Search

International audience; Cytomegalovirus (CMV) persists as the most frequent opportunistic infection among solid organ transplant recipients. This multicenter trial aimed to test whether treatment with everolimus (EVR) could decrease the incidence of CMV DNAemia and disease. We randomized 186 CMV seropositive kidney transplant recipients in a 1:1 ratio to receive EVR or mycophenolic acid (MPA) in association with basiliximab, cyclosporin, and steroids and 87 in each group were analyzed. No universal prophylaxis was administered to either group. The composite primary endpoint was the presence of CMV DNAemia, CMV treatment, graft loss, death, and discontinuation of the study at 6 months posttransplant. In the modified intent-to-treat analysis, 42 (48.3%) and 70 (80.5%) patients in the EVR and MPA groups reached the primary endpoint (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.11-0.43, p

Letermovir (LMV) is a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) terminase inhibitor indicated as prophylaxis for HCMV-positive stem-cell recipients. Its mechanism of action involves at least the viral terminase proteins pUL56, pUL89 and pUL51. Despite its efficiency, resistance mutations were characterized in vitro and in vivo, largely focused on pUL56. To date, mutations in pUL51 in clinical resistance remain to be demonstrated.The pUL51 natural polymorphism was described by sequencing 54 LMV-naive strains and was compared to UL51 HCMV genes from 16 patients non-responding to LMV therapy (prophylaxis or curative). Recombinant viruses were built by «en-passant» mutagenesis to measure the impact of the new mutations on antiviral activity and viral growth. Structure prediction was performed by homology modeling. The pUL51 final-model was analyzed and aligned with the atomic coordinates of the monomeric HSV-1 terminase complex (PDB:6M5R).Among the 16 strains from treated-patients with LMV, 4 never described substitutions in pUL51 (D12E, 17del, A95V, V113L) were highlighted. These substitutions had no impact on viral fitness. Only UL51-A95V conferred 13.8-fold increased LMV resistance level by itself (IC50 = 29.246 ± 0.788).As an isolated mutation in pUL51 in a clinical isolate can lead to LMV resistance, genotyping for resistance should involve sequencing of the pUL51, pUL56 and pUL89 genes. With terminase modelling, we make the hypothesis that LMV could bind to domains were UL56-L257I and UL51-A95V mutations were localized.

BackgroundCervical cancer prevention strategies recommend human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination for female adolescents prior to their sexual debut. While HIV is a major risk factor for HPV infection in women of childbearing age, its prevalence among HIV-infected adolescent female is mostly unknown. This study aimed to describe the HPV prevalence and correlates among perinatally HIV-infected adolescent females prior to HPV immunisation.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to June 2016, in the four major paediatric HIV clinics of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. All HIV-infected females aged 11–16 years were approached to participate in the study. A questionnaire assessing sexual behaviours and genital hygiene practices was administered to participants completed with a systematic vaginal swab collection. HPV genotyping was performed using the Anyplex II HPV28 Detection (Seegene). A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the presence of HPV infection. HPV immunisation was proposed free of charge to all participants.ResultsA total of 250 participants were included, with a median age of 13 years (IQR 11–14). Among them, 237 (94.8%) were on antiretroviral treatment with a median CD4 count of 660 (IQR 439–914) cells/mm3. The overall prevalence of at least one HPV was 3.6% (95% CI 1.6 to 6.7) and the prevalence of at least one carcinogenic HPV was 2.8% (95% CI 0.7 to 4.8). Vaginal cleansing was reported by 75 (30%) of participants, with a median age at initiation of 12 years (IQR 10–13). Sexual activity was self-reported by 12 (4.8%) participants with a median age at sexual debut of 11 years (IQR 10–14). HPV infection was associated with vaginal cleansing (adjusted OR=7.0 (95% CI 1.4 to 31.6)).ConclusionThe reported low prevalence of carcinogenic HPV infections supports the appropriateness of HPV immunisation in this population. The reported association between cleansing practices and HPV infection deserves further prospective longitudinal studies.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major infectious cause of death and disease after transplantation. We have previously demonstrated that the tissue-associated adaptive Vδ2neg γδ T cells are key effectors responding to CMV and associated with recovery, contrasting with their innatelike circulating counterparts, the Vγ9posVδ2pos T cells that respond to phosphoantigens but not to CMV. A third Vγ9negVδ2pos subgroup with adaptive functions has been described in adults. In the current study, we demonstrate that these Vγ9negVδ2pos T cells are also components of the CMV immune response while presenting with distinct characteristics from Vδ2neg γδ T cells. In a cohort of kidney transplant recipients, CMV seropositivity was the unique clinical parameter associated with Vγ9negVδ2pos T-cell expansion and differentiation. Extensive phenotyping demonstrated their substantial cytotoxic potential and activation during acute CMV primary infection or reinfection. In vitro, Vγ9negVδ2pos T cells responded specifically to CMV-infected cells in a T-cell receptor–dependent manner and through strong interferon γ production. Finally, Vγ9negVδ2pos T cells were the only γδ T-cell subset in which expansion was tightly correlated with the severity of CMV disease. To conclude, our results identify a new player in the immune response against CMV and open interesting clinical perspectives for using Vγ9negVδ2pos T cells as an immune marker for CMV disease severity in immunocompromised patients.

International audience; Background The reported association of mTOR-inhibitor (mTORi) treatment with a lower incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) who are CMV seropositive (R+) remains unexplained. Methods The incidence of CMV infection and T-cell profile was compared between KTRs treated with mTORis and mycophenolic acid (MPA), and in vitro mTORi effects on T-cell phenotype and functions were analyzed. Results In KTRs who were R+ and treated with MPA, both αβ and γδ T cells displayed a more dysfunctional phenotype (PD-1+, CD85j+) at day 0 of transplantation in the 16 KTRs with severe CMV infection, as compared with the 17 KTRs without or with spontaneously resolving CMV infection. In patients treated with mTORis ( n =27), the proportion of PD-1+ and CD85j+ αβ and γδ T cells decreased, when compared with patients treated with MPA ( n =44), as did the frequency and severity of CMV infections. mTORi treatment also led to higher proportions of late-differentiated and cytotoxic γδ T cells and IFN γ -producing and cytotoxic αβ T cells. In vitro , mTORis increased proliferation, viability, and CMV-induced IFN γ production of T cells and decreased PD-1 and CD85j expression in T cells, which shifted the T cells to a more efficient EOMES low Hobit high profile. In γδ T cells, the mTORi effect was related to increased TCR signaling. Conclusion Severe CMV replication is associated with a dysfunctional T-cell profile and mTORis improve T-cell fitness along with better control of CMV. A dysfunctional T-cell phenotype could serve as a new biomarker to predict post-transplantation infection and to stratify patients who should benefit from mTORi treatment. Clinical Trial registry name and registration number: Proportion of CMV Seropositive Kidney Transplant Recipients Who Will Develop a CMV Infection When Treated With an Immunosuppressive Regimen Including Everolimus and Reduced Dose of Cyclosporine Versus an Immunosuppressive Regimen With Mycophenolic Acid and Standard Dose of Cyclosporine A (EVERCMV), NCT02328963

Many women with cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL/CIN2) are managed expectantly, because about half of them will regress spontaneously, thus avoiding systematic loop electrosurgical excision procedure and related adverse effects. However, most of the guidelines have restricted this strategy to the youngest women. The objectives of our study were to determine the rate and the predictors of regression of HSIL/CIN2 managed expectantly.This retrospective study included 128 patients under 40 years of age (median 29, range 21-39), and HSIL/CIN2 diagnosed by biopsy between 2012 and 2019. They were followed-up without treatment in the department of gynecology at Bordeaux University Hospital, France. The regression of HSIL/CIN2 was defined by the regression or the disappearance of initial colposcopic findings, cytological and/or histological results.The lesion spontaneously regressed or disappeared in 76 (59%) patients during a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 7-86). In the multivariable analysis, minor change at colposcopy (odds ratio OR = 2.8 (CI95% 1.2-6.9), P = 0.02), low grade lesions (ASC-US/LSIL) by cytology (OR = 4.1 (CI95% 1.7-10.1), P0.001), and infection by HPV other than HPV-16 (OR = 5.4 (CI95% 2.3-13.9), P0.001) predicted the spontaneous regression of HSIL/CIN2.Colposcopic findings, cytological results, and HPV genotyping, but not the age, were baseline factors predicting the evolution of HSIL/CIN2 in patients under 40.

While previous studies suggest the implication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), no study has investigated its association with early neuroimaging markers of AD. In the Three-City and the AMI cohorts, the associations between HSV infection and (i) hippocampal volume (n = 349), (ii) white matter alterations in the parahippocampal cingulum and fornix using diffusion tensor imaging (n = 260), and (iii) incidence of AD (n = 1599) were assessed according to APOE4 status. Regardless of APOE4 status, infected subjects presented (i) significantly more microstructural alterations of the parahippocampal cingulum and fornix, (ii) lower hippocampal volumes only when their anti-HSV IgG level was in the highest tercile—reflecting possibly more frequent reactivations of the virus (p = 0.03 for subjects with a high anti-HSV IgG level while there was no association for all infected subjects, p = 0.19), and (iii) had no increased risk of developing AD. Nevertheless, among APOE4 carriers, infected subjects presented lower hippocampal volumes, although not significant (p = 0.09), and a two or three times higher risk of developing AD (adjusted Hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.72 [1.07–6.91] p = 0.04 for infected subjects and aHR = 3.87 [1.45–10.28] p = 0.007 for infected subjects with an anti-HSV IgG level in the highest tercile) while no association was found among APOE4 noncarriers. Our findings support an association between HSV infection and AD and a potential interaction between HSV status and APOE4. This reinforces the need to further investigate the infectious hypothesis of AD, especially the associated susceptibility factors and the possibility of preventive treatments.

To determine clinical, pathological and virological factors predicting the spontaneous regression of HSIL/CIN2. This retrospective study included 73 patients with HSIL/CIN2 diagnosed by biopsy between 2012 and 2016 and followed-up without treatment in the department of gynecology at Bordeaux University Hospital. All biopsies sampled inside or outside our department were reviewed and immunolabelled for p16 and Ki67. The response rate was the regression or the disappearance of HSIL/CIN2 as defined by the regression or the disappearance of initial colposcopic findings, cytological and/or histological results. The diagnosis of CIN2 was confirmed in 63 of 70 biopsies available for review. The Cohen’s kappa coefficient was κ = 90%, indicating almost perfect inter-observer agreement. The lesion spontaneously regressed or disappeared in 36 of 60 patients (60%) with confirmed CIN2 during a median follow-up of 20 months (range 6–55). Baseline factors influencing the response rate were colposcopic findings (69% with minor change vs 31% with major change, p = 0.033), cytological results (72% with ASCUS/LSIL vs 28% with ASC-H/HSIL, p = 0.018), and HPV genotyping (71% with HPV not 16 vs 42% with HPV-16, p = 0.027). The other factors (age, smoking, surface area of the lesion, p16 and Ki67 expressions) did not significantly influence the outcome. Colposcopic findings, cytological results, and HPV genotyping were baseline factors predicting spontaneous regression of HSIL/CIN2.

mTOR inhibitors exert a preventive effect on cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in CMV seropositive (R+) kidney transplant recipients, but their impact during the curative treatment of CMV disease in high-risk kidney transplant recipients has not been investigated. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of mTOR inhibitors compared with mycophenolic acid in 63 consecutive kidney transplant recipients (80% of D+R-) suffering from CMV disease with a persistent or a recurrent CMV DNAemia. In this monocentric retrospective study, 16 had their treatment converted to mTOR inhibitors and 47 did not. The Kaplan-Meier curves did not show any significant differences in CMV DNAemia eradication (77% vs. 88% respectively; hazard ratio (HR), 1.648 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.913-2.973]; log-rank test, P = .132), DNAemia recurrence (36% vs. 47%; HR, 1.517 [95% CI, 0.574-4.007]; log-rank test, P = .448) and CMV clinical recurrence (17% vs. 27%; HR, 1.375 [95% CI, 0.340-5.552]; log-rank test, P = .677) between patients who received mTOR inhibitors and those who did not. These results were confirmed in uni- and multivariate time-dependent Cox regressions. In summary, conversion from mycophenolic acid to mTOR inhibitors seems inadequate for improving CMV clearance or in better preventing CMV recurrences during severe or persistent CMV disease.

Universal prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prevention is viable but, compared with a preemptive strategy, leads to higher incidence of late-onset disease (LOD) associated with poor patient and graft survival. The purpose of this study was to compare LOD with early onset disease (EOD), with a focus on the highest risk kidney transplant recipients (KTRs): CMV seronegative recipients transplanted from seropositive donors (D+R-). Since CMV control depends on both antiviral treatment and specific immune response, we also compared Vδ2-negative (Vδ2(neg) ) γδ T cell expansion involved in CMV infection resolution. EOD was defined as occurring3 mo and LOD as occurring3 mo after transplantation. Depending on the period, universal prophylaxis or preemptive treatment was used. Overall, 168 D+R- KTRs were included between 2003 and 2011. LOD was associated with a lower peak DNAemia (p = 0.04), fewer recurrences (odds ratio 0.16; 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.55; p = 0.01) and shorter anti-CMV curative treatment (40 vs. 60 days, p0.0001). As a corollary, we found that Vδ2(neg) γδ T cell expansion was faster in LOD than in EOD (31 vs. 168 days after the beginning of CMV disease, p0.0001). In D+R- KTRs, universal prophylaxis is associated with more LOD, which had better infection management and a faster immune response. These results support the use of universal prophylaxis over a preemptive strategy and reappraise outcomes of LOD.

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the major opportunistic virus encountered after transplantation, and resistant variants challenge antiviral treatment. We studied the emergence and evolution of the canonical UL97 L595S mutation in four kidney recipients by comparing Sanger sequencing with a specific next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay, and assessed the global evolution of UL97 gene variability. Study design Plasmids harbouring wild-type and/or L595S mutated UL97 genes were used to assess the analytical performances of NGS assay. UL97 gene was retrospectively analysed in patients’ samples drawn during CMV infection follow-up, Shannon entropy (Sn) was calculated and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Results Wild-type and L595S plasmids PCR products were mixed to obtain L595S concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 100%. Mean triplicate NGS results were 0, 0.71, 1.79, 5.30, 13.17, 17 and 100%, respectively, while Sanger sequencing only detected L595S when above 20%. The NGS mean error rate was 0.196 ± 0.07%. In the four patients, emergence of L595S mutation under ganciclovir treatment was followed-up. After foscarnet rescue therapy, leading to undetectable CMV viral load, in two patients, L595S mutant re-emerged, but was only detected by NGS technology (14% and 9.6%). Using NGS data, phylogenetic trees and Sn showed a complex evolution of concomitant viral subpopulations. Conclusions NGS technology allowed a deeper discrimination of the emergence and persistence of a drug resistance mutation, which could be pertinent to investigate when routine Sanger sequencing detects only wild-type strains. Moreover, NGS improved sensitivity helps in studying viral abundance, dynamics and diversity, less approachable with Sanger sequencing.

Background Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) induction is associated with profound immunosuppression, leading to a higher risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection compared with anti–interleukin 2 receptor antibody (anti–IL-2RA). However, this risk, depending on the baseline CMV serological recipient/donor status, is still controversial. Methods The CMV DNAemia-free survival between rATG- and anti–IL-2RA–treated patients was analyzed in donor-positive/recipient-negative (D+R−) and recipient-positive (R+) patients in 1 discovery cohort of 559 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and 2 independent cohorts (351 and 135 kidney KTRs). The CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) at baseline and at different time points after transplantation was assessed using an interferon γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. Results rATG increased the risk of CMV DNAemia in R+ but not in D+R− KTRs. In R+ CMI-positive (CMI+) patients, the CMV DNAemia rate was higher in rATG-treated than in anti–IL-2RA–treated patients; no difference was observed among R+ CMI-negative (CMI−) patients. Longitudinal follow-up demonstrated a deeper depletion of preformed CMV CMI in R+ rATG-treated patients. Conclusions D+R− KTRs have the highest risk of CMV DNAemia, but rATG adds no further risk. Among R+ KTRs, we described 3 groups, the least prone being R+CMI+ KTRs without rATG, then R+CMI+ KTRs with rATG, and finally R+CMI− KTRs. CMV serostatus, baseline CMV-specific CMI, and induction therapy may lead to personalized preventive therapy in further studies.

International audience; We report here a case of an immunocompetent patient suffering from recurrent epithelial herpetic keratitis associated with the emergence of antiviral resistance. Indeed, the not previously described amino acid change L340R within herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, was shown to confer acyclovir-resistance by recombinant phenotyping using bacmid technology.

Targeted immunotherapy of high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) has been developed as an alternative to conization, to preserve future reproductive outcomes and avoid human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence. The objectives of the review are to present drugs according to their process of development and to examine their potential future use. A search for key words associated with CIN and targeted immunotherapy was carried out in the Cochrane library, Pubmed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 1990 to 2016. Publications (randomized, prospective and retrospective studies) in any language were eligible for inclusion, as well as ongoing trials registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov website. Targeted immunotherapy includes peptide/protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA), and live vector-based vaccines (bacterial or viral). A total of 18 vaccines were identified for treatment of CIN at various stages of development, and the majority were well-tolerated. Adverse effects were primarily injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms under grade 2. The efficacy of vaccines defined by regression of CIN2/3 to no CIN or CIN1 ranged from 17 to 59% following a minimum of a 12-week follow-up. In the majority of studies, there was no association demonstrated between histological response and HPV clearance, or between histological or virological response and immune T cell response. Given that the spontaneous regression of CIN2/3 is 20-25% at 6 months, targeted immunotherapy occurs an additional value, which never reaches 50%, with one trial an exception to this. However, research and development on HPV eradication drugs needs to be encouraged, due to HPV-associated disease burden.

Financial and operational constraints limit low-resource countries in the screening of high-risk genital human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV), the etiological agents of cervical cancer. With its simple storage, conservation and shipping, dried cervical sample (DCS) could represent an efficient tool. The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability of HPV genotyping from DCS. Cervical samples were obtained from 50 women infected with HIV-1 in Cote d'Ivoire. After DNA extraction from both DCS and matched liquid cervical samples (LCS), HPV genotyping was performed and the concordance of genotyping results was evaluated. HPV prevalence was 88% in LCS and 78% in DCS. Kappa statistic was 0.51 for the presence of any genotype (95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.77) and 0.73 for HR-HPV (0.45-0.99). Out of 50 samples, 45 were HPV-positive for DCS and/or LCS, and HR-HPV were detected in 37 samples (74%) with 36 HR-HPV multiple infections. Any genotype and HR genotype identification was concordant/compatible in 86% (43/50) and 88% (44/50) of samples, respectively. In most instances, kappa statistics for detection of type-specific HPV was over 0.6 (including HPV-16, -18, -31, -33). An excellent agreement (kappa statistic ≥ 0.81) was found for eight genotypes (HPV-6, -31, -35, -40, -56, -58, -66, and -82). In spite of interfering factors (multiple infections, different HPV loads, amplification competition, different inputs), DCS and LCS led to concordant/compatible results in most cases. DCS could represent an efficient tool for epidemiological field studies in resource-limited settings, and more importantly for improving the screening coverage and care management in women infected with HPV.

Background: We sought to document the association of Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and immunodeficiency with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women with no cervical neoplastic lesions identified through a cervical cancer screening programme in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods: A consecutive sample of women stratified on their HIV status and attending the national blood donor clinic or the closest HIV clinic was recruited during a cervical cancer screening programme based on the visual inspection. Diagnosis of HPV infection and genotype identification were based on the Linear Array; HPV test. Results: A total of 445 (254 HIV-positive and 191 HIV-negative) women were included. The prevalence of oncogenic HPV infection was 53.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 47.9–59.9) in HIV-positive women and 33.7% (95% CI 27.1–40.3) in HIV-negative women (odds ratio (OR)=2.3 (95% CI 1.5–3.3)). In multivariate analysis, HIV-positive women with a CD4 count

Background CMV reactivation, which enhances immune senescence, could be associated with a higher risk of cancer. Objectives We compared the prevalence of positive CMV DNAemia in HIV-infected patients with and without cancer. Study design This case–control study, nested in the ANRS-CO3 Aquitaine Cohort, included patients with a first diagnosis of cancer (2002–2007) as cases. Two controls were matched per case. Cancer risk was estimated using conditional logistic regression models, an Odds Ratio (OR) of 2 could be detected with 80% power. The variables considered were: ≥1 positive CMV DNAemia, CD4+ and CD8+ counts, HIV plasma load. Plasma CMV DNA was retrospectively quantified within the 3-year period preceding the endpoint. Results The 143 cases (93 non-AIDS-related and 50 AIDS-related cancers) and 284 controls had a median age of 47 years (IQR: 41–56). At the time of diagnosis or censorship, for cases and controls, median values were respectively, for CD4+ count: 327cells/mm 3 (IQR: 164–514) and 416 (IQR: 275–582), and for HIV plasma load: 2.6log 10 copies/mL (IQR: 1.7–4.7) and 1.7log 10 copies/mL (IQR: 1.7–3.3). We performed 2056 CMV PCR; 14 cases (9.8% [95% CI: 4.9–14.7]) and 19 controls (6.7% [CI: 3.8–9.6]) presented ≥1 positive PCR. CMV DNAemia was not associated with the risk of cancer (unadjusted and adjusted p -values=0.19 and 0.54, respectively). HIV load >500copies/mL was independently associated with a higher risk of cancer (OR=2.02; p =0.002; 95% CI: 1.29–3.17). Conclusion This large case–control study did not show any differential exposure to positive CMV plasma DNAemia between cancer cases and controls.

An increase in the number of blood gammadelta T cells follows cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in kidney transplant recipients. These cells react against CMV-infected cells and tumor epithelial cells in vitro. We hypothesized that these CMV-induced gammadelta T cells play a protective role against cancer in kidney transplant recipients. We performed a longitudinal case-control study involving 18 recipients who developed cancer between 2 and 6 yr after transplantation and 45 recipients who did not. The median percentage of gammadelta T cells among total lymphocytes in patients with malignancies was significantly lower compared with that in control patients at 6, 12, and 18 mo before the diagnosis of cancer. Patients with a gammadelta T cell percentage of more than 4% were protected from cancer. An increase of the Vdelta2(neg) gammadelta T cell subset significantly associated with lower incidence of cancer only in recipients who experienced pre- or postgraft CMV infection. Finally, a retrospective follow-up of 131 recipients for 8 yr revealed that CMV-naive recipients had an approximately 5-fold higher risk of cancer compared with CMV-exposed patients. In summary, these results suggest a protective role of CMV exposure against cancer in kidney transplant recipients.

Background Kidney transplant recipients infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) undergo a persistent gammadelta T cell expansion in their peripheral blood. The anti-CMV function of these cells was previously demonstrated by their ability to kill CMV-infected cells in vitro. Methods To gain insight into the role of gammadelta T cells within the antiviral immune network, we compared the expansion kinetics of these T cells with that of CMV pp65-specific CD8(+) alphabeta T cells in the peripheral blood of twenty-one kidney transplant recipients. Results Both the percentage and the absolute number of pp65-specific CD8(+) T cells and gammadelta T cells showed a concomitant increase and persistence in most of the kidney transplant recipients with CMV infection. Both cell subsets exhibited an effector/memory phenotype (CD28(-), CD27(-), and CD45RA(+)) that predominated for the entire follow-up period. Conclusions In conclusion, CMV-specific CD8(+) alphabeta T cells and gammadelta T cells share common expansion kinetics and a common effector phenotype, suggesting that these cell types act similarly in response to CMV infection.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine whether peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-associated HIV-1 DNA level in patients on long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) was associated with plasma HIV-1 RNA level, CD4 cell count, and therapeutic factors throughout patient history. Design: Patients receiving triple or dual therapy with plasma HIV-1 RNA below detection limit for more than 3 years were recruited in a multicentric, cross-sectional study within the eight virology laboratories of the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les Hepatites virales HIV quantification working group, each one in relation with a clinical center. Methods: PBMC-associated HIV-1 DNA was quantified using a standardized real-time PCR method in all laboratories. Results: A total of 236 patients was included. Median HIV-1 DNA was 2.8 log 10 copies/ 10 6 PBMCs (interquartile range 2.4-3.0). Univariate analysis showed PBMC HIV-1 DNA level to be related to pre-ART immuno-virologic status (plasma HIV-1 RNA zenith and CD4 cell count nadir) and to current CD4 + T-cell count. HIV-1 DNA was lower in patients receiving ART with inferior virologic efficacy, as they also had a higher CD4 nadir and a lower HIV-1 RNA zenith than other patients. PBMC HIV-1 DNA level was not related to therapy duration, to time spent with undetectable HIV-1 RNA or to occurrence of a blip. Plasma HIV-1 RNA zenith and CD4 cell count nadir remained predictive of HIV-1 DNA level in the multivariate model which was associated with 22% of its variability. Conclusion: Whatever the duration of treatment, HIV-1 DNA level during ART gives a picture of the intensity of viral replication and immune deficiency reached before starting therapy.

The ability of human γδ T cells to develop immunologic memory is still a matter of debate. We previously demonstrated the involvement of Vδ2− γδ T lymphocytes in the response of immunosuppressed organ recipients to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Here, we demonstrate their ability to mount an adaptive immune response to CMV in immunocompetent subjects. Vδ2− γδ T-cell peripheral blood numbers, repertoire restriction, and cytotoxicity against CMV-infected fibroblasts were markedly increased in CMV-seropositive, compared with CMV-seronegative, healthy persons. Whereas Vδ2− γδ T cells were found as naive cells in CMV− patients, they virtually all exhibited the cytotoxic effector/memory phenotype in CMV+ patients, which is also observed in transplanted patients challenged with CMV. This long-term complete remodeling of the Vδ2− γδ T-cell population by CMV predicts their ability to exhibit an adaptive anti-CMV immune response. Consistent with this, we observed that the secondary response to CMV was associated with a faster γδ T-cell expansion and a better resolution of infection than the primary response. In conclusion, the increased level of effector-memory Vδ2− γδ T cells in the peripheral blood is a specific signature of an adaptive immune response to CMV infection of both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients.

In a prospective cohort of 82 renal transplant recipients, we evaluated the capacity of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) load in whole blood (WB) to predict the plasma CMV load, aiming to identify active CMV infections by using WB samples only and to deduce a WB threshold. Using quantitative real-time PCR, a total of 1,474 WB samples were assayed, of which 279 were positive for CMV, and 140 out of the 276 paired plasma samples tested positive. Thirty (36.6%) patients presented with at least one positive plasma PCR result, and 21 infection episodes (19 patients) required curative treatment (median follow-up time, 12 months). When the plasma CMV load was >500 copies/ml ( n = 70), more than 94% (95% confidence interval, 86.0%, 98.4%) of WB samples had >500 copies/ml. Two prediction models were built: log 10 plasma viral load (VL) was calculated as −0.3777 + 0.9342 × log 10 WB VL and as −0.3777 + 0.8563 × log 10 WB VL for patients with and without treatment, respectively. In the validation sample (578 routine samples), 77.2% of the observed and expected plasma viral loads were concordant (95% confidence intervals, 73.5 and 80.5%). According to the model, the plasma viral load was >500 copies/ml when the WB load was >3,170 or >4,000 copies/ml in patients with or without treatment, respectively. WB seems to be an appropriate candidate for routine CMV monitoring of transplant recipients by using a single assay.

Background Variability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genes counteracting immune responses is poorly investigated in non-cultured clinical strains. Objectives In HCMV-infected renal graft recipients, we aimed to (i) investigate the variability of four HCMV immunomodulatory genes, without any culture-related viral selection, (ii) provide evolutionary sequence data, and (iii) study co-existing HCMV variants and their evolution. Study design UL18, UL40, UL111a and US3 were sequenced in 31 blood samples from 17 patients (8 with sequential samples). Cloning of UL40 PCR products was performed in one donor-positive/recipient-positive (D+/R+) patient's samples. Results Each patient harboured a unique strain (combination of four genes), however single identical genes were demonstrated among various patients, suggesting recombination events. Sequencing showed in D+/R− recipients, either complete gene stability (four patients) or significant variability (one patient); in three D+/R+ patients, multiple gene variations, possibly linked to super- or co-infections. Cloning evidenced different variants at each time point with an increasing variability over time, illustrating possibly viral reactivations and the subsequent evolution of the variants mixture. Conclusion A noticeable HCMV natural polymorphism was shown, with different evolutive patterns. Moreover, we described the co-evolution of variants mixtures in one patient. Consequences on HCMV infection and graft function deserve further studying.

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a major opportunistic agent among transplant recipients. While detection of CMV pp65-lower matrix protein (pp65Ag) is still widely used for monitoring CMV infection, real-time PCR assays have been recently developed for routine quantitation of CMV DNA. However, correlations are lacking between results of pp65Ag and quantitative PCR assays and there is no consensus yet as to the more appropriate blood compartment (whole blood (WB), leukocytes, plasma) to be tested with PCR assays. Objectives The aims of the study were to determine, in a population of transplant recipients: (i) the correlation between pp65Ag and CMV quantitative real-time PCR in our setting and (ii) the utility of plasma CMV DNA quantitation in comparison to WB quantitation. Methods In 170 blood samples (from 61 solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients) with pp65Ag results, CMV quantitation was performed in WB and plasma using an in-house real-time quantitative PCR. Results Real-time PCR and pp65Ag results in WB were correlated: thresholds of 10 and 50(+) cells/200,000 cells were equivalent to 3.3 log10 copies/mL (2000 copies/mL) and 3.8 log10 copies/mL (6300 copies/mL), respectively. When WB viral load was ≥3.6 log10 copies/mL, the risk to have a negative plasma CMV DNA result was ≤2.5%. Conclusions For the routine exploration of a single compartment, whole blood would represent a suitable compromise: easy processing for a sensitive assay. The 3.6 log10 copies/mL threshold, which could help in identifying active CMV infection, deserves further evaluation.

We have sequenced different genes of HIV-1 strains from infected individuals recruited in various geographic parts of Algeria; phylogenetic trees were constructed yielding molecular characterization of these strains. Subtype B accounts for 56% of the samples studied and is therefore the predominant subtype, particularly in the north part of the country; but there is a high diversity of the virus including CRF02_AG, CRF06_cpx, CRF02/CRF06 interrecombinants, and different other intersubtype and/or inter-CRF recombinants. The prevalence of these non-B viruses increases in the south part of Algeria that borders sub-Saharan African countries. The high diversity of HIV-1 in Algeria has implications for virological follow-up, resistance surveys, and vaccine design.

The molecular characterization of HIV-1 isolates in drug-naive cases in the early stages of HIV disease was studied in 128 cases from Mumbai (Bombay), India. Subtype C was largely predominant followed by A-C intersubtype recombinants, one subtype A and one CRF01 AE. Compared to subtype B, subtype C exhibited an important polymorphism; the percentages of substitutions could reach more than 90%. Two isolates showed M184V substitution the reverse transcriptase indicating resistance to 3TC.

Background The incidence and the impact of asymptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNAemia occurring after the first year post transplantation is unknown. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed the incidence, risk factors, and impact of 2-year post-transplantation asymptomatic CMV DNAemia (2YCD) on graft function. We included 892 consecutive asymptomatic kidney transplant recipients transplanted for at least 2 years and all were monitored using whole blood CMV quantitative nucleic acid amplification testing (CMV-QNAT). Results Twenty-eight patients displayed 2YCD (3.1%). Using multivariate analysis in 578 patients, we found that female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.57, P = 0.02), a past history of CMV drug-resistance mutation (OR = 8.73, P = 0.005), and corticosteroid use (OR = 2.37, P = 0.03) were independently associated with an increased risk of 2YCD. 2YCD was associated with an increased incidence of subsequent CMV disease over the year following its diagnosis (7% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.02). Patients with 2YCD also exhibited a declining estimated glomerular filtration rate more frequently (77%) than patients with a negative CMV-QNAT (56%, P = 0.02). Conclusion 2YCD appears to be a rare entity, which appears to be associated with chronic graft dysfunction.

International audience; Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in solid-organ transplantation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly if a CMV mutant strain with antiviral resistance emerges. Monitoring CMV-specific T cell response could provide relevant information for patient care. We and others have shown the involvement of Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells in controlling CMV infection. Here, we assessed if Vδ2(neg) γδ T cell kinetics in peripheral blood predict CMV infection resolution and emergence of a mutant strain in high-risk recipients of kidney transplants, including 168 seronegative recipients receiving organs from seropositive donors (D+R-) and 104 seropositive recipients receiving antithymocyte globulins (R+/ATG). Vδ2(neg) γδ T cell percentages were serially determined in patients grafted between 2003 and 2011. The growing phase of Vδ2(neg) γδ T cells was monitored in each infected patient, and the expansion rate during this phase was estimated individually by a linear mixed model. A Vδ2(neg) γδ T cell expansion rate of ˃0.06% per day predicted the growing phase. The time after infection at which an expansion rate of 0.06% per day occurred was correlated with the resolution of CMV DNAemia (r=0.91; P

Cervical cancer may be prevented by human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and the treatment of intraepithelial lesions diagnosed using cervical pap smears. HPV vaccines are effective for the prevention of CIN2/3 related to HPV 16, 18 and some other oncogenic HPV subtypes in HPV-naïve women. They are very well tolerated and to date, no increase in the incidence of auto-immune diseases has been reported. HPV vaccines primarily target girls aged 11-14 years old and catch-up programs include girls aged 15-19 years old. Vaccination coverage is below 40% in France, which is insufficient to induce herd immunity. Screening via pap smears is performed every three years in women between 25 and 65 years old, after two normal annual smears. However, screening is an individualised decision and is only performed in 57% of women. Abnormal smears require subsequent diagnostic investigations. Apart from high grade intra-epithelial lesions which generally require treatment, these abnormalities may be observed as they often undergo spontaneous regression due to viral clearance.

Cobas Amplicor CMV Monitor (CMM) and Quantiplex CMV bDNA 2.0 (CMV bDNA 2.0), two new standardized and quantitative assays for the detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in plasma and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), respectively, were compared to the CMV viremia assay, pp65 antigenemia assay, and the Amplicor CMV test (P-AMP). The CMV loads were measured in 384 samples from 58 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected, CMV-seropositive subjects, including 13 with symptomatic CMV disease. The assays were highly concordant (agreement, 0.88 to 0.97) except when the CMV load was low. Quantitative results for plasma and PBLs were significantly correlated (Spearman ρ = 0.92). For PBLs, positive results were obtained 125 days before symptomatic CMV disease by CMV bDNA 2.0 and 124 days by pp65 antigenemia assay, whereas they were obtained 46 days before symptomatic CMV disease by CMM and P-AMP. At the time of CMV disease diagnosis, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of CMV bDNA 2.0 were 92.3, 97.8, 92.3, and 97.8%, respectively, whereas they were 92.3, 93.3, 80, and 97.8%, respectively, for the pp65 antigenemia assay; 84.6, 100, 100, and 95.7%, respectively, for CMM; and 76.9, 100, 100, and 93.8%, respectively, for P-AMP. Considering the entire follow-up, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of CMV bDNA 2.0 were 92.3, 73.3, 52.1, and 97.1%, respectively, whereas they were 100, 55.5, 39.4, and 100%, respectively, for the pp65 antigenemia assay; 92.3, 86.7, 66.7, and 97.5%, respectively, for CMM; and 84.6, 91.1, 73.3, and 95.3%, respectively, for P-AMP. Detection of CMV in plasma is technically easy and, despite its later positivity (i.e., later than in PBLs), can provide enough information sufficiently early so that HIV-infected patients can be effectively treated. In addition, these standardized quantitative assays accurately monitor the efficacy of anti-CMV treatment.

Background: An increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) has recently been reported. Objective: To estimate HCV incidence and risk factors among HIV-1-infected patients followed up since primary HIV infection in the French PRIMO Cohort between 1996 and 2005. Patients and methods: All patients with at least 18 months of follow-up were studied. HCV antibody tests were performed on baseline plasma samples and repeated on the latest available sample when negative at baseline. Results: In total, 402 patients with a median follow-up of 36 (range 18–104) months were eligible. HCV seroconversion was observed in 6 patients (4 men and 2 women), corresponding to an HCV incidence rate of 4.3 per 1000 person-years. Incidence rates in men and women were 3.5 and 7.8 per 1000 person-years, respectively. The incidence rate was 1.2 per 1000 person-years before January 2003 and 8.3 per 1000 person-years after January 2003 (p = 0.06). The classic risk factors for HCV infection were found in women (intravenous drug use, and body piercing), whereas the only identified risk factor for HCV acquisition was unsafe sex in the four men. Conclusions: Increase in the incidence of acute HCV infection in recently HIV-infected patients confirms the shift in sexual behaviour in the recent years, especially in HIV-infected MSM. Repeated testing for HCV antibodies should be carried out in HCV-negative HIV-infected patients and specific recommendations about protected sex should be clearly provided.

International audience; Maribavir (MBV), a UL97 inhibitor, shows good oral bioavailability, low host cell toxicity, and theoretical benefits to inhibit cross-resistant viruses. We herein examined clinical and virological outcomes of 12 patients, including 3 bone marrow recipients and 9 organ recipients infected with resistant cytomegalovirus (CMV) and treated with MBV during 2011-2012. All received at least 800-mg daily doses. They had developed clinical (12/12) and/or virological (11/12) resistance to CMV infection. Based on a decrease of viral load in blood >1.5 log copies/mL half of them responded to MBV treatment. The individual changes varied from a rapid decrease in viral load (n = 4) to no response (n = 3) with some late response slowly decreasing viremia (n = 3). In 2 cases MBV was used as secondary prophylaxis. No clear parameter emerged as a clinical surrogate for nonresponse to MBV. These results contrast with the lack of efficacy in phase III trials of MBV prophylaxis among stem cell recipients, which were possibly due to low doses or inadequate timing of drug initiation in the study. Additional clinical and surrogate laboratory markers are needed to determine antiviral responses to guide MBV use. Dosage ranging studies might benefit future MBV use.

International audience; Long-term exposure to antiviral therapy in immunocompromised patients favors emergence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) resistance mutations. Two new UL54 DNA polymerase mutations (deletion of codon 524 and N408S substitution) identified in a kidney recipient and a bone marrow recipient respectively were characterized. Marker transfer experiment through recombination into a HCMV AD169 BAC demonstrated del524 and mutation N408S confer GCV and CDV resistance. These results suggest continued mutation of UL54 under selective antiviral pressure. Characterization of each new mutation is thus required to inform genotypic assays and to better understand the functional regions of UL54 for the development of novel antivirals.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. Long-term protective immunity against HCMV requires both sustained specific T-cell response and neutralizing IgG production, but the interplay between these effector arms remains poorly defined. We previously demonstrated that γδ T cells play a substantial role as anti-HCMV T-cell effectors. The observation that CD16 (FcγRIIIA) was specifically expressed by the majority of HCMV-induced γδ T cells prompted us to investigate their cooperation with anti-HCMV IgG. We found that CD16 could stimulate γδ T cells independently of T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement and provide them with an intrinsic antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) potential. Although CD16+γδ T cells did not mediate ADCC against HCMV-infected cells, in accordance with the low level of anti-HCMV IgGs recognizing infected cells, they produced IFNγ when incubated with IgG-opsonized virions. This CD16-induced IFNγ production was greatly enhanced by IL12 and IFNα, 2 cytokines produced during HCMV infection, and conferred to γδ T cells the ability to inhibit HCMV multiplication in vitro. Taken together, these data identify a new antiviral function for γδ T cells through cooperation with anti-HCMV IgG that could contribute to surveillance of HCMV reactivation in transplant recipients.

International audience; Anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis is recommended in D+R- kidney transplant recipients (KTR), but is associated with a theoretical increased risk of developing anti-CMV drug resistance. This hypothesis was retested in this study by comparing 32 D+R- KTR who received 3 months prophylaxis (valganciclovir) with 80 D+R- KTR who received preemptive treatment. The incidence of CMV infections was higher in the preemptive group than in the prophylactic group (60% vs. 34%, respectively; p = 0.02). Treatment failure (i.e. a positive DNAemia 8 weeks after the initiation of anti-CMV treatment) was more frequent in the preemptive group (31% vs. 3% in the prophylactic group; p = 0.001). Similarly, anti-CMV drug resistance (UL97 or UL54 mutations) was also more frequent in the preemptive group (16% vs. 3% in the prophylactic group; p = 0.05). Antiviral treatment failures were associated with anti-CMV drug resistance (p = 0.0001). Patients with a CMV load over 5.25 log(10) copies/mL displayed the highest risk of developing anti-CMV drug resistance (OR = 16.91, p = 0.0008). Finally, the 1-year estimated glomerular filtration rate was reduced in patients with anti-CMV drug resistance (p = 0.02). In summary, preemptive therapy in D+R- KTR with high CMV loads and antiviral treatment failure was associated with a high incidence of anti-CMV drug resistance.

International audience; Objectives Cytomegalovirus (CMV) drug resistance is a therapeutic challenge in the transplant setting. No longitudinal cohort studies of CMV resistance in a real-life setting have been published in the valganciclovir era. We report findings for a French multicentre prospective cohort of 346 patients enrolled at initial diagnosis of CMV infection (clinical trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01008540). Patients and methods Patients were monitored for detection of CMV infection for ≥2 years. Real-time detection of resistance by UL97 and UL54 gene sequencing and antiviral phenotyping was performed if viral replication persisted for >21 days of appropriate antiviral treatment. Plasma ganciclovir assays were performed when resistance was suspected. Results Resistance was suspected in 37 (10.7%) patients; 18/37 (5.2% of the cohort) had virological resistance, associated with poorer outcome. Most cases involved single UL97 mutations, but four cases of multidrug resistance were due to UL54 mutations. In solid organ transplant recipients, resistance occurred mainly during primary CMV infection (odds ratio 8.78), but also in two CMV-seropositive kidney recipients. Neither CMV prophylaxis nor antilymphocyte antibody administration was associated with virological resistance. Conclusions These data show the feasibility of surveying resistance. Virological resistance was frequent in patients failing antiviral therapy. More than 1/5 resistant isolates harboured UL54 mutations alone or combined with UL97 mutations, which conferred a high level of resistance and sometimes were responsible for cross-resistance, leading to therapeutic failure.

Kidney transplant recipients infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) undergo a persistent gammadelta T cell expansion in their peripheral blood. The anti-CMV function of these cells was previously demonstrated by their ability to kill CMV-infected cells in vitro.To gain insight into the role of gammadelta T cells within the antiviral immune network, we compared the expansion kinetics of these T cells with that of CMV pp65-specific CD8(+) alphabeta T cells in the peripheral blood of twenty-one kidney transplant recipients.Both the percentage and the absolute number of pp65-specific CD8(+) T cells and gammadelta T cells showed a concomitant increase and persistence in most of the kidney transplant recipients with CMV infection. Both cell subsets exhibited an effector/memory phenotype (CD28(-), CD27(-), and CD45RA(+)) that predominated for the entire follow-up period.In conclusion, CMV-specific CD8(+) alphabeta T cells and gammadelta T cells share common expansion kinetics and a common effector phenotype, suggesting that these cell types act similarly in response to CMV infection.

Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the first cause of viral infection in immunocompromised transplanted patients. Objectives Here, five HCMV genes were studied to investigate the existence of recombination events in clinical strains ex vivo . Study design Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted on 21 strains from 16 renal and 5 lung transplant recipients. Results Nucleotidic polymorphism ranged from 6.6% (US3) to 12% (UL40), with a significant proportion of missense mutations (39–69%), some of which could have a functional impact. Analysis of the concatenated sequence (4804 nucleotides for each strain) evidenced two clusters of sequences presenting a reticulate topology suggestive of recombination events (SplitsTree). Phi-test pointed numerous phylogenetically conflicting signals indicating a high statistical probability of recombination. The subsequent bootscan analysis was consistent with these data. Conclusions These results reinforce the prominent role of recombination in HCMV evolutionary history and adaptation to its host.

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome is a linear double-stranded DNA of 152 kpb. It is divided into long and short regions of unique sequences termed U L and U S , respectively, and these are flanked by regions of inverted internal and terminal repeats. Microsatellites are short tandem repeats of 1- to 6-nucleotide motifs; they are often highly variable and polymorphic within the genome, which raises the question of whether they may be used as molecular markers for the precise differentiation of HSV-1 strains. In this study, 79 different microsatellites (mono-, di-, and trinucleotide repeats) in the HSV-1 complete genome were identified by in silico analysis. Among those microsatellites, 45 were found to be distributed in intergenic or noncoding inverted repeat regions, while 34 were in open reading frames. Length polymorphism analysis of the PCR products was used to investigate a set of 12 distinct HSV-1 strains and allowed the identification of 23 polymorphic and 6 monomorphic microsatellites, including two polymorphic trinucleotide repeats (CGT and GGA) within the UL46 and US4 genes, respectively. A multiplex PCR method that amplified 10 polymorphic microsatellites was then developed for the rapid and accurate genetic characterization of HSV-1 strains. Each HSV-1 strain was characterized by its own microsatellite haplotype, which proved to be stable over time in cell culture. This relevant innovative tool was successfully applied both to confirm the close relationship between sequential HSV-1 isolates collected from patients with multiple recurrent infections and to investigate putative nosocomial infections.

International audience; BACKGROUND: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common opportunistic pathogen infecting immunocompromised patients after transplantation. Although its immunomodulatory capacities and genomic variability participate in immune system evasion, they are poorly studied in clinical strains without culture amplification. One of HCMV immunomodulatory genes, UL40, confers HCMV-infected cells' protection from natural killer-mediated lysis through its encoded nonapeptide presented in the context of human leukocyte antigen-E. METHODS: In three renal transplant recipients with different HCMV serostatus, we aimed to evidence the co-evolution of mixtures of HCMV variants over time with sequencing and cloning of HCMV UL40 gene. RESULTS: Six months after renal transplantation in patient 1Bx, D+/R+, UL40 phylogenetic and bootscan analysis suggested the emergence of a recombination between two previous viral strains. In patient 8Bx, initially D+/R-, distribution of variants in five samples over 43 months was notably stable, with no visible emerging variants despite two renal engraftments and extended episodes of active infection. In patient 9Bx, also D+/R-, phylogenetic tree of viral variants revealed in the first sample a minor clone, confirmed by a specific polymerase chain reaction, related to the three subsequent dominant clones. CONCLUSIONS: In three HCMV-infected renal transplant recipients, we have evidenced different viral evolutive polymorphisms including point mutations, recombination, and occasionally suggesting the intervention of several HCMV strains or a quasispecies-like distribution. This variability could contribute to viral adaptability in pathogenesis.

The ability of human gammadelta T cells to develop immunologic memory is still a matter of debate. We previously demonstrated the involvement of Vdelta2- gammadelta T lymphocytes in the response of immunosuppressed organ recipients to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Here, we demonstrate their ability to mount an adaptive immune response to CMV in immunocompetent subjects. Vdelta2- gammadelta T-cell peripheral blood numbers, repertoire restriction, and cytotoxicity against CMV-infected fibroblasts were markedly increased in CMV-seropositive, compared with CMV-seronegative, healthy persons. Whereas Vdelta2- gammadelta T cells were found as naive cells in CMV- patients, they virtually all exhibited the cytotoxic effector/memory phenotype in CMV+ patients, which is also observed in transplanted patients challenged with CMV. This long-term complete remodeling of the Vdelta2- gammadelta T-cell population by CMV predicts their ability to exhibit an adaptive anti-CMV immune response. Consistent with this, we observed that the secondary response to CMV was associated with a faster gammadelta T-cell expansion and a better resolution of infection than the primary response. In conclusion, the increased level of effector-memory Vdelta2- gammadelta T cells in the peripheral blood is a specific signature of an adaptive immune response to CMV infection of both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients.

BackgroundHerpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection has been proposed as a possible risk factor of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) notably because it is neurotropic, ubiquitous in the general population and able to establish lifelong latency in the host. The fact that HSV was present in elderly subjects with AD suggests that the virus could be a co-factor of the disease. We investigated the risk of developing AD in anti-HSV immunoglobulin G (IgG) positive subjects (indicator of a lifelong infection to HSV) and IgM-positive subjects (indicator of primary infection or reactivation of the virus) in a longitudinal population-based cohort of elderly subjects living in the community.MethodsCox proportional hazard models were used to study the risk of developing AD according to the presence or not of anti-HSV IgG and IgM antibodies, assessed in the sera of 512 elderly initially free of dementia followed for 14 years.ResultsDuring the follow-up, 77 incident AD cases were diagnosed. Controlled for age, gender, educational level and Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) status, IgM-positive subjects showed a significant higher risk of developing AD (HR = 2.55; 95% CI [1.38-4.72]), although no significant increased risk was observed in IgG-positive subjects (HR = 1.67; 95%CI [0.75-3.73]). No modification effect with APOE4 status was found.ConclusionReactivation of HSV seropositivity is highly correlated with incident AD. HSV chronic infection may therefore be contributive to the progressive brain damage characteristic of AD.