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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with photosensitizer methylene blue was applied to Leishmania braziliensis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study biochemical changes in the parasite after PDT in comparison to untreated (C), only irradiation (I), and only photosensitizer (PS). Spectral analysis suggests increase in lipids, proteins, and protein secondary structures in PDT compared with C and decrease in nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Interestingly, these trends are different from PDT of Leishmania major species, wherein lipids decrease; there are minimal changes in secondary structures and increase in nucleic acids and carbohydrates. The study thus suggests possibility of different biomolecular players/pathways in PDT-induced death of L. braziliensis and L. major.

Despite the lack of information on avian sensitivity to toxic agents, it is known that several products that are relatively harmless to humans may have profound effects on birds. Thus, the objective of this work is to report the case of a plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) that was intoxicated after ingesting white glue and to discuss the pathophysiological aspects involved in intoxication. For this, the case study methodology was used, with a qualitative character, describing the case in detail and posteriorly seeking subsidies in the literature centered on the subject under study to complement the knowledge necessary to carry out this study. Twelve hours after ingesting white glue, the plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) began to experience recurrent vomiting episodes, which rapidly progressed to a critical condition of dyspnea, prostration and death. Although Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc), the main component of that type of glue, is described as a non-hazardous substance, necroscopic and histopathological findings, consisting of pulmonary and hepatic congestion and hemorrhage, were very similar to that seen in some avian toxicoses. A thorough review on in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of PVAc degradation suggests that an association of high-dose exposition and B-esterase insufficiency in birds was the probable cause of PVAc poisoning, serving as an alert to veterinarians and bird owners. A pesar de la falta de información sobre la sensibilidad de las aves a los agentes tóxicos, se sabe que varios productos que son relativamente inofensivos para los humanos pueden tener efectos profundos en las aves. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el caso de un Periquito Verde (Brotogeris tirica) que se intoxicó después de ingerir cola blanca y discutir los aspectos fisiopatológicos involucrados en la intoxicación. Para ello se utilizó la metodología del tipo estudio de caso, con carácter cualitativo, describiendo el caso en detalle y posteriormente buscando subsidios en la literatura centrada en el tema objeto de estudio para complementar los conocimientos necesarios para la realización de este estudio. Doce horas después de ingerir cola blanca, el Periquito Verde (Brotogeris tirica) comenzó a presentar episodios recurrentes de vómitos, que rápidamente evolucionaron a un estado crítico de disnea, postración y muerte. Aunque el Acetato de Polivinilo (PVAc), el componente principal de este tipo de pegamento, se describe como una sustancia no peligrosa, los hallazgos necroscópicos e histopatológicos, consistentes en congestión y hemorragia pulmonar y hepática, fueron muy similares a los observados en algunas toxicosis aviares. Una revisión minuciosa de los mecanismos in vivo e in vitro de la degradación de PVAc sugiere que una asociación de exposición a dosis altas e insuficiencia de B-esterasa en aves fue la causa probable de intoxicación por PVAc, lo que sirve como advertencia para veterinarios y propietarios de aves. Apesar da falta de informações sobre a sensibilidade das aves a agentes tóxicos, sabe-se que diversos produtos relativamente inofensivos ao homem podem ter efeitos profundos nas aves. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um Periquito-verde (Brotogeris tirica) que foi intoxicado após a ingestão de cola branca e discutir os aspectos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na intoxicação. Para isso, utilizou-se a metodologia do tipo estudo de caso, de caráter qualitativo, descrevendo o caso de forma detalhada e posteriormente buscando subsídios na literatura centrados na temática em estudo para complementar o saber necessário para a realização deste estudo. Doze horas após a ingestão de cola branca, o Periquito-verde (Brotogeris tirica) começou a apresentar episódios recorrentes de vômitos, que rapidamente evoluíram para um quadro crítico de dispneia, prostração e óbito. Embora o Acetato de Polivinila (PVAc), principal componente desse tipo de cola, seja descrito como uma substância não perigosa, os achados necroscópicos e histopatológicos, consistindo em congestão e hemorragia pulmonar e hepática, foram muito semelhantes aos observados em algumas toxicoses aviárias. Uma revisão minuciosa dos mecanismos in vivo e in vitro da degradação do PVAc sugere que uma associação de exposição a altas doses e insuficiência de B-esterase em aves foi a provável causa da intoxicação por PVAc, servindo de alerta para veterinários e proprietários de aves.

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an oncologic treatment, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce the death of cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the action of PDT on gliosarcoma cells, using protoporphyrin IX as PS by incubation with the precursor aminolevulinic acid (ALA). An LED device was used with a light dose of 10 J/cm². The success of the therapy proved to be dependent on the concentration of ALA, and an incubation time of 4 h required for an effective response. Cell death was prevalent due to necrosis when assessed 18 h post-PDT. ALA proved to be an option to PDT in cells of the 9 L/lacZ, with the protocol tested.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), a parasitic disease caused by protozoa from the genus Leishmania, affects the skin and mucous membranes. Current treatment modalities have severe side effects, underlining the need for alternative treatments. One of the emerging techniques is Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), wherein a photosensitizer delivered inside pathogen is activated by irradiation, resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species, killing the pathogen. A detailed study of chemical changes within the pathogen due to this therapy may help improve therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, in this study, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to investigate the chemical profiles of Leishmania major promastigotes in culture after PDT and compared with untreated pathogens. Results suggest increase in proteins, nuclear material, and disordered and β-sheet protein structures; and decrease in lipids, carbohydrates, and α-helix and turns, bends protein conformations. The Amide I band analysis showed the conformational changes in protein secondary structure. These chemical changes may be associated with known effects of PDT - membrane degradation, and reduction in the energy source of the parasite.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality for treating cancer, including breast tumors. The oxidative damage caused by PDT culminates in cell death, induction of immune response, and the resulting destruction of the tumor. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression profiling of genes BCL-2, BAX, and HER-2 and their proteins after PDT, associating it with the necrosis caused by this therapy under different fluences. Twenty-eight female rats received a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA - 80mg/kg), by gavage, for breast tumor induction. After the tumors grew, the animals were divided into four groups: G1 - control group – untreated breast tumor – and G2, G3, and G4 groups treated with PDT using Photogem@ as photosensitizer and interstitial irradiation, with fluences of 50J/cm, 100J/cm, and 150J/cm, respectively. Samples of tumors were harvested for histological examination by RT-qPCR. The RT-qPCR showed that the gene expression profiling of BCL-2, BAX, and HER-2 was not altered after PDT. Hemorrhagic necrosis and qualitatively greater vascular and cellular damage were observed and correlated positively with the fluence. PDT does not seem to induce the modulation of genes related to apoptosis. The results indicate that the type of cell death stimulated by PDT in breast tumor is necrosis. La terapia fotodinámica (TFD) es una modalidad terapéutica prometedora para el tratamiento del cáncer, incluidos los tumores de mama. El daño oxidativo causado por la TFD culmina en la muerte celular, la inducción de la respuesta inmune y la consiguiente destrucción del tumor. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el perfil de expresión genética de los genes BCL-2, BAX y HER-2 y sus proteínas después de TFD, asociándolo con necrosis causada por esta terapia bajo diferentes fluencias. Veintiocho ratas recibieron una dosis única de 7,12 7,12 - dimetilbenzantraceno (DMBA - 80 mg / kg), por sonda, para la inducción del tumor de mama. Después del crecimiento tumoral, los animales se dividieron en cuatro grupos: G1 - grupo control - tumor de mama no tratado - y grupos G2, G3 y G4 tratados con PDT utilizando Photogem@ como fotosensibilizador intersticial e irradiación, con fluencias de 50J/cm, 100J/cm y 150J/cm, respectivamente. Se recogieron muestras tumorales para su examen histológico mediante RT-qPCR. RT-qPCR mostró que el perfil de expresión genética de BCL-2, BAX y HER-2 no se alteró después de la TFD. Se observó necrosis hemorrágica y un daño vascular y celular cualitativamente mayor y se correlacionaron positivamente con la fluidez. TFD no parece inducir la modulación de genes relacionados con la apoptosis. Los resultados indican que el tipo de muerte celular estimulada por la TFD en el tumor de mama es la necrosis. A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma modalidade terapêutica promissora para o tratamento do câncer, incluindo tumores de mama. Os danos oxidativos causados pela TFD culminam na morte celular, indução da resposta imune e na consequente destruição do tumor. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil de expressão genética dos genes BCL-2, BAX e HER-2 e suas proteínas após o TFD, associando-o à necrose causada por essa terapia sob diferentes fluências. Vinte e oito ratas receberam uma única dose de 7,12 - dimetilbenzantraceno (DMBA - 80mg/kg), por gavage, para indução de tumor de mama. Após o crescimento dos tumores, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: G1 - grupo controle – tumor de mama não tratado – e grupos G2, G3 e G4 tratados com PDT usando Photogem@ como fotosensibilizante e irradiação intersticiais, com fluências de 50J/cm, 100J/cm e 150J/cm, respectivamente. Amostras de tumores foram colhidas para exame histológico por RT-qPCR. O RT-qPCR mostrou que o perfil de expressão genética de BCL-2, BAX e HER-2 não foi alterado após o TFD. Necrose hemorrágica e dano vascular e celular qualitativamente maior foram observados e correlacionados positivamente com a fluência. O TFD não parece induzir a modulação de genes relacionados à apoptose. Os resultados indicam que o tipo de morte celular estimulada pelo TFD no tumor mamário é a necrose.

Photodynamic therapy is an alternative treatment for cancer based on cellular uptake of a photosensitizer, illuminated with an appropriate wavelength in the presence of oxygen. A cascade of reactions generates reactive oxygen species leading to cell death. Using carbodiimide chemistry, chlorin e6 (Ce6) was covalently bonded to thiourea, and (via the sulphur end group) to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), forming the Ce6-AuNP complex. Ce6 absorbs in the range 650–680 nm, where the coefficient of biological tissue absorption is low (part of the therapeutic window), which is ideal for biological application. Transmission Electron Microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Zeta potential measurements were completed to characterize the Ce6-AuNP complex. The bare AuNPs have an average diameter of 18 ± 4 nm. A line of human breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-468) was used to determine whether Ce6 functionalization to AuNPs potentiate its activity. Trypan blue assays were used to assess cell viability. In the absence of light, Ce6 either alone or bounded to AuNPs was not cytotoxic. When irradiated at 660 nm, the cytotoxicity of Ce6-AuNP was higher than Ce6 alone for MDA-MB-468 cells using 4 h incubation. AuNPs without Ce6 showed no cytotoxic.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Osteoarthritis of the hands is a highly prevalent disease that can lead to significant deformity and disability. The therapeutic approach in the management of osteoarthritis of the hands is based on pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. However, none of these treatments demonstrated a reduction of joint damage, and it presents itself in a purely symptomatic way. Yet, expert practitioners strongly recommend and use hand muscle strengthening in patients with hand osteoarthritis, but there is no consensus for such conduct. The objective of the study was to review the concepts about hand osteoarthritis as well as to bring the current evidence on muscle strengthening as a non-pharmacological treatment for this disease. CONTENTS: The study reviewed the United States National Library of Medicine database (Pubmed). The words used were: hand osteoarthritis, exercises, physiotherapy and rehabilitation. We included 5 articles in English, published in the last 10 years, focused on muscle strengthening exercises for osteoarthritis patients. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus, nor a more effective exercise protocol, although exercises and physiotherapy are still recommended. We suggest conducting randomized controlled clinical trials to improve the evidence on this subject. RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A osteoartrite de mãos é uma doença altamente prevalente que pode levar à importante deformidade e incapacidade. A abordagem terapêutica no seu manuseio baseia-se em condutas farmacológicas e não farmacológicas; no entanto, nenhum desses tratamentos demonstrou redução da lesão articular e apresenta-se de maneira puramente sintomática. Contudo, profissionais especializados recomendam e utilizam amplamente o fortalecimento da musculatura das mãos em pacientes com osteoartrite de mãos, mas não há um consenso para tal conduta. O objetivo do estudo foi revisar os conceitos sobre a osteoartrite de mãos, bem como trazer as evidências atuais sobre o fortalecimento muscular como forma de tratamento não medicamentoso para esta doença. CONTEÚDO: O estudo foi realizado na base de dados "United States National Library of Medicine" (Pubmed). As palavras utilizadas foram: "hand osteoarthritis", "exercises", "physiotherapy and rehabilitation". Foram incluídos 5 artigos em inglês, publicados nos últimos 10 anos, cujo foco fosse exercícios de fortalecimento muscular para pacientes com osteoartrite de mãos. CONCLUSÃO: Não existe consenso, nem um protocolo de exercícios mais efetivos, embora os exercícios e a fisioterapia ainda sejam recomendados. Sugere-se a realização de estudos clínicos controlados e randomizados para melhorar a evidência sobre este assunto.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Osteoarthritis of the hands is a highly prevalent disease that can lead to significant deformity and disability. The therapeutic approach in the management of osteoarthritis of the hands is based on pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. However, none of these treatments demonstrated a reduction of joint damage, and it presents itself in a purely symptomatic way. Yet, expert practitioners strongly recommend and use hand muscle strengthening in patients with hand osteoarthritis, but there is no consensus for such conduct. The objective of the study was to review the concepts about hand osteoarthritis as well as to bring the current evidence on muscle strengthening as a non-pharmacological treatment for this disease. CONTENTS: The study reviewed the United States National Library of Medicine database (Pubmed). The words used were: hand osteoarthritis, exercises, physiotherapy and rehabilitation. We included 5 articles in English, published in the last 10 years, focused on muscle strengthening exercises for osteoarthritis patients. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus, nor a more effective exercise protocol, although exercises and physiotherapy are still recommended. We suggest conducting randomized controlled clinical trials to improve the evidence on this subject.

Introdução: Embora a literatura afirme existir relação entre o excesso de peso e a osteoartrite de joelhos, a relação entre a doença e o consumo alimentar, ainda não está esclarecido. Objetivo: Avaliar a ingestão habitual de energia e nutrientes de idosas comunitárias com e sem dor nos joelhos. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com idosas sintomáticas (n=49) e assintomáticas (n=51) quanto à dor nos joelhos. A ingestão alimentar foi determinada pela média de 2 dias do Recordatório de 24 horas. As dietas foram analisadas no Dietbox®. A necessidade energética individual foi estimada através de fórmulas e o consumo de calorias totais foi analisado considerando o intervalo de 97 a 103% do gasto energético. A adequação dos macronutrientes foi verificada de acordo com os Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. A ingestão média de ácidos graxos, colesterol e fibra, foi analisada de acordo com os valores propostos pela IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias. A inadequação dos micronutrientes foi estimada pelo método da Estimated Average Requirement como ponto de corte e o consumo hídrico foi avaliado a partir da recomendação do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizado o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 20.0. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 67(±8,0) anos para o grupo assintomático e 67(±9,0) anos para o sintomático. Quanto ao consumo de energia, macronutrientes, ácidos graxos, colesterol, fibra e água, observam-se diferenças entre os grupos, que não se mostraram estatisticamente significativas. A ingestão de energia foi inadequada em 96,1% das assintomáticas e em 93,9% das sintomáticas. Também não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as idosas quanto ao consumo alimentar dos micronutrientes, exceto para o consumo habitual do mineral zinco (p valor = 0,033), o grupo sintomático teve um consumo médio de zinco inferior ao grupo assintomático. Nos grupos, as maiores inadequações (> 50%) foram para vitaminas A, D, E e ácido fólico e magnésio e cálcio. As menores inadequações foram para vitamina C e piridoxina (valores entre 21,6% e 22,4%). Destaca-se a ingestão inadequada da vitamina D (100% das avaliadas). Conclusão: Entre os grupos, foram observadas elevadas prevalências de inadequação para ingestão calórica, consumo dos ácidos graxos saturados, colesterol, fibra, ingestão hídrica, macros e micronutrientes. Contudo, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no consumo alimentar dos nutrientes, com exceção do mineral zinco, pois as idosas sintomáticas tiveram um consumo médio de zinco inferior ao grupo assintomático. Introduction: Although the literature states that there is a relationship between overweight and knee osteoarthritis, the relationship between disease and food consumption is still unclear. Objective: To evaluate the habitual intake of energy and nutrients of community aged women with and without pain in the knees. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study with symptomatic elderly women (n = 49) and asymptomatic women (n = 51) for knee pain. Food intake was determined by the 2-day mean of the 24-hour Reminder. The diets were analyzed in Dietbox®. The individual energy requirement was estimated using formulas and total calorie consumption was analyzed considering the range of 97 to 103% of energy expenditure. Macronutrient suitability was checked according to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The mean intake of fatty acids, cholesterol and fiber was analyzed according to the values proposed by the IV Brazilian Directive on Dyslipidemias. The micronutrient inadequacy was estimated by the Estimated Average Requirement method as the cutoff point and the water consumption was evaluated based on the recommendation of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age was 67 (± 8.0) years for the asymptomatic group and 67 (± 9.0) years for the symptomatic group. As for the energy consumption, macronutrients, fatty acids, cholesterol, fiber and water, there were differences between the groups, which were not statistically significant. The energy intake was inadequate in 96.1% of the asymptomatic ones and in 93.9% of the symptomatic ones. There were also no statistically significant differences among the elderly women regarding the dietary intake of micronutrients, except for the usual consumption of zinc mineral (p value = 0.033), the symptomatic group had an average zinc intake lower than the asymptomatic group. In the groups, the greatest inadequacies (> 50%) were for vitamins A, D, E and folic acid and magnesium and calcium. The lowest inadequacies were for vitamin C and pyridoxine (values between 21.6% and 22.4%). Inadequate intake of vitamin D (100% of the evaluated ones) is highlighted. Conclusion: Among the groups, high prevalence of inadequacy for caloric intake, saturated fatty acid consumption, cholesterol, fiber, water intake, macros and micronutrients were observed. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in food intake of the nutrients, except for the zinc mineral, since the symptomatic elderly had an average zinc consumption lower than the asymptomatic group.

We created and studied a novel nanoprobe for spectroscopic molecular imaging of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, whose over-expression is a hallmark of a wide range of cancers. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of 45 nm diameter were synthesized and coupled to EGF by α-lipoic acid, a short ligand that exhibits excellent silver binding affinity. Time-of-flight mass spectroscopy demonstrates formation of the protein complex. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay verifies the protein complex is 100% active for the EGF receptor, alone and, following conjugation to silver nanoparticles. Compared with its monosulfide analog, 6-mercaptohexanoic acid, α-lipoic acid is stabilized by binding to silver with a total energy that is lower by 1.38 eV, as found from Density Functional Theory (DFT)/natural bond analysis calculations. A Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO)-Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) gap energy of 5.25 (spin-up electrons) and 5.74 eV (spin-down electrons) was obtained for the silver-α-lipoic acid complex. This is the first report of silver nanoparticles being attached to EGF, and the first theoretical and experimental report on the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy spectral interpretation of α-lipoic acid bound to silver. These nanoprobes exhibit surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, when aggregated in solution, at picomolar concentrations and have the necessary properties – specificity, sensitivity and stability – to serve as molecular imaging agents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma modalidade terapêutica empregada no tratamento de diversas neoplasias malignas. Ela consiste na ação combinada de um composto fotossensível (FS), luz em comprimento de onda adequado e oxigênio molecular, gerando espécies reativas de oxigênio que levam as células tumorais a morte por necrose ou apoptose. O estudo teve como objetivo a análise histológica de tumores mamários, induzidos quimicamente, após a realização TFD. Foram utilizadas 15 ratas da linhagem Sprague-Dawley, divididas em dois grupos, grupo controle (GC - tumor mamário não tratado) e grupo submetido à terapia fotodinâmica (G1 – tumor mamário retirado após 24h da realização da TFD). Na análise histológica observaram-se diversas características gerais de malignidade em ambos os grupos. No entanto, o grupo tratado com TFD apresentou uma alta resposta inflamatória e presença de necrose mostrando a eficácia do tratamento no combate ao câncer de mama.

To review scientific literature to assess nutritional status of elderly patients with osteoarthritis in the last 16 years. This is an integrative literature review that included articles published in national and international journals indexed in PubMed, SciELO and BIREME. We selected 14 articles, and English language was predominant. The year of publication of articles ranged from 2006 to 2016, and most of papers were cross-sectional studies. To gather papers and for posterior evaluate, we used a validated data collection instrument and the included studies were critical analyzed by reading, gathering and analysis of articles. Studies suggested that there is a positive correlation between obesity and knee osteoarthritis. Obesity is one of the most important modifiable factors in worsening of osteoarthritis symptoms. RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi revisar a produção científica referente à avaliação do estado nutricional de idosos com osteoartrite nos últimos 16 anos. Assim, o estudo foi uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada com a busca de artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais indexados no PubMed, na SciELO e na BIREME. Foram selecionados 14 artigos, e o idioma inglês foi preponderante. O período de publicação dos artigos variou de 2006 a 2016, com predominância de estudos do tipo transversais. Para reunir os artigos e para posterior avaliação, foi utilizado um instrumento de coleta de dados validado, e as análises críticas dos estudos incluídos foram realizadas por meio da leitura, do agrupamento e da análise dos artigos. As pesquisas sugeriram que existe correlação positiva entre obesidade e osteoartrite de joelhos. Além disto, a obesidade é um dos fatores mais significativos e modificáveis no agravamento dos sintomas da osteoartrite.

The schwannomas is a tumour of the tissue that covers nerves, called the nerve sheath. Schwannomas are often benign tumors of the Schwan cells, which are the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Preoperative diagnosis of this lesion usually is difficult, therefore, new techniques are being studied as pre surgical evaluation. Among these, Raman spectroscopy, that enables the biochemical identification of the tissue analyzed by their optical properties, may be used as a tool for schwannomas diagnosis. The aim of this study was to discriminate between normal nervous tissue and schwannoma through the confocal Raman spectroscopy and Raman optical fiber-based techniques combined with immunohistochemical analysis. Twenty spectra were analyzed from a normal nerve tissue sample (10) and schwannoma (10) by Holospec f / 1.8 (Kayser Optical Systems) coupled to an optical fiber with a 785nm laser line source. The data were pre-processed and vector normalized. The average analysis and standard deviation was performed associated with cluster analysis. AML, 1A4, CD34, Desmin and S-100 protein markers were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis was positive only for protein S-100 marker which confirmed the neural schwanomma originality. The immunohistochemistry analysis were important to determine the source of the injury, whereas Raman spectroscopy were able to differentiated tissues types indicating important biochemical changes between normal and benign neoplasia.

In the clinical daily life various lesions of the oral cavity have shown different aspects, generating an inconclusive or doubtful diagnosis. In general, oral injuries are diagnosed by histopathological analysis from biopsy, which is an invasive procedure and does not gives immediate results. In the other hand, Raman spectroscopy technique it is a real time and minimal invasive analytical tool, with notable diagnostic capability. This study aims to characterize, by optical fiber Raman-based spectroscopy (OFRS), normal, inflammatory, potentially malignant, benign and malign oral lesions. Raman data were collected by a Holospec f / 1.8 spectrograph (Kayser Optical Systems) coupled to an optical fiber, with a 785nm laser line source and a CCD Detector. The data were pre-processed and vector normalized. The average analysis and standard deviation was performed associated with cluster analysis and compared to the histopalogical results. Samples of described oral pathological processes were used in the study. The OFRS was efficient to characterized oral lesions and normal mucosa, in which biochemical information related to vibrational modes of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates were observed. The technique (OFRS) is able to demonstrate biochemical information concern different types of oral lesions showing that Raman spectroscopy could be useful for an early and minimal invasive diagnosis.

Schwannoma are rare benign neural neoplasia. The clinical diagnosis could be improved if novel optical techniques are performed. Among these techniques, FT-IR is one of the currently techniques which has been applied for samples discrimination using biochemical information with minimum sample preparation. In this work, we report a case of a schwannoma in the cervical region. A histological examination described a benign process. An immunohistochemically examination demonstrated positivity to anti-S100 protein antibody, indicating a diagnosis of schwannoma. The aim of this analysis was to characterize FT-IR spectrum of the neoplastic and normal tissue in the fingerprint (1000-1800 cm-1) and high wavenumber region (2800-3600 cm-1). The IR spectra were collect from tumor tissue and normal nerve samples by a FT-IR spectrophotometer (Spotlight Perkin Elmer 400, USA) with 64 scans, and resolution of 4 cm−1. A total of twenty spectra were recorded (10 from schwannoma and 10 from nerve). Multivariate Analysis was used to classify the data. Through average and standard deviation analysis we observed that the main spectral change occurs at ≈1600 cm-1 (amide I) and ≈1400 cm-1 (amide III) in the fingerprint region, and in CH2/CH3 protein-lipids and OH-water vibrations for the high wavenumber region. In conclusion, FT-IR could be used as a technique for schwannoma analysis helping to establish specific diagnostic.

The objective of this work was to evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) by using a hematoporphyrin derivative as a photosensitizer and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as light source in induced mammary tumors of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Twenty SD rats with mammary tumors induced by DMBA were used. Animals were divided into four groups: control (G1), PDT only (G2), surgical removal of tumor (G3), and submitted to PDT immediately after surgical removal of tumor (G4). Tumors were measured over 6 weeks. Lesions and surgical were LEDs lighted up (200 J/cm(2) dose). The light distribution in vivo study used two additional animals without mammary tumors. In the control group, the average growth of tumor diameter was approximately 0.40 cm/week. While for PDT group, a growth of less than 0.15 cm/week was observed, suggesting significant delay in tumor growth. Therefore, only partial irradiation of the tumors occurred with a reduction in development, but without elimination. Animals in G4 had no tumor recurrence during the 12 weeks, after chemical induction, when compared with G3 animals that showed 60 % recurrence rate after 12 weeks of chemical induction. PDT used in the experimental model of mammary tumor as a single therapy was effective in reducing tumor development, so the surgery associated with PDT is a safe and efficient destruction of residual tumor, preventing recurrence of the tumor.

Of the tumors diagnosed in the female dogs have the highest mammary neoplasias incidence. These neoplasias can be influenced by environmental contaminants. Despite evidence of pyrethroid toxicity, carcinogenic potential has not yet been sufficiently elucidated, there is a need to investigate their involvement in mammary tumor. In previous studies, pyrethroid residues were detected in female dogs with mammary neoplasia, however was not investigate the influence of this insecticide in the genesis and aggressiveness of mammary cancer. This study aimed to investigate possible relations between pyrethroid residues and aggressiveness of mammary carcinoma in female dogs. Fifty selected female dogs were divided into five groups of 10 animals each: the Control group, female dogs without mammary neoplasia; the groups Luminal A, Luminal B, HER-2 Superexpression and Basal were constituted by female dogs that presented inguinal mammary carcinoma classified immunohistochemically. The aggressiveness of carcinomas was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (HER-2, p63, estrogen receptor). Residual concentrations of the pyrethroids from the mammary gland and fat tissue adjacent to it were determined by HPLC. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square test. Of the all animals, six presented residues of pyrethroids in mammary samples and 10 presented it in fat tissue samples. There was no statistical evidence that pyrethroids are involved in mammary carcinoma aggressiveness in female dogs.

Antimicrobial textiles (65% cotton – 35% polyester) were functionalized using a patented technology that combines an antimicrobial molecule – polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and a precipitating agent – sodium laurylsulphate. Surface characterization was performed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and both techniques made clear signatures of PHMB at the top surface of treated textiles. Washing led to a strong decrease of PHMB concentration at the surface. Comparison of textile surface analysis and antimicrobial tests indicated that the amount of PHMB at its extreme surface of textiles after five or 10 industrial washings was sufficient to inhibit Listeria innocua but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. The viability of L. innocua cells after contact with PHMB-treated textile after one industrial washing was estimated using the Live/Dead BacLight kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR): the combination of epifluorescence microscopy observations coupled with classic enumeration allowed detection of the presence of viable but nonculturable cells. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Protective clothing is required in the food-processing industry to protect products from being contaminated by microorganisms carried by workers' clothes or filtration systems. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in the use of antimicrobial functionalized textiles in the food industry to avoid that textiles could be vectors for pathogenic or food spoilage microorganisms. In the present study, the correlation between PHMB (the antimicrobial agent) at the surface of textiles (monitored by surface analysis characterization methods) and their antibacterial activity was assessed. After contact with antimicrobial textiles, the enumeration of bacteria was performed either by plate counting or by direct observation by epifluorescence microscopy in the presence of fluorescent viability markers in order to determine whether viable but nonculturable bacterial cells were present.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:26:00Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:41:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-80052735361.pdf: 174713 bytes, checksum: 4e84b0b678722c9620fd3eeb13d9d696 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-19 Item merged in doublecheck by Felipe Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2015-12-14T11:50:00Z Item was identical to item(s): 72165, 13389 at handle(s): http://hdl.handle.net/11449/72683, http://hdl.handle.net/11449/13714 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Fort Dodge Animal Health Uninfected dogs (n = 10) and those naturally infected with leishmaniasis (n = 10) were subjected to several diagnostic tests, namely: hemoculture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of hemoculture, indirect immunofuorescence (RIFI), cytological examination of lymph node aspirate, culture of lymph node aspirate and PCR of lymph node aspirate. RIFI - followed by PCR of lymph node aspirate culture - presented more positive results in infected dogs than in uninfected ones. In infected animals, RIFI was more efective than PCR of lymph node aspirate culture. There was no statistical diference in positivity between RIFI and hemoculture; lymph node aspirate culture/cytological examination of lymph node aspirate and PCR of hemoculture; and between PCR of lymph node aspirate culture and PCR of hemoculture. All infected and uninfected animals had positive and negative results in at least one test. In conclusion, the association of several tests improves the efcacy of canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Sao Paulo State University (Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State School of Veterinary Medicine Educational Foundation of Andradina (FEA), Andradina, Sao Paulo State Sao Paulo Agency of Agribusiness Technology (APTA), Bauru, Sao Paulo State Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Sao Paulo State University (Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Sao Paulo State University (Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Sao Paulo State University (Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State FAPESP: 2005/56765-9

Resumen pt: O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e avaliar a qualidade pos-colheita de banana 'Pacovan' comercializada em diferentes tipos de estabelecimentos ...

Textiles for the food processing industry are treated by a patented technology combining an ionic polymer (antimicrobial agent) and a precipitating agent to obtain an insoluble deposit expected to exhibit antimicrobial properties. ToF-SIMS and XPS are used in the understanding of the surface chemistry at various steps of treatments (cleaning step prior to surface modification, antimicrobial deposit, industrial ISO 15797 washing). ToF-SIMS and XPS analyses show that the signatures of the antimicrobial treatment are detected at the surface after treatment. After industrial ISO 15797 washings, the precipitating agent is rapidly removed (possibly replaced by washing agent components) while the antimicrobial agent (PHMB) is still detected but is significantly removed from the surface after five washings. ToF-SIMS and XPS data are compared to microbiological tests specifically intended in relation with food processing industry applications. After the antimicrobial treatment, the surface is biocide as well as after a single ISO 15797 washing, but after 5 washings, either the surface is slightly active (cotton-based textile) or not active anymore (polyester-based textile). The XPS N atomic percentage variation is unable to explain this difference. Even though a slight difference is observed for the ToF-SIMS normalized intensity for m/z = 184.1561 (PHMB molecular peak) between C/P and P/C samples, it can hardly be concluded that this would be the only explanation for the difference in activity. ToF-SIMS indicates that cotton is the textile component still detected at the surface of the washed samples. This could play a role in the remaining efficiency of the antimicrobial treatment after industrial washing.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da manga ‘Tommy Atkins’ comercializada no município de Mossoró-RN. Os frutos foram coletados, aleatoriamente, em três estabelecimentos comerciais (mercado de grande porte, feira livre e mercado de pequeno porte). Em cada estabelecimento foram realizadas seis coletas, distribuídos durante os meses de agosto, setembro e outubro. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram utilizados dois frutos por unidade experimental para análises físico-químicas e cinco frutos para análises fitopatológicas. Os dias de coleta foram considerados como blocos e os mercados como tratamentos. Os frutos foram avaliados pela massa, comprimento transversal, comprimento longitudinal, preço, aparência interna, aparência externa, firmeza, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, relação sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável, incidência e freqüência de isolamento de fungos. Os frutos comercializados nos três estabelecimentos apresentaram características físicas e químicas que os enquadram no padrão considerado razoáveis para consumo in natura de frutos da cultivar Tommy Atkins. Encontrou-se alta incidência de manchas e/ou podridões, principalmente no mercado de pequeno porte. Os fungos encontrados na freqüência de isolamento foram os dos gêneros Colletotrichum, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Lasiodiplodia e Rhizopus.

Facepe O debate sobre a violência racial e de gênero tem produzido inúmeras reflexões acerca da manutenção das desigualdades que atingem as mulheres negras. Os meios de comunicação de massa, o sistema educacional e as representações que são produzidas das mulheres negras acabam por essencializar os espaços que elas devem ocupar. Nessa perspectiva as representações da prostituição acabam por ser um espaço essencialmente feminino, e principalmente negro. É através do mito da democracia racial freyreano que o Brasil vai negar o reconhecimento positivo da população negra. Nesse discurso falacioso os índices de exclusão, de acesso e permanência na escola, a baixa remuneração, as estruturas familiares e afetivas contradizem com o modelo harmônico defendido pelo mito. As mulheres negras a partir de um discurso racista e sexista são reduzidas aos seus corpos e a sua sexualidade. Partindo dessa realidade, problematizamos as experiências de vida dessas mulheres buscando compreender a construção da subjetividade das mesmas e como a escolha pela prostituição se torna uma possibilidade real de escolha. Através da trajetória de vida nos foi possível apreender como opera a violência racial e de gênero para as mulheres negras, considerando que apesar de reconhecer a agência das mesmas às limitações do próprio sistema de opressão em que elas estão inseridas acabam por reduzir as possibilidades, tanto de reconhecimento como de sobrevivência. The discussion concerning racial violence and gender has produced countless reflections over the maintenance of inequality that afflicts black women. The mass media, Educational System and the produced depiction of women lead to the sealing of places they should achieve. Within that perspective, the depiction of prostitution tends to be a mainly female space, specially for the black ones. Through the myth of racial democracy brought by Freyre, the positive recognition of the black population is denied in Brazil. According to this fallacious myth, the exclusion, access and permanence at school indexes, low income and the family and emotional structures go against the well balanced model proposed by the myth. Due to the sexist and racist discourses, black women are relegated to their bodies and sexuality only. Given this scenario and the life of those women, some questions were risen in order to understand the construction of their subjectivity and how prostitution has become a real choice possibility. According to their life experience, we managed to understand the way racial and gender violence happens to black women, despite of recognizing the limits of the system of oppression in which those women are inserted. The possibilities of being recognized and surviving are reduced.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:59:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782006000300051.pdf: 3615300 bytes, checksum: 71f772c6b11a98fe304163e73b6b579a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782006000300051.pdf: 3615300 bytes, checksum: 71f772c6b11a98fe304163e73b6b579a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000300051.pdf: 3615300 bytes, checksum: 71f772c6b11a98fe304163e73b6b579a (MD5) S0103-84782006000300051.pdf.txt: 29573 bytes, checksum: 75684de4a0ec2fc95d9a6907234e1202 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:14:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000300051.pdf: 3615300 bytes, checksum: 71f772c6b11a98fe304163e73b6b579a (MD5) S0103-84782006000300051.pdf.txt: 29573 bytes, checksum: 75684de4a0ec2fc95d9a6907234e1202 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:14:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000300051.pdf: 3615300 bytes, checksum: 71f772c6b11a98fe304163e73b6b579a (MD5) S0103-84782006000300051.pdf.txt: 29573 bytes, checksum: 75684de4a0ec2fc95d9a6907234e1202 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) O carcinoma de células escamosas é uma neoplasia cutânea de grande relevância em países de clima tropical como o Brasil, uma vez que a exposição crônica à radiação ultravioleta é um dos fatores importantes para o desenvolvimento da doença. Esta revisão tem por objetivo discorrer sobre alternativas de tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos, com ênfase à terapia fotodinâmica. A escolha da modalidade terapêutica deve ser estabelecida de acordo com o estadiamento do tumor, o estado geral do paciente, a colaboração do proprietário e a disponibilidade de equipamentos e fármacos. A precocidade no diagnóstico tem efeito fundamental no prognóstico. Squamous cell carcinoma is a cutaneous tumor with significant relevance in tropical climate countries such as Brazil, since chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation is one of the important factors to disease development. The aim of this paper is to describe the treatment alternatives to squamous cell carcinoma in cats, with special emphasis to photodynamic therapy. The choice of treatment modalities should be determinated according to tumor staging, general state of the patient, owner s cooperation, and availability of equipment and drugs. The early diagnosis has fundamental effect on prognosis. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Patologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais