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11 results on '"Isometsa, E. T."'

1. Compulsory Admissions of patients with mental disorders: State of the art on ethical and legislative aspects in 40 European countries

Author

wasserman, D, Apter, G, Baeken, C, Bailey, Susannah Mary, Balazs, J, Bec, C, Bienkowski, P, Bobes, J, Bravo Ortiz, M F, Brunn, H, Boke, O, Camilleri, N, Carpiniello, B, Chihai, J, Chkonia, E, Courtet, P, Cozman, D, David, M, Dom, G, Esanu, A, Falkai, P, Flannery, W, Gasparyan, K, Gerlinger, G, Gorwood, P, Gudmundsson, O, Hanon, C, Heinz, A, Heitor Dos Santos, M J, Hedlund, A, Ismayilov, F, Ismayliov, N, Isometsa, E T, Izakova, L, Kleinberg, A, Kurimay, T, Klæbo Reitan, S, Lecic-Tosevski, D, Lehmets, A, Lindberg, N, Lundblad, K A, Lynch, G, Maddock, C, Malt, U F, Martin, L, Martynikhin, I, Maruta, N O, Matthys, F, Mazaliauskiene, R, Mihajlovic, G, Mihaljevic Peles, A, Miklavic, V, Mohr, P, Munarriz Ferrandis, M, Musalek, M, Neznanov, N, Ostorharics-Horvath, G, Pajević, I, Popova, A, Pregelj, P, Prinsen, N, Savenko, Y, Skugarevsky, O, Slodecki, E, Soghoyan, A, Stone, D S, Taylor-East, R, Terauds, E, Tsopelas, C, Tudose, C, Tyano, S, Vallon, P, Van der Gaag, R J, Varandas, P, Vavrusova, L, Voloshyn, P, Wancata, J, Wise, J, Zemishlany, Z, Öncü, F, Vahip, S, wasserman, D, Apter, G, Baeken, C, Bailey, Susannah Mary, Balazs, J, Bec, C, Bienkowski, P, Bobes, J, Bravo Ortiz, M F, Brunn, H, Boke, O, Camilleri, N, Carpiniello, B, Chihai, J, Chkonia, E, Courtet, P, Cozman, D, David, M, Dom, G, Esanu, A, Falkai, P, Flannery, W, Gasparyan, K, Gerlinger, G, Gorwood, P, Gudmundsson, O, Hanon, C, Heinz, A, Heitor Dos Santos, M J, Hedlund, A, Ismayilov, F, Ismayliov, N, Isometsa, E T, Izakova, L, Kleinberg, A, Kurimay, T, Klæbo Reitan, S, Lecic-Tosevski, D, Lehmets, A, Lindberg, N, Lundblad, K A, Lynch, G, Maddock, C, Malt, U F, Martin, L, Martynikhin, I, Maruta, N O, Matthys, F, Mazaliauskiene, R, Mihajlovic, G, Mihaljevic Peles, A, Miklavic, V, Mohr, P, Munarriz Ferrandis, M, Musalek, M, Neznanov, N, Ostorharics-Horvath, G, Pajević, I, Popova, A, Pregelj, P, Prinsen, N, Savenko, Y, Skugarevsky, O, Slodecki, E, Soghoyan, A, Stone, D S, Taylor-East, R, Terauds, E, Tsopelas, C, Tudose, C, Tyano, S, Vallon, P, Van der Gaag, R J, Varandas, P, Vavrusova, L, Voloshyn, P, Wancata, J, Wise, J, Zemishlany, Z, Öncü, F, and Vahip, S

Abstract

Background: Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care. Methods: The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions. Results: We analysed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures. Conclusions: We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatisation of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions.

Published
2020

3. Social Factors in Suicide

Author

Heikkinen, M. E., Marttunen, M. J., Isometsa, E. T., Lonnqvist, J. K., and H. M.

Published
1995

4. Influence of birth cohort on age of onset cluster analysis in bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M. Glenn, T. Alda, M. Andreassen, O. A. and Angelopoulos, E. Ardau, R. Baethge, C. Bauer, R. and Bellivier, F. Belmaker, R. H. Berk, M. Bjella, T. D. and Bossini, L. Bersudsky, Y. Cheung, E. Y. W. Conell, J. and Del Zompo, M. Dodd, S. Etain, B. Fagiolini, A. Frye, M. A. Fountoulakis, K. N. Garneau-Fournier, J. Gonzalez-Pinto, A. Harima, H. Hassel, S. Henry, C. Iacovides, A. and Isometsa, E. T. Kapczinski, F. Kliwicki, S. Koenig, B. and Krogh, R. Kunz, M. Lafer, B. Larsen, E. R. Lewitzka, U. and Lopez-Jaramillo, C. MacQueen, G. Manchia, M. Marsh, W. and Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M. Melle, I. Monteith, S. and Morken, G. Munoz, R. Nery, F. G. O'Donovan, C. Osher, Y. and Pfennig, A. Quiroz, D. Ramesar, R. Rasgon, N. Reif, A. Ritter, P. Rybakowski, J. K. Sagduyu, K. Scippa, A. M. Severus, E. Simhandl, C. Stein, D. J. Strejilevich, S. Sulaiman, A. Hatim Suominen, K. Tagata, H. and Tatebayashi, Y. Torrent, C. Vieta, E. Viswanath, B. and Wanchoo, M. J. Zetin, M. Whybrow, P. C.

Abstract

Purpose: Two common approaches to identify subgroups of patients with bipolar disorder are clustering methodology (mixture analysis) based on the age of onset, and a birth cohort analysis. This study investigates if a birth cohort effect will influence the results of clustering on the age of onset, using a large, international database. Methods: The database includes 4037 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, previously collected at 36 collection sites in 23 countries. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to adjust the data for country median age, and in some models, birth cohort. Model-based clustering (mixture analysis) was then performed on the age of onset data using the residuals. Clinical variables in subgroups were compared. Results: There was a strong birth cohort effect. Without adjusting for the birth cohort, three subgroups were found by clustering. After adjusting for the birth cohort or when considering only those born after 1959, two subgroups were found. With results of either two or three subgroups, the youngest subgroup was more likely to have a family history of mood disorders and a first episode with depressed polarity. However, without adjusting for birth cohort (three subgroups), family history and polarity of the first episode could not be distinguished between the middle and oldest subgroups. Conclusion: These results using international data confirm prior findings using single country data, that there are subgroups of bipolar I disorder based on the age of onset, and that there is a birth cohort effect. Including the birth cohort adjustment altered the number and characteristics of subgroups detected when clustering by age of onset. Further investigation is needed to determine if combining both approaches will identify subgroups that are more useful for research. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Published
2015

5. Influence of birth cohort on age of onset cluster analysis in bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Alda, M., Andreassen, O. A., Angelopoulos, E., Ardau, R., Baethge, C., Bauer, R., Bellivier, F., Belmaker, R. H., Berk, M., Bjella, T. D., Bossini, L., Bersudsky, Y., Cheung, E. Y. W., Conell, J., Del Zompo, M., Dodd, S., Etain, B., Fagiolini, A., Frye, M. A., Fountoulakis, K. N., Garneau-Fournier, J., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Harima, H., Hassel, S., Henry, C., Iacovides, A., Isometsa, E. T., Kapczinski, F., Kliwicki, S., Koenig, B., Krogh, R., Kunz, M., Lafer, B., Larsen, E. R., Lewitzka, U., Lopez-Jaramillo, C., MacQueen, G., Manchia, M., Marsh, W., Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M., Melle, I., Monteith, S., Morken, G., Munoz, R., Nery, F. G., O'Donovan, C., Osher, Y., Pfennig, A., Quiroz, D., Ramesar, R., Rasgon, N., Reif, A., Ritter, P., Rybakowski, J. K., Sagduyu, K., Scippa, A. M., Severus, E., Simhandl, C., Stein, D. J., Strejilevich, S., Sulaiman, A. Hatim, Suominen, K., Tagata, H., Tatebayashi, Y., Torrent, C., Vieta, E., Viswanath, B., Wanchoo, M. J., Zetin, M., Whybrow, P. C., Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Alda, M., Andreassen, O. A., Angelopoulos, E., Ardau, R., Baethge, C., Bauer, R., Bellivier, F., Belmaker, R. H., Berk, M., Bjella, T. D., Bossini, L., Bersudsky, Y., Cheung, E. Y. W., Conell, J., Del Zompo, M., Dodd, S., Etain, B., Fagiolini, A., Frye, M. A., Fountoulakis, K. N., Garneau-Fournier, J., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Harima, H., Hassel, S., Henry, C., Iacovides, A., Isometsa, E. T., Kapczinski, F., Kliwicki, S., Koenig, B., Krogh, R., Kunz, M., Lafer, B., Larsen, E. R., Lewitzka, U., Lopez-Jaramillo, C., MacQueen, G., Manchia, M., Marsh, W., Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M., Melle, I., Monteith, S., Morken, G., Munoz, R., Nery, F. G., O'Donovan, C., Osher, Y., Pfennig, A., Quiroz, D., Ramesar, R., Rasgon, N., Reif, A., Ritter, P., Rybakowski, J. K., Sagduyu, K., Scippa, A. M., Severus, E., Simhandl, C., Stein, D. J., Strejilevich, S., Sulaiman, A. Hatim, Suominen, K., Tagata, H., Tatebayashi, Y., Torrent, C., Vieta, E., Viswanath, B., Wanchoo, M. J., Zetin, M., and Whybrow, P. C.

Abstract

Purpose: Two common approaches to identify subgroups of patients with bipolar disorder are clustering methodology (mixture analysis) based on the age of onset, and a birth cohort analysis. This study investigates if a birth cohort effect will influence the results of clustering on the age of onset, using a large, international database. Methods: The database includes 4037 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, previously collected at 36 collection sites in 23 countries. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to adjust the data for country median age, and in some models, birth cohort. Model-based clustering (mixture analysis) was then performed on the age of onset data using the residuals. Clinical variables in subgroups were compared. Results: There was a strong birth cohort effect. Without adjusting for the birth cohort, three subgroups were found by clustering. After adjusting for the birth cohort or when considering only those born after 1959, two subgroups were found. With results of either two or three subgroups, the youngest subgroup was more likely to have a family history of mood disorders and a first episode with depressed polarity. However, without adjusting for birth cohort (three subgroups), family history and polarity of the first episode could not be distinguished between the middle and oldest subgroups. Conclusion: These results using international data confirm prior findings using single country data, that there are subgroups of bipolar I disorder based on the age of onset, and that there is a birth cohort effect. Including the birth cohort adjustment altered the number and characteristics of subgroups detected when clustering by age of onset. Further investigation is needed to determine if combining both approaches will identify subgroups that are more useful for research. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Published
2015

8. Clients Often Reveal Suicide Intent

Author

Isometsa, E. T., primary, Heikkinen, M. E., additional, Marttunen, M. J., additional, Henriksson, M. M., additional, Aro, H. M., additional, and Lonnqvist, J. K., additional

Published
1996
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10. Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder

Author

Bauer, Michael, Glenn, Tasha, Achtyes, Eric, Alda, Martin, Agaoglu, Esen, Altınbaş, Kürşat, Andreassen, Ole, Angelopoulos, Elias, Ardau, Raffaella, Vares, Edgar Arrua, Aydin, Memduha, Ayhan, Yavuz, Baethge, Christopher, Bauer, Rita, Baune, Bernhard, Balaban, Ceylan, Becerra-Palars, Claudia, Behere, Aniruddh, Behere, Prakash, Belete, Habte, Belete, Tilahun, Belizario, Gabriel Okawa, Bellivier, Frank, Belmaker, Robert, Benedetti, Francesco, Berk, Michael, Bersudsky, Yuly, Bicakci, Şule, Birabwa-Oketcho, Harriet, Bjella, Thomas, Brady, Conan, Cabrera, Jorge, Cappucciati, Marco, Castro, Angela Marianne Paredes, Chen, Wei-Ling, Cheung, Eric, Chiesa, Silvia, Crowe, Marie, Cuomo, Alessandro, Dallaspezia, Sara, del Zompo, Maria, Desai, Pratikkumar, Dodd, Seetal, Donix, Markus, Etain, Bruno, Fagiolini, Andrea, Fellendorf, Frederike, Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, Ewa, Fiedorowicz, Jess, Fountoulakis, Kostas, Frye, Mark, Geoffroy, Pierre, Gonzalez-Pinto, Ana, Gottlieb, John, Grof, Paul, Haarman, Bartholomeus, Harima, Hirohiko, Hasse-Sousa, Mathias, Henry, Chantal, Høffding, Lone, Houenou, Josselin, Imbesi, Massimiliano, Isometsä, Erkki, Ivkovic, Maja, Janno, Sven, Johnsen, Simon, Kapczinski, Flávio, Karakatsoulis, Gregory, Kardell, Mathias, Kessing, Lars Vedel, Kim, Seong Jae, König, Barbara, Kot, Timur, Koval, Michael, Kunz, Mauricio, Lafer, Beny, Landén, Mikael, Larsen, Erik, Lenger, Melanie, Lewitzka, Ute, Licht, Rasmus, Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos, Mackenzie, Alan, Madsen, Helle Østergaard, Madsen, Simone Alberte Kongstad A, Mahadevan, Jayant, Mahardika, Agustine, Manchia, Mirko, Marsh, Wendy, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, Monica, Martiny, Klaus, Mashima, Yuki, Mcloughlin, Declan, Meesters, Ybe, Melle, Ingrid, Meza-Urzúa, Fátima, Ming, Mok Yee, Monteith, Scott, Moorthy, Muthukumaran, Morken, Gunnar, Mosca, Enrica, Mozzhegorov, Anton, Munoz, Rodrigo, Mythri, Starlin, Nacef, Fethi, Nadella, Ravi, Nakanotani, Takako, Nielsen, René Ernst, O'Donovan, Claire, Omrani, Adel, Osher, Yamima, Ouali, Uta, Pantovic-Stefanovic, Maja, Pariwatcharakul, Pornjira, Petite, Joanne, Pfennig, Andrea, Ruiz, Yolanda Pica, Pilhatsch, Maximilian, Pinna, Marco, Pompili, Maurizio, Porter, Richard, Quiroz, Danilo, Rabelo-Da-Ponte, Francisco Diego, Ramesar, Raj, Rasgon, Natalie, Ratta-Apha, Woraphat, Ratzenhofer, Michaela, Redahan, Maria, Reddy, M., Reif, Andreas, Reininghaus, Eva, Richards, Jenny Gringer, Ritter, Philipp, Rybakowski, Janusz, Sathyaputri, Leela, Scippa, Ângela, Simhandl, Christian, Severus, Emanuel, Smith, Daniel, Smith, José, Stackhouse, Paul, Stein, Dan, Stilwell, Kellen, Strejilevich, Sergio, Su, Kuan-Pin, Subramaniam, Mythily, Sulaiman, Ahmad Hatim, Suominen, Kirsi, Tanra, Andi, Tatebayashi, Yoshitaka, Teh, Wen Lin, Tondo, Leonardo, Torrent, Carla, Tuinstra, Daniel, Uchida, Takahito, Vaaler, Arne, Veeh, Julia, Vieta, Eduard, Viswanath, Biju, Yoldi-Negrete, Maria, Yalcinkaya, Oguz Kaan, Young, Allan, Zgueb, Yosra, Whybrow, Peter, Madsen, Simone Alberte Kongstad A., Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Achtyes, E. D., Alda, M., Agaoglu, E., Altinbas, K., Andreassen, O. A., Angelopoulos, E., Ardau, R., Vares, E. A., Aydin, M., Ayhan, Y., Baethge, C., Bauer, R., Baune, B. T., Balaban, C., Becerra-Palars, C., Behere, A. P., Behere, P. B., Belete, H., Belete, T., Belizario, G. O., Bellivier, F., Belmaker, R. H., Benedetti, F., Berk, M., Bersudsky, Y., Bicakci, S., Birabwa-Oketcho, H., Bjella, T. D., Brady, C., Cabrera, J., Cappucciati, M., Castro, A. M. P., Chen, W. -L., Cheung, E. Y. W., Chiesa, S., Crowe, M., Cuomo, A., Dallaspezia, S., Del Zompo, M., Desai, P., Dodd, S., Donix, M., Etain, B., Fagiolini, A., Fellendorf, F. T., Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, E., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Fountoulakis, K. N., Frye, M. A., Geoffroy, P. A., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Gottlieb, J. F., Grof, P., Haarman, B. C. M., Harima, H., Hasse-Sousa, M., Henry, C., Hoffding, L., Houenou, J., Imbesi, M., Isometsa, E. T., Ivkovic, M., Janno, S., Johnsen, S., Kapczinski, F., Karakatsoulis, G. N., Kardell, M., Kessing, L. V., Kim, S. J., Konig, B., Kot, T. L., Koval, M., Kunz, M., Lafer, B., Landen, M., Larsen, E. R., Lenger, M., Lewitzka, U., Licht, R. W., Lopez-Jaramillo, C., Mackenzie, A., Madsen, H. O., Madsen, S. A. K. A., Mahadevan, J., Mahardika, A., Manchia, M., Marsh, W., Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M., Martiny, K., Mashima, Y., Mcloughlin, D. M., Meesters, Y., Melle, I., Meza-Urzua, F., Ming, M. Y., Monteith, S., Moorthy, M., Morken, G., Mosca, E., Mozzhegorov, A. A., Munoz, R., Mythri, S. V., Nacef, F., Nadella, R. K., Nakanotani, T., Nielsen, R. E., O'Donovan, C., Omrani, A., Osher, Y., Ouali, U., Pantovic-Stefanovic, M., Pariwatcharakul, P., Petite, J., Pfennig, A., Ruiz, Y. P., Pilhatsch, M., Pinna, M., Pompili, M., Porter, R., Quiroz, D., Rabelo-da-Ponte, F. D., Ramesar, R., Rasgon, N., Ratta-apha, W., Ratzenhofer, M., Redahan, M., Reddy, M. S., Reif, A., Reininghaus, E. Z., Richards, J. G., Ritter, P., Rybakowski, J. K., Sathyaputri, L., Scippa, A. M., Simhandl, C., Severus, E., Smith, D., Smith, J., Stackhouse, P. W., Stein, D. J., Stilwell, K., Strejilevich, S., Su, K. -P., Subramaniam, M., Sulaiman, A. H., Suominen, K., Tanra, A. J., Tatebayashi, Y., Teh, W. L., Tondo, L., Torrent, C., Tuinstra, D., Uchida, T., Vaaler, A. E., Veeh, J., Vieta, E., Viswanath, B., Yoldi-Negrete, M., Yalcinkaya, O. K., Young, A. H., Zgueb, Y., Whybrow, P. C., Etain, Bruno, Optimisation thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie (OPTeN (UMR_S_1144 / U1144)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires (NeuroDiderot (UMR_S_1141 / U1141)), GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Fondation FondaMental [Créteil], Clinical Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Research Program (CCNP), Department of Pathology, and Faculty of Health Sciences

Subjects
Neurophysiology and neuropsychology, Psychiatry, Bipolar disorder, QP351-495, Research, Seasonal variation, [SDV.MHEP.PSM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Psychiatrics and mental health, Circadian, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Solar insolation, Suicide, Sunlight, [SDV.MHEP.PSM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Psychiatrics and mental health, RC321-571
Abstract

Background Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p

Published
2021
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11. Alcohol-related problems among adolescent suicides in Finland.

Author

Pirkola SP, Marttunen MJ, Henriksson MM, Isometsa ET, Heikkinen ME, and Lönnqvist JK

Subjects
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior psychology, Adult, Alcoholism diagnosis, Depressive Disorder, Major diagnosis, Depressive Disorder, Major psychology, Ethanol blood, Family psychology, Female, Finland epidemiology, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychology, Adolescent, Retrospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological psychology, Alcoholism psychology, Suicide psychology, Suicide statistics & numerical data
Abstract

We studied 106 adolescent suicides out of a total nationwide population of 1397 suicides. Forty-four (42%) of these 13-22-year-old victims were classified as having suffered either a DSM-III-R alcohol use disorder or diagnostically subthreshold alcohol misuse according to retrospective evaluation using the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). These victims were found to differ from the other adolescent suicides in several characteristics: they were more likely to have comorbid categorical DSM-III-R disorders, antisocial behaviour, disturbed family backgrounds, precipitating life-events as stressors and severe psychosocial impairment. In addition, they also had a greater tendency to be alcohol-intoxicated at the time of the suicidal act, which tended to occur during weekends, suggesting that drinking in itself, and its weekly pattern, each contributed to the completion of their suicides.

Published
1999
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