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This paper investigates the use of multi spectral satellite data for cropping pattern monitoring in paddy field. The southern coastal of Citarum watershed, West Java Province was selected as study sites. The analysis used in this study is identifying crop pattern based on growth stages of wetland paddy and other crops by investi-gating the characteristic of Normalized Differen-ce Vegetation Indices (NDVI) and Wetness of Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT) derived from 14 scenes of Landsat TM date 1988 to 2001. In general, the phenological of growth stages of wetland paddy can be used to distinguish with other seasonal crops. The research results indicate that multi spectral satellite data has a great potential for identi-fication and monitoring cropping pattern in paddy field. Specific character of NDVI and Wetness can also produce a map of cropping pattern in paddy field that is useful to monitor agricultural land condition. The cropping pattern can also be used to estimate irrigation water needed of paddy field in the area. Expected implication of the information obtained from this analysis is useful for guiding more appropriate planning and better agricultural management.

In this study, a hybridized neuro-genetic optimization methodology realized by embedding numerical simulations trained artificial neural networks (ANN) into a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the flow rectification efficiency of the diffuser element for a valveless diaphragm micropump application. A higher efficiency ratio of the diffuser element consequently yields a higher flow rate for the micropump. For that purpose, optimization of the diffuser element is essential to determine the maximum pumping rate that the micropump is able to generate. Numerical simulations are initially carried out using CoventorWare® to analyze the effects of varying parameters such as diffuser angle, Reynolds number and aspect ratio on the volumetric flow rate of the micropump. A limited range of simulation results will then be used to train the neural network via back-propagation algorithm and optimization process commence subsequently by embedding the trained ANN results as a fitness function into GA. The objective of the optimization is to maximize the efficiency ratio of the diffuser element for the range of parameters investigated. The optimized efficiency ratio obtained from the neuro-genetic optimization is 1.38, which is higher than any of the maximum efficiency ratio attained from the overall parametric studies, establishing the superiority of the optimization method.

The study of land degradation in various geographic conditions in the world using remote sensing is still become a concern amongst researchers because it has been proven as one of the most effective ways. In Indonesia, East Kalimantan province is one of the experiencing land area degradation due to intensive exploitation of natural resouces since 1970. The degradation model proposed in this study is modeled using a combination of ASTER and Landsat ETM+ imagery, both taken on February 27, 2001. The model composed of both two aspects: erosion aspect and vegetation aspect. Vegetation aspect is a function of suppression of vegetation from Crippen and Blom method and spectral angle a of Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm. The erosion aspect is calculated from erosion prediction and depends on the constant factors of b as well, and the latter is said as a function of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value. Based on the validation using spectral based degradation map and Land Degradation Index of Chikhaoui et al, our model proves the ability to map land degradation, especially to better distinguish the classification of land degradation at very-slightly to very-severe intensity and the ability to differentiate water body, swamp or river.

Monitoring paddy rice phenology and cropping schedules over wide areas is essential for many applications. Remote sensing provides a viable means to meet the requirement of improved regional-scale data set of paddy rice fields, such as phenological stages. A number of methods have been developed for detecting seasonal vegetation changes by using satellite images. Development of such methods to paddy fields with complex cropping pattern is still challenging. In this study, we developed a method for remotely determining phenological stages of paddy rice that uses time series of two vegetation indices (EVI and LSWI) obtained from MODIS data. We ran the algorithm to determine the planting date, heading date, and harvesting date of paddy rice in 5 districts of West Java Province, using the 8-day composite MODIS Surface Reflectance products (500-m spatial resolution) in 2004. Estimated harvesting dates were then used to calculate paddy rice harvested area. We validated the performance of the method against statistical data in 13 subdistricts. The root mean square errors of the estimated paddy rice harvested area against the statistical data were: 851 Ha for monthly data, 1227 Ha for quarterly data, and 2433 Ha for yearly data. Subdistrict-level comparisons of paddy rice harvested area between the MODIS estimation and statistical data showed moderate correlation, with coefficient of determination (r2) 0.6, 0.7, and 0.6 for monthly, quarterly and yearly data, respectively. The results of this study indicated that the MODIS-based paddy rice phenological detection algorithm could potentially be applied at large spatial scales to monitor paddy rice agriculture on a timely and frequent basis.

Abstract Background Although the harmfulness of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure to foetuses is well-established, literature reporting foetal outcomes in experimental studies is limited. This follow-up study on preventing SHS exposure among non-smoking Indonesian pregnant women at home was based on a randomised controlled trial involving the provision of comic booklets with stickers to couples. This trial examined differences in the birth outcomes of participating couples between the experimental and control groups, factors associated with paternal smoking behaviour, and association between birth outcomes and paternal-related outcomes. Methods In total, 197 neonates of 286 couples who participated in an original trial were included. This study compared birth outcomes between participating couples using a comic booklet with stickers to reduce SHS exposure at home during pregnancy as the intervention. Pearson Chi-square tests were conducted to investigate significant differences in neonate sexes between the experimental and control groups. Independent sample t-tests were used to check for significant differences in birth outcome data between the experimental and control groups. A multiple regression analysis was applied to test the correlation between paternal smoking behaviour and the birth outcomes. Results The gestational age in the experimental group was longer than the age in control group (mean difference = 0.373, Cohen’s d = 0.291, 95% CI [0.010–0.57], p-value = 0.048). Pregnant women’s avoidance of SHS strongly influenced paternal smoking behaviour in both the experimental group (b = 0.559, 95% CI [1.175–2.109], p-value

Effective heat and mass transfer is crucial for enhancing efficiency and performance, particularly under varying flow conditions in devices such as heat exchangers, microfluidic systems, and chemical reactors. The current study investigates the effect of novel combination of unsteady condition and multiphase flow effect on hybrid nanofluid (HNF) convective heat and mass transfer (CHMT) within a vented cavity. The investigation employs a novel dimensionless mathematical model to explore these dynamics using Buongiorno’s approach, which considers Brownian motion and thermophoresis in nanofluids. Numerical simulations are conducted utilizing the Finite Element Method (FEM) to discretize the dimensionless governing equations. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of key parameters, including the number of undulations (N) in the side walls of the cavity, Rayleigh number (Ra), and inflow velocity (Vinlet), on the Nusselt number (Nu¯) and Sherwood number (Sh¯). The analysis presents visualizations of streamlines, isothermal lines, and normalized solid volume fractions. Peak Nu¯ and Sh¯ of 4.0878 and 5.2526, respectively, indicated optimal heat and mass transfer efficiency, particularly under conditions that effectively disrupt the concentration boundary layer. The findings from this research are expected to contribute towards the development of more efficient nanofluid-based systems, particularly in systems with irregular geometries.

This paper talks about cancel culture and legal and public policy challenges in the digital age. This research uses qualitative methods and legal document studies by collecting and analyzing relevant documents, such as legal regulations, public policies, or legal statements related to cancel culture. The theory used is the legal system of Lawrence Meir Friedman. The legal system talks about aspects of legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture. The results of this study revealed that cancel culture describes a social practice in which individuals are punished masse by netizens through virtual media for words and actions that are considered controversial. Here are some public figures who have experienced cancel culture such as Ahmad Dhani, Luna Maya, Gisel Anastasya, Rizki Billar, Tuan Guru Mizan Qudsiyah, and Panji Gumilang. By law, cancel culture causes reputational damage and violates constitutional rights so that it can sue those responsible for reputation restoration and losses suffered. As a policy challenge, cancel culture requires affirmative policy by looking at the pressure of netizens and its viral power in building collaboration between governments, social media platforms, civil society, and individuals to protect differences and free speech.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increasing population and anthropogenic activities in coastal areas affects the presence of mercury in coastal waters. Therefore, this study aims to 1) assess the ecological and human health risk of mercury contamination in coastal water; 2) analyze the effectiveness of polymer sulfur as an absorbent for mercury. METHODS: A total of fifteen water samples were obtained from the coastal areas of Makassar and were analyzed using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Ecological and human health risks were assessed using established assessment methods by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The uncertainty and sensitivity tests for independent variables in human health risk were assessed by the Monte Carlo Simulation method. Furthermore, polymer sulfur was used as a promising technique for capturing and reducing the level of mercury in the water column. FINDINGS: The results showed that the mean concentration of mercury was very high and exceeded the values established by the World Health Organization, United States of Environmental Protection Agency, and Indonesian National Standards, indicating elevated risks to the ecosystem and human health in the future. Additionally, the Monte Carlo simulation model revealed that the non-carcinogenic risk caused by mercury exposure in adults and children was greater than 1 (Total Hazard Index>1), indicating the health adverse effects for both receptors. From the simulation results, the concentration of mercury at 23.3 percent and exposure time of 21.3 % were the most influential and dominant factors in noncancer risk for adults and children, respectively. Therefore, mercury concentration needs to be reduced in coastal areas. The application of polymer sulfur is effective for reducing mercury concentration in water with a percentage reduction range of 39 -- 100 percent and p-value of 0.001. CONCLUSION: Mercury contamination of coastal water in Makassar city poses ecological and health risks. The application of polymer sulfur is an effective way for reducing mercury in the water column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two heated blocks and three flexible baffles that are alternately placed on the upper and bottom sides of a rectangular channel are used to replicate the transient heat and air movement. The novelty of this research is the use of flexible baffles to destruct the thermal boundary layer with maintaining little pressure drop, and thus reducing the required pumping capacity. The finite thickness blocks are subject to a constant heat flux, while the baffles are very thin and deforms depending on the strength of the flow of coolant (air). Finite element method with arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian approach is used for solving such deforming domain problem. The problem is inspected transiently by varying the dimensionless time (τ=0.0 to 10) and two salient parameters which are Reynolds number Re=10−500, and baffle elasticity parameter E=105−108. Results show that the flexibility feature of the baffles contributes not only in directing the coolant towards the hot blocks, but also contributes in reducing the skin friction and pressure drop through the channel. At Re=150, the skin friction and pressure drop of the flexible baffles are 13.2% and 16.5%, respectively lesser than the rigid baffles. The improvement of Nusselt number with flexibility parameter is marginal and within a limited low Reynolds number, where the maximal improvement is about 3.4% at Re=150.

Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger (Thomas, 1892) is a Critically Endangered langur subspecies that has rarely been studied due to the difficulty of encountering it in the wild. Previously, this subspecies was sighted in Maludam National Park, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Here, we provide the first sighting record of P. c. cruciger in Jemoreng Protected Forest in Sarawak, where a total of eight groups were observed. We urge for further comprehensive studies and immediate conservation action.

This article presents the cotangent fractional Gronwall inequality, a novel understanding of the Gronwall inequality within the context of the cotangent fractional derivative. We furnish an explanation of the cotangent fractional derivative and emphasize a selection of its distinct characteristics before delving into the primary findings. We present the cotangent fractional Gronwall inequality (Lemma 3.1) and a Corollary 3.2 using the Mittag-Leffler function, we establish singularity and compute an upper limit employing the Mittag-Leffler function for solutions in a nonlinear delayed cotangent fractional system, illustrating its practical utility. To underscore the real-world relevance of the theory, a tangible instance is given.

The finite element (FE) method is a widely used numerical technique for approximating solutions to various problems in different fields such as thermal diffusion, mechanics of continuous media, electromagnetism and multi-physics problems. Recently, there has been growing interest among researchers in the application of fractional derivatives. In this paper, we present a generalization of the FE method known as the conformable finite element method, which is specifically designed to solve conformable fractional partial differential equations (CF-PDE). We introduce the basis functions that are used to approximate the solution of CF-PDE and provide error estimation techniques. Furthermore, we provide an illustrative example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. This work serves as a starting point for tackling more complex problems involving fractional derivatives.

Introduction: A study conducted in 31 countries described that over 60% of women and children are exposed to SHS outside. Aims: was to explore the association of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure on maternal and perinatal outcomes in highland settings in Indonesia. Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional survey was used a random sampling method with 52-items of the questionnaire included information of women and infants. This study conducted with the community health center and all seven public health centers in Tomohon city, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, from May to October 2017. The participants were women who had given birth and were exposed to SHS during pregnancy. Their health condition was measured before and after pregnancy, the gestational week at birth, birth weight and height, and perinatal health conditions of the infants. Result: Among 234 women who completed the questionnaire and were included in the analysis. The 97% of household active smokers had a chance to smoke outside the house. Also, approximately 70% of women (162/234) reported exposure to SHS from active household smokers during pregnancy. Maternal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy was significantly associated with the risk of reduction of birth weight (p = 0.02). Moreover, infants’ birth weight of mothers exposed to SHS outside the house was significantly less than those exposed to SHS only inside (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Further research is required to focus on public smoke-free strategies to protect women and children’s health from SHS in Indonesia.

This paper leverages the Bernstein operational matrices method for the first time in order to resolve the nonlinear fractional smoking epidemic model presented in terms of Caputo’s fractional derivative. An approximate solution is derived using Bernstein’s operational matrices and strategically chosen collocation points. This is followed by the validation of the proposed method’s accuracy and reliability against the established Runge–Kutta fourth-order method. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted against two prominent techniques: the fractional differential transform method (FDTM) and the q-homotopy analysis transform method (q-HATM). The results show a superior and significant performance regarding accuracy as well as approximation. A residual corrected error technique is employed to enhance the precision of the presented method, thus effectively minimising absolute errors.

Abstract Two dimensional wavy walls rectangular cavity with inclined magnetohydrodynamic has been examined in mixed convection configurations. Triple fins arranged in the upwards ladder were filled within alumina nanoliquid in the cavity. Vertical sinusoidal walls were heated, and the other side was kept cold while both horizontal walls were kept adiabatic. All walls were motionless except the top cavity that was driven to the right. The diversified range of control parameter in Richardson number, Hartmann number, number of undulations, length of the cavity has been performed in this study. The analysis was simulated using finite element method by employing the governing equation formula, and the results were delineated in the form of streamlines, isotherms, heatlines, and comparisons on several relationships between the local velocity in the y-axis line of 0.6, local and average Nusselt number along the heated surface and dimensionless average temperature. The findings revealed that high concentration nanofluids boost the rate of heat transfer without the need to apply any magnetic field. Results found that the best heat mechanisms are natural convection with significant-high Richardson number as well as constructing two waves on the vertical walls in the cavity.

Hyperthermia is one of the non-invasive therapy of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA), which is achieved by applying a heat source upon the AAA without surgical operation. This research paper considers laminar flow and heat transfer in a heated abdominal aortic aneurysm using an isothermal boundary condition. Heat is added to explicate the thermal treatment of a diseased artery. The blood is assumed as a non-Newtonian fluid based on the shear-thinning Carreau model. Two unequal aneurysms are assumed in the lower wall to simulate bulges or a disordered artery. Flexible wall segments are assumed in the upper wall and opposing to each aneurysm. The transient momentum and energy equations are solved based on the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) using the Arbitrary-Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method. It is found that the shear stress is much higher for a higher index of the power-law fluid governing the blood viscosity and hence, it is strictly recommended to reduce the viscous nature of the blood in diseased vessels. It is found also that the thermal energy can be greatly transported across the blood at a higher Reynolds number, this means that the hyperthermia therapy becomes effective when blood flows violently through the aortic.

Convective heat transfer of laminar forced convection in a wavy channel is studied in this paper. Numerical simulations of the 3D steady flow of Newtonian fluid and heat transfer characteristics are obtained by the finite element method. The effects of the Reynolds number (10 ≤Re≤1000), number of oscillations (0 ≤N≤5) and amplitude of the wall (0.05 ≤A≤0.2) on the heat transfer have been analyzed. The results show that the average Nusselt number is elevated as the Reynolds number is raised, showing high intensity of heat transfer, as a result of the intensified effects of the inertial and zones of recirculation close to the hot wavy wall. The rate of heat transfer increases about 0.28% with the rise of the number of oscillations. In the transfer of heat along a wavy surface, the number of oscillations and the wave amplitude are important factors. With an increment in the number of oscillations, the maximal value of the average velocity is elevated, and its minimal value occurs when the channel walls are straight. The impact of the wall amplitude on the average Nusselt number and dimensionless temperature tends to be stronger compared to the impact of the number of oscillations. An increase of the wall amplitude improves the rate of heat transfer about 0.91% when the Reynolds number is equal 100. In addition, when the Reynolds number is equal 500, the rate of heat transfer grows about 1.1% with the rising of the wall amplitude.

In the current era, a chemical, industrial, or production process may not be devoid of heat transfer processes through fluids. This is seen in evaporators, distillation units, dryers, reactors, refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and others. On the other hand, the micropolar model effectively simulates microstructured fluids like animal blood, polymeric suspensions, and crystal fluid, paving the way for new potential applications based mainly on complex fluids. This investigation attempts to figure out and predict the thermal behavior of a polar fluid in motion across a solid sphere while considering the Lorentz force and mixed convection. To support the original fluid's thermophysical characteristics, two types of ternary hybrid ferro-nanomaterials are used. The problem is modelled using a single-phase model. Then, using the Keller box approximation, a numerical finding is obtained. The study reveals that Increasing the volume fraction of the ternary hybrid nonsolid results in optimized values of Nusselt number, velocity, and temperature. The presence of Lorentz forces effectively mitigates flow strength, skin friction, and energy transfer rate. The mixed convection factor contributes significantly to enhanced energy transfer and improved flow scenarios. For maximum heat transfer efficiency, employing Fe3O4–Cu–SiO2 is recommended over Fe3O4–Al2O3–TiO2.

Virtual media has a major influence on human life as a means of interaction and has even become a major force for society in controlling social change. Nonetheless, human interaction in virtual media is haunted by the pain of boycott and rejection. This study aims to examine the cancel culture phenomenon that occurs in virtual media. This study uses a qualitative method in which the primary data is taken from Youtube and articles related to the issue of cancel culture. Data on the cancel culture phenomenon experienced by Tuan Guru Mizan Qudsiyah from Lombok on YouTube media were analyzed using Pierre Bourdieu's genetic structuralism theory. The results of the study reveal that there is a cancel culture: boycotts or rejection because the statements and actions of Tuan Guru Mizan Qudsiyah on YouTube in 2020 are considered to have damaged public psychology. Tuan Guru Mizan's lecture on YouTube went viral because of his statement insulting the tombs of Lombok's saints who were considered sacred and was eventually canceled by a mob who then attacked and burned his pesantren. This study contributes to the formation of a new virtual space based on the value of Islamic communication, where cancellation occurs if friendly Islamic communication is not implemented. *** Media virtual memiliki pengaruh besar bagi kehidupan manusia sebagai sarana berinteraksi bahkan menjadi kekuatan besar bagi masyarakat dalam mengendalikan perubahan sosial. Meskipun demikian, interaksi manusia di media virtual dihantui oleh pedihnya boikot dan penolakan. Studi ini bertujuan mengkaji fenomena ‘cancel culture’ yang terjadi dalam media virtual. Studi ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dimana data primer diambil dari Youtube dan artikel terkait isu cancel culture. Data tentang fenomena cancel culture yang dialami oleh Tuan Guru Mizan Qudsiyah asal Lombok pada media YouTube dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori strukturalisme genetik Pierre Bourdieu. Hasil kajian mengungkapkan adanya budaya batal: boikot atau penolakan karena pernyataan dan tindakan Tuan Guru Mizan Qudsiyah di YouTube pada tahun 2020 yang dinilai mencederai psikologi publik. Ceramah Tuan Guru Mizan di YouTube menjadi viral karena pernyataannya yang menghina makam para wali Lombok yang dianggap keramat dan akhirnya dibatalkan oleh massa yang kemudian menyerang dan membakar pesantrennya. Kajian ini berkontribusi pada pembentukan ruang virtual baru berbasis nilai komunikasi Islam, dimana pembatalan terjadi jika komunikasi Islami yang ramah tidak diterapkan.

In thermofluid systems, the lid-driven square chamber plays an imperative role in analyzing thermodynamics’ first and second laws in limited volume cases executed by sheer effects with a prominent role in many industrial applications including electronic cooling, heat exchangers, microfluidic components, solar collectors, and renewable energies. Furthermore, nanofluids as working fluids have demonstrated potential for heat transfer enhancement systems, however there are some concerns about irreversibility problems in the systems. Due to this problem and in line with the applications of partial slip on fluid flow modification and irreversibilities, the present study considers laminar mixed convection and entropy generation analysis of aluminum oxide nanofluid inside a lid-driven wavy cavity having an internal conductive solid body in the presence of a partial slip on the upper surface, which to the best of our knowledge, has not been investigated so far. The fundamental equations of the current work with the appropriate boundary conditions are first made dimensionless and then solved numerically using the Galerkin weighted residual FEM. The main parameters of the flow and heat transfer, entropy generation, and Bejan number are presented and explained in details. The outcomes indicate that the partial slip is more effective when friction irreversibilities govern the cavity. In the presence of slip condition, the flow circulation changes the trend in the middle of the cavity around the solid block leading to a decrease in the isentropic lines at the dense sections with almost 30% less than the case of no-slip condition. It is concluded that partial slip shows different trends on the local Nusselt number interface along the wavy wall improving the average Nusselt number where high friction irreversibilities dominate.

Introduction: In Indonesia, child obesity is increasing, and children take a substantial amount of daily calorie from food consumption at school. Methods: This paper describes school food environment in Tomohon City, North Sulawesi Province. We conducted on-site observation and interview with food vendors at 20 junior high schools, describing the food environment by availability and sales of foods and beverages at schools in urban and rural areas. Rice or noodle meals and deep-fried snacks were sold in all schools. Result: The availability and sales of industrial sweets and sugar-sweetened beverages were greater in urban than rural areas, whereas those of fruits were greater in rural areas. Oily and sugary foods and beverages are widely available and consumed by students at schools in the city of Indonesia. Conclusion: Such school food environments and dietary habits should be improved in the effort of halting the increasing prevalence of child obesity.

Background: The M-KIA (Mobile-Tracking Immunization Target) has features aimed at reducing the number of DO (Drop Out) and LO (Left Out) children. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of using the M-KIA application in urban and rural areas. Method: We conducted a quasi-experiment with control group non-equivalent. The population were all parents with children aged 0-36 months who are DO or LO in the working area of the Bantaeng Public Health Center (PHC), while the number of samples is 226 people. The sampling technique was multistage random sampling. Data were analyzed by the Fisher exact test using STATA. Results: There is a significant relationship between the use of M-KIA on DO targets in rural areas (p = 0.000