO bioanalytical experts to share their opinions and concerns regarding the draft FDA Guidance, and to build unified comments to be provided to the FDA.

The 2013 7th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis was held in Long Beach, California, USA, where close to 500 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, CROs and regulatory agencies convened to discuss current topics of interest in bioanalysis. These ‘hot’ topics, which covered both small and large molecules, were the starting point for fruitful exchanges of knowledge, and sharing of ideas among speakers, panelists and attendees. The discussions led to specific recommendations pertinent to bioanalytical science. Such as the previous editions, this 2013 White Paper addresses important bioanalytical issues and provides practical answers to the topics presented, discussed and agreed upon by the global bioanalytical community attending the 7th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis.

Dumont-Dayot Isabelle. L’apparence dans les Discours 21, 28 et 72 de Dion Chrysostome : approche lexicale et thématique. In: Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé, n°1,2017. pp. 69-79.

Temporal changes in the concentration profiles of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were measured in pack ice from the Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctica) during the winter-spring transition of 2007. Two sites with contrasting snow and ice thicknesses were sampled, with high concentrations of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO observed at both sites, especially in surface ice. These high concentrations were shown to correspond to the development of a surface ice microalgal community dominated by strong DMSP producers (flagellates and dinoflagellates) following flooding of the ice cover. Several short-term synoptic events were observed and shown to influence strongly the dynamics of sea ice DMS, DMSP, and DMSO. In particular, a cold spell event was associated with drastic changes in the environmental conditions for the sea ice microbial communities and to a remarkable increase in the production of dimethylated sulfur compounds at both sites. A good correlation between all dimethylated sulfur compounds, sea ice temperature, and brine salinity suggested that the observed increase was triggered mainly by increased thermal and osmotic stresses on microalgal cells. Atmospheric forcing, by controlling sea ice temperature and hence the connectivity and instability of the brine network, was also shown to constrain the transfer of dimethylated sulfur compounds in the ice towards the ocean via brine drainage. Analysis of the two contrasting sampling sites shed light on the key role played by the snow cover in the sea ice DMS cycle. Thicker snow cover, by insulating the underlying sea ice, reduced the amplitude of environmental changes associated with the cold spell, leading to a weaker physiological response and DMS, DMSP, and DMSO production. Thicker snow also hampered the development of steep gradients in sea ice temperature and brine salinity, thereby decreasing the potential for the release of dimethylated sulfur compounds to the ocean via brine drainage., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The 6th Global CRO Council for Bioanalysis (GCC) Closed Forum was held on 27 March 2012 in San Antonio, TX, USA, the day before the start of the 6th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis. The attendance consisted of 45 bioanalytical CRO senior-level representatives on behalf of 37 CRO companies/sites from six countries. In addition to following up on the issue of co-administered drugs stability and on recommendations regarding the European Medicines Agency guideline, this GCC Closed Forum discussed topics of current interest in the bioanalytical field with focus on ligand-binding assays, such as lot changes for critical reagents, positive controls and reference standards, specificity for endogenous compounds, qualification and validation of biomarker assays, approach for biosimilars and criteria for LC–MS assays of small versus large molecules.

Over 400 professionals representing pharmaceutical companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies participated in the 6th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (WRIB). Like the previous sessions, this event was in the format of a practical, focused, highly interactive and informative workshop aiming for high-quality, improved regulatory compliance and scientific excellence. Numerous ‘hot’ topics in bioanalysis of both small and large molecules were shared and discussed, leading to consensus and recommendations among panelists and attendees representing the bioanalytical community. The major outcome of this year’s workshop was the noticeable alignment of multiple bioanalytical guidance/guidelines from different regulatory agencies. This represents a concrete step forward in the global harmonization of bioanalytical activities. The present 2012 White Paper acts as a practical and useful reference document that provides key information and solutions on several topics and issues in the constantly evolving world of bioanalysis.

Senior representatives of GCC member companies have thoroughly evaluated and discussed the new European Medicines Agency (EMA; July 2011 [1]) Guideline on Bioanalytical Method Validation (BMV), during the 4th GCC (23 October 2011, Washington DC, USA) and 5th GCC (14 November 2011, Barcelona, Spain) Closed Forums. These North American and European events provided a unique opportunity for CRO leaders to openly share opinions and perspectives and to agree on unified bioanalytical recommendations specifically in relation with the new EMA guideline. The Global CRO Council for Bioanalysis (GCC) [101] is a global independent group of many Contract Research Organization (CRO) leaders. The GCC was formed in September 2010 to meet regularly and discuss bioanalytical issues and regulatory challenges, many of them unique to the outsourcing industry. The outcome of the discussions held as part of these GCC closed forum meetings are shared with the global bioanalytical community via pertinent publications [2–6] and appropriate conference presentations. Prior to the issue of this new guideline, the November 2009 Draft EMA Guideline on BMV defined the proposed guideline and criteria of the EMA on validation of bioanalytical methods and their application in the analysis of study samples from animal and human studies [7]. The EMA Guideline states that the validation of the bioanalytical methods to be used on non-clinical pharmacotoxicological studies to be submitted in a marketing authorization application should be performed following the Recommendations on the interpretation of the new European Medicines Agency Guideline on Bioanalytical Method Validation by Global CRO Council for Bioanalysis (GCC)

The prevalence of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDN) is about 20% in patients with type 2 diabetes and 5% in those with type 1. Patients should be systematically questioned concerning suggestive symptoms, as they are not usually volunteers. As PDN is due to small-fibre injury, the 10 g monofilament pressure test as well as the standard electrophysiological procedures may be normal. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings: type of pain (burning discomfort, electric shock-like sensation, aching coldness in the lower limbs); time of occurrence (mostly at rest and at night); and abnormal sensations (such as tingling or numbness). The DN4 questionnaire is an easy-to-use validated diagnostic tool. Three classes of drugs are of equal value in treating PDN: tricyclic antidepressants; anticonvulsants; and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. These compounds may be prescribed as first-line therapy following pain assessment using a visual analogue scale. If the initial drug at its maximum tolerated dose does not lead to a decrease in pain of at least 30%, another drug class should be prescribed; if the pain is decreased by 30% but remains greater than 3/10, a drug from a different class may be given in association.

We report on the distribution of excess, non-lithogenic particulate barium (Baxs), a proxy for twilight zone remineralization of organic matter, in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean during the mid-austral summer 2007. This study was part of a broader investigation focusing on macro- and micronutrient availability controlling ecosystem functioning in this area. Mesopelagic particulate excess Ba (Baxs) in the twilight zone (focus was on the 100-600 m depth layer) proved to be significantly controlled by the vertical distribution of bacterial activity, with higher Baxs contents in situations where significant bacterial activity extended deeper in the water column. However, despite this covariation, the magnitude of the carbon fluxes as estimated from Baxs and bacterial activity did not match well, with carbon demand based on bacterial activity largely exceeding organic carbon remineralization estimated from Baxs. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. It appeared that the magnitude of the mesopelagic carbon remineralization flux obtained from Baxs was realistic when weighted against primary, new and export productions. Our findings corroborate earlier results indicating that mesopelagic carbon remineralization in the 100-600 m depth layer increases from the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ) toward the Polar Front, and from spring to late summer. We observed furthermore that the iron-replete Subantarctic Zone east of the Tasman Plateau had a higher mesopelagic remineralization efficiency (on average 91 +/- 20% of the carbon exported from the upper 100 m was remineralized before reaching 600 m) compared to the Fe-limited SAZ area west of the plateau and the Polar Front Zone, where mesopelagic remineralization efficiencies ranged between 21 +/- 5% and 64 +/- 24%, respectively. SAZ-East and SAZ-West sites thus differed in their efficiency of carbon sequestration into the deep ( > 600 m) water column, with SAZ-West exceeding the sequestration capacity of SAZ-East.

The 5th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (WRIB) was organized by the Calibration and Validation Group as a 2-day full immersion workshop for pharmaceutical companies, CROs and regulatory agencies to discuss, review, share perspectives, provide potential solutions and agree upon a consistent approach to recent issues in the bioanalysis of both small and large molecules. High quality, better compliance to regulations and scientific excellence are the foundation of this workshop. As in the previous editions of this significant event, recommendations were made and a consensus was reached among panelists and attendees, including industry leaders and regulatory experts representing the global bioanalytical community, on many ‘hot’ topics in bioanalysis. This 2011 White Paper is based on the conclusions from this workshop, and aims to provide a practical reference guide on those topics.

Resume La neuropathie douloureuse concerne environ 20 % des patients diabetiques de type 2 et 5 % des patients diabetiques de type 1. Elle devrait etre systematiquement recherchee par l’interrogatoire car les patients n’en parlent pas spontanement. C’est une complication qui concerne les petites fibres. Elle peut donc s’accompagner d’un test au monofilament normal et d’un electromyogramme normal. Ces deux examens ne permettent donc pas d’affirmer ni d’infirmer le diagnostic de neuropathie douloureuse. Celui-ci est clinique : type de douleur (brulure, decharge electrique, froid douloureux.), horaire des douleurs (plutot au repos, plutot la nuit), sensations anormales (fourmillement, engourdissement…). Le questionnaire DN4 est un outil diagnostic simple et valide. Trois classes medicamenteuses ont fait la preuve de leur efficacite, qui est equivalente : les antiepileptiques, les antidepresseurs tricycliques les inhibiteurs mixtes de recapture de la serotonine et de la noradrenaline.

The 1st Conference in Asia-Pacific on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis was organized by the Calibration and Validation Group. This event, a 2-day full-immersion conference, was the first of this kind in the Asia-Pacific region, following four successful editions held in Montreal, Canada. This conference brought together scientists and experts from across Asia-Pacific and the rest of the world to discuss, review, share perspectives, provide potential solutions and agree upon consistent approaches on recent issues in bioanalysis. A total of 27 invited speakers from worldwide regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies and CROs provided interesting and pertinent oral presentations. All discussions were focused on high-quality, better compliance to regulations and scientific excellence.

Pack ice, brines and seawaters were sampled in October 2003 in the East Antarctic sector to investigate the structure of the microbial communities (algae, bacteria and protozoa) in relation to the associated physico-chemical conditions (ice structure, temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll a and organic matter). Ice cover ranged between 0.3 and 0.8 m, composed of granular and columnar ice. The brine volume fractions sharply increased above −4°C in the bottom ice, coinciding with an important increase of algal biomass (up to 3.9 mg C l−1), suggesting a control of the algae growth by the space availability at that period of time. Large accumulation of NH4 + and PO4 3− was observed in the bottom ice. The high pool of organic matter, especially of transparent exopolymeric particles, likely led to nutrients retention and limitation of the protozoa grazing pressure, inducing therefore an algal accumulation. In contrast, the heterotrophs dominated in the underlying seawaters.

Distribution and composition of organic matter were investigated in Antarctic pack ice in early spring and summer. Accumulation of organic compounds was observed with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) reaching 717 and 470 μM C, respectively and transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) up to 3,071 μg Xanthan gum equivalent l−1. POC and TEP seemed to be influenced mainly by algae. Particulate saccharides accounted for 0.2–24.1% (mean, 7.8%) of POC. Dissolved total saccharides represented 0.4–29.6% (mean, 9.7%) of DOC, while dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) accounted for only 1% of DOC. Concentrations of TEP were positively correlated with those of saccharides. Monosaccharides (d-MCHO) dominated during winter–early spring, whereas dissolved polysaccharides did in spring–summer. DFAA were strongly correlated with d-MCHO, suggesting a similar pathway of production. The accumulation of monomers in winter is thought to result from limitation of bacterial activities rather than from the nature of the substrates.