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In this study, the home range and social composition of two groups of hybrid marmosets in an urban forest fragment were reported. The georeferenced positions of two groups of hybrid marmosets (G19 and G50) were recorded by the Instantaneous Scan Sampling method, every 15 minutes during 11 months, at Viçosa town, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The home range was estimated at 2.51 ha and 3.98 ha, respectively for group G19 and G50, by the minimum convex polygon method. The G19 group presented a mode of eight individuals (variance was from 7 to 11), while G50 group presented a mode of six individuals (variance was from 5 to 7). Hybrid marmosets presented a home range size similar to the ones recorded for Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata. The size of the groups is in agreement with that reported for the genus Callithrix. This is the first description of hybrid marmosets’ home range. Keywords: Callithrichidae. Ecology. Home Range. Urban Forest Fragment. Resumo Neste estudo, relatamos a área de vida e a composição social de dois grupos de saguis híbridos em um fragmento de floresta urbana. As posições georreferenciadas de dois grupos de saguis híbridos (G19 e G50) foram registradas pelo método de amostragem de varredura instantânea, a cada 15 minutos durante 11 meses, na cidade de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A área de vida foi estimada em 2,51 ha e 3,98 ha, respectivamente para os grupos G19 e G50, pelo método do polígono convexo mínimo. O grupo G19 apresentou moda de oito indivíduos (variância de 7 a 11), enquanto o grupo G50 apresentou moda de seis indivíduos (variância de 5 a 7). Os saguis híbridos apresentaram um tamanho de área de vida semelhante aos registrados para Callithrix jacchus e C. penicillata. O tamanho dos grupos está de acordo com o relatado para o gênero Callithrix. Esta é a primeira descrição da área de vida de saguis híbridos. Palavras-chave: Callithrichidae. Ecologia. Área de Vida. Fragmento Urbano Florestal.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:47:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-02-01 Free-ranging dogs are often associated with human habitation in many developing countries, and are found in both rural and urban environments in Viçosa, Brazil. Urban free-ranging dogs (UFDs) are opportunistic and feed on leftovers, whether given to them or scavenged from trash cans while they wander about the streets. Most free-ranging dogs living in rural areas (RFDs) protect property and cattle. Depending on their behaviors, such as aggression or roaming, both UFDs and RFDs can be a health problem for people and other animals. The aim of this study was to investigate behavioral differences between UFDs and RFDs. Due to the guardian role of RFDs, it was hypothesized that they would be more aggressive and present less locomotor activity than the UFDs. In this study, 40 UFDs living on the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) campus and 15 RFDs living on 6 rural properties in Viçosa, Brazil, were examined. The dogs were observed for twelve months, at different times during a 24-hour cycle, with 14 behavioral categories being recorded. RFDs showed significantly more vigilance (P< 0.01) and interspecific agonistic behavior (P< 0.01) than UFDs. UFDs showed significantly more locomotor behavior (P< 0.01) than RFDs. UFDs are less aggressive than RFDs, but they move more often. Resource availability, such as scattered food, influenced the locomotor activity in UFDs, whereas RFDs did not experience the same effect as they were supplied with a temporal and spatial feeding schedule. To the RFDs, concentrated resources such as food and shelter are highly defensible. This study showed that, in Viçosa (Brazil), RFDs and UFDs displayed different behaviors. These differences are most likely driven by the resource-defense behavior of RFDs. Department of Social Psychology State University of Rio de Janeiro - UERJ Postgraduate Program in Animal Biology State University of São Paulo - UNESP Postgraduate Program in Cellular Biology Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG Department of Animal Biology Federal University of Viçosa - UFV Institute of Humanities Arts and Sciences Federal University of Southern Bahia -UFSB Postgraduate Program in Animal Biology State University of São Paulo - UNESP

Background and Aim: The brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus) is widely distributed in three biomes: The Amazon, Atlantic Forest, and Caatinga. Some subpopulations are isolated in urban areas in Brazil, usually in squares and small woods. Due to the scarcity of reference values, an investigation was carried out on the hematology and blood biochemistry of brown-throated sloths from urban areas. Materials and Methods: Blood was collected by venipuncture in the femoral vein from 19 brown-throated sloths for hematological and biochemical analyses, living in two municipalities; Teófilo Otoni (TO) (Minas Gerais State) and Rio Tinto (RT) (Paraíba state), in the Atlantic Forest biome, Brazil. The samples were analyzed in specialized veterinary laboratories using automatic cell counters and slide fixation staining methods. Results: The two subpopulations of brown-throated sloths had no significant differences in most hematological values, with the exception of a higher leukocyte concentration (p

Os eventos adversos (EA) na assistência à saúde são incidentes que resultam em dano evitável ao paciente. A COVID-19 alterou rotinas em hospitais, podendo se refletir nos índices de EA. Com dados da vigilância sanitária (Notivisa), comparou-se a ocorrência mensal de EA antes e durante da pandemia em instituições de saúde do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Os EA ocorreram significativamente mais (P=0,03) durante a COVID-19 comparado à média mensal dos anos anteriores. Três fatos parecem ter contribuído para o aumento dos EA: a sobrecarga para o atendimento ao COVID-19; má gestão dos serviços de saúde; e informações conflitantes sobre protocolos de procedimentos preventivos e terapêuticos. Sugere-se que houve um aumento do custo econômico, do sofrimento de pacientes e das equipes de saúde durante a pandemia devido à maior frequência de EA. Descritores: Anvisa, COVID-19, Segurança do Paciente, Vigilância em Saúde. Adverse events in health facilities in the state of Bahia, before and during COVID-19 Abstract: Adverse events (AE) in health care are incidents that result in preventable harm to the patient. COVID-19 changed routines in hospitals, which may be reflected in AE rates. Using data from health surveillance (Notivisa), the monthly occurrence of AE before and during the pandemic was compared in health institutions in the state of Bahia, Brazil. AEs occurred significantly more (P=0.03) during COVID-19 compared to the monthly average of previous years. Three facts seem to have contributed to the increase in AE: the burden of attending to COVID-19; poor management of health services; and conflicting information on protocols for preventive and therapeutic procedures. It is suggested that there was an increase in the economic cost, suffering of patients and health teams during the pandemic due to the higher frequency of AE. Descriptors: Anvisa, COVID-19, Patient Safety, Health Surveillance. Eventos adversos en establecimientos de salud del estado de Bahía, antes y durante el COVID-19 Resumen: Los eventos adversos (EA) en el cuidado de la salud son incidentes que resultan en daños prevenibles para el paciente. COVID-19 cambió las rutinas en los hospitales, lo que puede reflejarse en las tasas de EA. Utilizando datos de vigilancia de la salud (Notivisa), se comparó la ocurrencia mensual de EA antes y durante la pandemia en instituciones de salud del estado de Bahía, Brasil. Los EA ocurrieron significativamente más (P = 0.03) durante COVID-19 en comparación con el promedio mensual de años anteriores. Tres hechos parecen haber contribuido al aumento de EA: la carga de atender COVID-19; mala gestión de los servicios de salud; e información contradictoria sobre protocolos de procedimientos preventivos y terapéuticos. Se sugiere que hubo un aumento en el costo económico, sufrimiento de los pacientes y equipos de salud durante la pandemia debido a la mayor frecuencia de EA. Descriptores: Anvisa, COVID-19, Seguridad del Paciente, Vigilancia de la Salud.

A pandemia de Covid-19 estimula a produção de tecnologias inovadoras viáveis à realidade nacional e expressam-se pela necessidade de reorganização dos serviços para a assistência. A teleconsultoria de gestão, rede de apoio interdisciplinar, interprofissional e transversal, desenvolveu um conjunto intervenções de apoio aos municípios. Objetivou-se com este artigo compartilhar uma análise crítica e reflexiva a partir de uma experiência de ensino-extensão-serviço e comunidade, no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19. Trata-se de um relato de experiência de um estudo multiterritorial, de construção teórico-prático de uma experiência no campo da Extensão, Ensino e Pesquisa. Conclui-se que os elementos da teleconsultoria de gestão devem ser incorporados à prática cotidiana dos profissionais de saúde e da gestão.

In ecological parks, the proximity to tourist activities facilitates the exploration of garbage by coatis, with possible serious consequences for the animals health . We described the contents of wild coatis feces from three ecological parks. After analyzing 62 samples, fragments of plants and animals were identified in all feces. In the feces of two parks, seeds were present between 36.4% and 48.6% of the samples. Arthropod fragments were identified in 100% of the samples from two parks, but only 87.3% in a third park. Scales, bones or bird feathers were present in some samples. Undigested material of industrial origin was detected in 34.3% to 54.5% of the samples, such as fragments of paper, string, plastic, aluminum, latex and glass. Results are in line with other studies on the diet of wild coatis, but the intake of foreign bodies, potentially harmful to health, is described for the first time. Clinical problems resulting from ingesting waste can be dental fractures, mucosal erosions, intestinal perforation, peritonitis, impaction, diarrhea, weight loss, intoxication and infections. Coatis in the three parks are at risk of health, and actions are needed to avoid clinical and potentially fatal problems. Four actions are recommended to avoid ingesting foreign bodies: increasing the environmental education of visitors; improving the storage of waste generated in parks; periodically monitor the health of coatis, in order to make interventions when possible; make a permanent program to study the ecology of species in the three parks. RESUMO: Em parques ecológicos, a proximidade com atividades turísticas facilita a exploração do lixo por quatis (Nasua nasua), com possíveis consequências graves para saúde dos animais. Descrevemos o conteúdo de fezes de quatis selvagens de três parques ecológicos. Após análise de 62 amostras, fragmentos de plantas e animais foram identificados em todas as fezes. Nas fezes de dois parques, as sementes estiveram presentes entre 36,4% e 48,6% das amostras. Foram identificados fragmentos de artrópodes em 100% das amostras de dois parques, mas apenas 87,3% em um terceiro parque. Escamas, ossos ou penas de pássaros estavam presentes em algumas amostras. Detectou-se material não digerido de origem industrial em 34,3% a 54,5% das amostras, como fragmentos de papel, barbante, plástico, alumínio, látex e vidro. Os resultados estão de acordo com outros estudos sobre a dieta de quatis selvagens, mas a ingestão de corpos estranhos, potencialmente prejudicial à saúde, é descrito pela primeira vez. Os problemas clínicos decorrentes da ingestão de lixo podem ser fraturas dentais, erosões de mucosas, perfuração intestinal, peritonite, impactação, diarreia, emagrecimento, intoxicação e infecções. Os quatis nos três parques estão com a saúde em risco, sendo necessárias ações para evitar problemas clínicos e potencialmente fatais. Quatro ações são recomendadas para evitar a ingestão de corpos estranhos: aumentar a educação ambiental dos visitantes; melhorar o armazenamento dos resíduos gerados nos parques; monitorar periodicamente a saúde dos quatis, de forma a fazer intervenções quando possível; fazer um programa permanente de estudo da ecologia das espécies nos três parques.

The coati (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus 1766) is a generalist species, feeding on often-discarded human food in dumpsters around ecological tourism sites. We investigated the body weight and some blood chemistry variables related to the diet of wild coatis from three parks: Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (PM), Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) e Estação Ecológica Água Limpa (EEAL). We tested the plasma of 53 coatis for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (Trig), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Male and female adults did not significantly differ on the weight (P > 0.05) and blood chemistry indexes (P > 0.05). The adult coatis of the PM were heavier than the adult coatis of the other two parks. There were significant differences in HDL (P < 0.04), AST (P < 0.001), ALT (P < 0.001), and GGT (P < 0.001) between adults of the three parks. Only ALT and ALP were significantly different (P < 0.05) among the young coatis. The results suggested the coatis of the three parks have different health status. The consumption of discarded human food seems to affect body weight of the PM coatis. The coatis from PNC and EEAL had blood chemistry profiles suggestive of liver disorder. We recommend carrying on environmental education programs to visitors and additional clinical investigations on coatis from these parks. RESUMO: O quati (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus 1766) é uma espécie generalista que alimenta-se de comida humana frequentemente descartada em lixeiras ao redor de locais de turismo ecológico. Investigou-se o peso corporal e algumas variáveis da química sanguínea relacionadas à dieta de quatis selvagens de três parques: Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (PM), Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) e Estação Ecológica Água Limpa (EEAL). Testou-se o plasma de 75 quatis para lipoprotequatis sitaabeiras (PM), Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) aspartato transaminase (AST), gama-glutamil transferase (GGT), colesterol (Chol), triglicerídeos (Trig) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP). Machos e fêmeas adultos não diferiram significativamente quanto a peso (P > 0,05) e índices de química sanguínea (P > 0,05). Os quatis adultos do PM foram mais pesados em relação aos quatis adultos dos outros dois parques. Houve diferenças significativas em HDL (P < 0,04), AST (P < 0,001), ALT (P < 0,001) e GGT (P < 0,001) entre os adultos dos três parques. Apenas ALT e ALP foram significativamente diferentes (P < 0,05) entre os quatis jovens. Os resultados sugerem que os quatis dos três parques apresentam diferentes estados de saúde. O consumo de alimentos humanos descartados parece afetar o peso corporal dos quatis do PM. Os quatis do PNC e da EEAL apresentaram perfis químicos sanguíneos sugestivos de doença hepática. Recomendamos a realização de programas de educação ambiental aos visitantes e investigações clínicas adicionais nos quatis desses parques.

This article is a biopsychosocial proposal about improvement of resilience to diseases, including the COVID-19, due to affective attachment between humans and dogs. Resilience concerns the physical and emotional human capacity to respond positively to the adverse events such as diseases. Recently, some authors have proposed independent hypotheses about role of oxytocin (OT) and crossed immunity to increase the psychological resilience and immune response against the COVID-19. This text extends the hypothesis to a biopsychosocial field, including the well-known benefits of the human-dog affective attachment on human health. And proposes that a strong and reciprocal affection between human and dog can increase the resilience and resistance to COVID-19, due the role of OT in the immune response, adding to crossed immunity. Other benefits such as emotional buffering, mental comfort and stress alleviation are adjunctive roles of dogs on human health and vice-versa. © 2021 Universidad Catolica del Uruguay. All right reserved.

Simple Summary Coatis are mammals that frequently exploit human food sources, such as dumps in ecological parks. This behavior can lead to changes in food ecology and health problems. To verify the change in the diet of wild coatis, 56 fecal samples were analyzed in two ecological parks visited by tourists, Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (PMM) and Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC). Multivariate statistics were applied to evaluate the interactions among four variables (volume, composition, place, and sex of coatis). A significant interaction between parks and sexes with regard to volume and food category was not found. A decreasing gradient in volume was found in PNC males, followed by the PNC females, PMM males, and PMM females. No differences were found in categories of food between males and females from PNC and PMM, except for invertebrates, as females from PNC consumed more invertebrates than individuals from PMM. The coatis of both parks primarily consume invertebrates and vegetables, but garbage residues were found in feces. Human food and garbage fragments change feeding ecology. Garbage residues cause risks to the health of coatis. These findings suggest a problem to be addressed in efforts to preserve wild coatis in both parks. Abstract Wild animals that feed on garbage waste are a problem in ecological parks as it can substantially alter their food ecology. Wild coatis that occupy human recreation areas in parks are often observed feeding on garbage, but the ecological consequences are scarcely known. Forty-four fecal samples from females and 12 from males of wild coatis living in two ecological parks (Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (PMM) and Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC)) were analyzed. Multivariate statistics were applied to evaluate the interaction between four variables (fecal volume, composition, place and sex of coatis). A significant interaction between the parks and sexes with regard to volume and food category was not found. Ungrouped analysis allowed for the identification of a decreasing gradient in volume from PNC males, followed by PNC females, PMM males, and PMM females. We did not find differences between categories of food between males and females from PNC and PMM, except for invertebrates. Females from PNC consumed more invertebrates than males and females of PMM, but we did not find differences from PNC males. The coatis of both parks primarily consume invertebrates and vegetables, but garbage residues were found in their feces. Garbage fragments, such as paper, glass, metal, plastic and rope, cause a risk to the health, compromising the conservation efforts of wild coatis. Actions are needed to prevent the access of coatis to dumps in both parks.

group (C geoffroyi, C jacchus, C kuhlii, and C penicillata), this relatively young primate radiation is endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest biomes. Significant impacts on Callithrix within these biomes resulting from anthropogenic activity include (1) population declines, particularly for the aurita group; (2) widespread geographic displacement, biological invasions, and range expansions of C jacchus and C penicillata; (3) anthropogenic hybridization; and (4) epizootic Yellow Fever and Zika viral outbreaks. A number of Brazilian legal and conservation initiatives are now in place to protect the threatened aurita group and increase research about them. Due to their small size and rapid life history, marmosets are prized biomedical models. As a result, there are increasingly sophisticated genomic Callithrix resources We provide here a current overview of marmoset (Callithrix) evolution, hybridization, species biology, basic/biomedical research, and conservation initiatives. Composed of 2 subgroups, the aurita group (C aurita and C flaviceps) and the jacchus available and burgeoning marmoset functional, immuno-, and epigenomic research. In both the laboratory and the wild, marmosets have given us insight into cognition, social group dynamics, human disease, and pregnancy. Callithrix jacchus and C penicillata are emerging neotropical primate models for arbovirus disease, including Dengue and Zika.Wild marmoset populations are helping us understand sylvatic transmission and human spillover of Zika and Yellow Fever viruses. All of these factors are positioning marmosets as preeminent models to facilitate understanding of facets of evolution, hybridization, conservation, human disease, and emerging infectious diseases.

BACKGROUND The Callithrix geoffroyi are increasingly present in Brazilian urban areas, where they are vulnerable to health problems. The purpose of this study was a description of hematology and nine blood chemistry parameters of free-ranging C. geoffroyi. METHODS Thirty individuals were captured in urban-forested settings. The marmosets were anesthetized, venopunctioned, and released shortly after recovery. The analysis was carried on in a veterinary laboratory, using automatic cells counter, staining methods, and an automatic biochemical analyzer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Male and female free-ranging C. geoffroyi have similar hematological and blood chemistry values. The adults presented higher concentrations of erythrocytes (P

Rabies transmitted by wildlife is now the main source of human rabies in the Americas. The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is considered a reservoir of rabies causing sporadic and unpredictable human deaths in Brazil, but the extent of the spillover risk to humans remains unknown. In this study, we described the spatiotemporal dynamics of rabies affecting C. jacchus reported to Brazil's Ministry of Health passive surveillance system between 2008 and 2020, and combined ecological niche modelling with C. jacchus occurrence data to predict its suitable habitat. Our results show that 67 outbreaks (91 cases) of rabies affecting C. jacchus were reported by 41 municipalities between January 2008 and October 2020, with a mean of 5 outbreaks/year [range: 1-14]. The maximum number of outbreaks and municipalities reporting cases occurred in 2018, coinciding with higher surveillance of primate deaths due to Yellow Fever. A mean of 3 [1-9] new municipalities reported outbreaks yearly, suggesting potential spatial expansions of the C. jacchus variant in northeastern Brazil and emerging rabies spillover from vampire bat Desmodus rotundus to C. jacchus in the north and south. Outbreaks were concentrated in the states of Ceará (72%) and Pernambuco (16%) up to 2012, but are now reported in Piauí since 2013, in Bahia since 2017 (D. rotundus' antigenic variant, AgV3) and in Rio de Janeiro since 2019 (AgV3). Besides confirming suitable habitat for this primate in the northeast and the east coast of Brazil, our Maximum Entropy model also predicted suitable habitat on the north and the west states of the country but predicted low habitat suitability among inland municipalities of the Caatinga biome reporting rabies. Our findings revealed new areas reporting rabies infecting C. jacchus, highlighting the need to implement strategies limiting spillover to humans and to better understand the drivers of C. jacchus rabies dynamics.

Stray dogs are part of the scene in many cities, including Vicosa, where they gather at UFV campus. In order to understand the relation people have with stray dogs, 385 individuals answered to a semi-structured questionnaire. The number of stray dogs is high for most people; this dog population is mostly composed of adult males of undefined breed. Dogs perform most of their activities in the campus. Food sources appear to be varying and lure dogs into central territories, thus reducing the predatory pressure on wildlife. Interviewees are concerned with the low well-being level faced by stray dogs, although just half of them would adopt a dog to minimize the problem; most interviewees are against euthanasia. People acknowledge that stray dogs in the campus are an issue to the community and to dogs themselves. It seems that people are willing to find solutions to the stray dog issue.

A coronavirus pandemic (SARS-CoV-2), associated with a shortage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) presents itself as a threat to global health. The objective of the study was to identify a production of PPE printed in 3D, in Federal Education Institutions in the confrontation of COVID-19. The research source of the Ministry of Education's Monitoring database in the Teaching Institutions. To date, 89 institutions were producing three different 3D PPE models. The models found were “Face Shield” face protectors, models of masks similar to N-95 and a dome in a semi-cylindrical shape. Federal Education Institutions are making technology and science available to Brazilian society in the fight against COVID-19, seeking to respond to the global crisis with 3D printing, safely, with innovation, low cost and rapid production. A pandemia causada pelo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2), associada à escassez dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individuais (EPIs), apresenta-se como uma ameaça à saúde global. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a produção de EPIs impressos em 3D nas Instituições de Ensino Federais para o enfrentamento da COVID-19. A fonte de pesquisa foi o banco de dados do Portal do Ministério da Educação de Monitoramento nas Instituições de Ensino. Até o momento, 89 instituições estavam produzindo três modelos diferentes de EPIs em 3D. Os modelos encontrados foram os Protetores Faciais tipo “Face Shield”, as máscaras similares ao modelo N-95 e a máscara com uma cúpula em formato semicilíndrico. As Instituições de Ensino Federais estão colocando a tecnologia e a ciência à disposição da sociedade brasileira no combate à COVID-19, buscando responder à crise global com a impressão 3D, de forma segura, com inovação, baixo custo e com rápida produção.

Free-range sloths living in an urban environment are rare. In this study, the opinions, attitudes, and interactions with a population of Bradypus variegatus were investigated through short, structured interviews of people in the pubic square where the sloths live, in addition to informal, opportunistic observations of human-sloth interactions. A questionnaire was applied to people in the square where the sloths reside, and informal, opportunistic observations of human-sloth interactions were made. 95% of respondents knew of the sloths&rsquo, existence in the square and 87.8% liked their presence. Opinions about population size differed greatly and younger people were concerned as to whether the square was an appropriate place for them. Some human-sloth interactions showed the consequences of a lack of biological knowledge. People initiated all sloth-human interactions. The fact that sloths are strictly folivorous has avoided interactions with humans and, consequently, mitigated any negative impacts of the human-animal interaction on their wellbeing. These results demonstrate that, while there is a harmonious relationship between people and sloths, actions in environmental education of the square&rsquo, s public could be beneficial for the sloths.

Hybridization is continually documented in primates, but effects of natural and anthropogenic hybridization on biodiversity are still unclear and differentiating between these contexts remains challenging in regards to primate evolution and conservation. Here, we examine hybridization effects on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of Callithrix marmosets, which provide a unique glimpse into interspecific mating under distinct anthropogenic and natural conditions. DNA was sampled from 40 marmosets along a 50-km transect from a previously uncharacterized hybrid zone in NE Brazil between the ranges of Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata. DNA was also collected from 46 marmosets along a 30-km transect in a hybrid zone in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, where exotic marmosets appeared in the 1980s. Combining Callithrix DNA sampled inside and outside of these hybrid zones, phylogenetic and network analyses show C. jacchus and C. penicillata being parental species to sampled hybrids. We expand limited Callithrix population genetics work by describing mtDNA diversity and demographic history of these parental species. We show ancient population expansion in C. jacchus and historically constant population size in C. penicillata, with the latter being more genetically diverse than the former. The natural hybrid zone contained higher genetic diversity relative to the anthropogenic zone. While our data suggest hybrid swarm formation within the anthropogenic zone due to removed physical reproductive barriers, this pattern is not seen in the natural hybrid zone. These results suggest different genetic dynamics within natural and anthropogenic hybridization contexts that carry important implications for primate evolution and conservation.

Several environmental factors may interfere in the behavior of mole crab (Emerita brasiliensis Schmitt, 1935), such as the discharge of urban pollutants on the shore, which can be toxic. During a study of the impact of human activities on a beach in Southern Brazil, opportunistically it was tested if burying behavior of the mole crab were affected after an accident causing the discharge of urban effluents. When comparing the period before (two days) and after (one day) the accident, there was a substantial increase in the concentration of ammonia in the seawater, but pH, water temperature, salinity, and the microclimatic conditions remained stable. During the increased ammonia phase, we captured individuals of smaller size, but the latency in an burying test conducted in an aquarium, immediately after the capture, remained unaltered. The discharge of organic pollutants seems affected the surf zone, where small individuals were more abundant, supposedly males and juveniles but not adult females. The maintenance of burying latency by males and juveniles seems to suggest a greater physiological resistance to a short term contamination by ammonia.

Primates of the genus Callithrix often obtain exudates from plants of the family Fabaceae. This study characterizes the chemical composition of exudates, and the anatomy and hystochemistry of the secretory ducts in the bark of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. var. peregrina (Fabaceae). Exudates from this tree species represent an important component of the diet of hybrid marmosets, Callithrix spp. (Primates: Cebidae). A. peregrina was selected as the focal study tree because it is the only gum tree species exploited by Callithrix groups present within five urban forest fragments in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Gum samples were obtained directly from gouges made by the marmosets, while bark samples were obtained from A. peregrina plants, whether or not they were damaged by the marmosets. Constitutive secretory ducts were present in the bark of ungouged A. peregrina, whereas, marmoset damage caused induced secretory duct formation and an increase in the size of these ducts. The gum produced in the gouges made by the marmosets and in ungouged plants reacted positively to tests for polysaccharides, pectin, mucilage, and proteins. The gum from the gouges exhibited high water (41.0%), carbohydrate (38.2%), protein (19.0%), and mineral (Ca 0.4% and K 0.3%) content. We argue that the relatively high calcium content of A. peregrina gum plays an important nutritional role in, balancing a diet that is otherwise rich in phosphorous and poor in calcium.

Zoonotic pathogens that cause leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, MTBC) continue to impact modern human populations. Therefore, methods able to survey mycobacterial infection in potential animal hosts are necessary for proper evaluation of human exposure threats. Here we tested for mycobacterial-specific single- and multi-copy loci using qPCR. In a trial study in which armadillos were artificially infected with M. leprae, these techniques were specific and sensitive to pathogen detection, while more traditional ELISAs were only specific. These assays were then employed in a case study to detect M. leprae as well as MTBC in wild marmosets. All marmosets were negative for M. leprae DNA, but 14 were positive for the mycobacterial rpoB gene assay. Targeted capture and sequencing of rpoB and other MTBC genes validated the presence of mycobacterial DNA in these samples and revealed that qPCR is useful for identifying mycobacterial-infected animal hosts., Author Summary Mycobacterial pathogens that cause tuberculosis and leprosy can be detected in wild animal populations using non-invasive cheek swab samples and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays that target specific portions of mycobacterial genomes. A preliminary study in armadillos confirms that using multiple assays in tandem is optimal for surveying infection in animals, and a case study identifies some mycobacterial infection in wild marmosets from Brazil. These validated methods can be used to advance our understanding of the distribution and impact of zoonotic pathogens on wild animal populations.

Animal hybridization is well documented, but evolutionary outcomes and conservation priorities often differ for natural and anthropogenic hybrids. Among primates, an order with many endangered species, the two contexts can be hard to disentangle from one another, which carries important conservation implications. Callithrix marmosets give us a unique glimpse of genetic hybridization effects under distinct natural and human-induced contexts. Here, we use a 44 autosomal microsatellite marker panel to examine genome-wide admixture levels and introgression at a natural C. jacchus and C. penicillata species border along the São Francisco River in NE Brazil and in an area of Rio de Janeiro state where humans introduced these species exotically. Additionally, we describe for the first time autosomal genetic diversity in wild C. penicillata and expand previous C. jacchus genetic data. We characterize admixture within the natural zone as bimodal where hybrid ancestry is biased toward one parental species or the other. We also show evidence that São Francisco River islands are gateways for bidirectional gene flow across the species border. In the anthropogenic zone, marmosets essentially form a hybrid swarm with intermediate levels of admixture, likely from the absence of strong physical barriers to interspecific breeding. Our data show that while hybridization can occur naturally, the presence of physical, even if leaky, barriers to hybridization is important for maintaining species genetic integrity. Thus, we suggest further study of hybridization under different contexts to set well informed conservation guidelines for hybrid populations that often fit somewhere between "natural" and "man-made."

Evolutionary theory and observation predict wider phenotypic variation in hybrids than parental species. Emergent phenotypic novelty in hybrids may in turn drive new adaptations or speciation by breaking parental phenotypic constraints. Primate hybridization is often documented through genetic evidence, but knowledge about the primate hybrid phenotype remains limited due to a small number of available studies on hybrid primate morphology. Here, we examine pelage and morphometric variation in two Brazilian marmoset species (Callithrix penicillata and C. geoffroyi) and their hybrids. Hybrids were sampled in an anthropogenic hybrid zone in the municipality of Vicosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We analyzed hybrid facial and body pelage color variation, and compared 13 morphometric measures between hybrids and parental species. Five different hybrid facial morphotypes were observed, varying from intermediate to parental-like. Hybrid facial morphotypes were biased towards C. penicillata, suggesting that the pelage of this species may be dominant to that of C. geoffroyi in this context, and indicating that mate preference, and therefore gene flow/introgression, may be biased towards C. penicillata within the hybrid zone. Hybrid morphometric features were on average intermediate to parental species traits, but transgressive hybrids were also observed, suggesting that morphometric variation for the studied traits is consistent with Rieseberg’s complementary allele model. Finally, we observed a decoupling of facial patterning and size/shape in hybrids, relative to parent phenotypes, suggesting that an important factor driving phenotypic novelty within the Vicosa marmoset hybrid zone might be the loosening of evolutionary constraints on phenotypic trait integration.

Domestic dogs' skills such as hunting and herding shifted as man migrated from rural areas to developing urban centers and led to a change in human-dog relationship and in the purpose of these animals in the properties. The countryside of Viçosa is characterized by small coffee farms surrounded by borders with fragments from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The close proximity of these environments favors the encounter between domestic and wild animals which may lead to dog attacks to wild animals and, consequently, disease transmission. The aim of this study was to understand the role of dogs in the rural environment and assess the possible risks they offer to native fauna. The data were obtained from structured questionnaires answered by dogs' owners from rural Viçosa. Results regarding the socioeconomic status of the owners revealed that the majority belonged to either the middle class or low educational level categories. In addition, it was observed that there is a preference for male dogs due to its guard activity and that most dogs live unconstrained. Even though most dogs are provided with good food management, 58% of them prey on wildlife. However, more than half of the dogs do not consume their prey which can be explained by the inherited ability of artificial selection but 36.5% of them have scavenger diet. Most of the dogs were immunized against rabies, whereas, only 28.8% were immunized against infectious diseases such as leptospirosis, distemper and parvovirus. In conclusion, the management of dogs by rural owners, mainly unrestrained living, and allied to inadequate vaccination coverage suggest that dogs are predators of Viçosa's rural wildlife and potential disseminators of disease. As habilidades dos cães domésticos como caçadores e pastores modificaram com a mudança do homem das áreas rurais para os centros urbanos em desenvolvimento, levando para uma mudança nas relações humanos-cães e o propósito desses animais nas propriedades. O município de Viçosa é caracterizado por pequenas fazendas com cafeicultura, cercadas nas bordas por fragmentos de Mata Atlântica. A proximidade desses ambientes favorece o encontro entre animais domésticos e selvagens, que pode resultar em ataques de cães sobre a fauna e, consequentemente, levar à transmissão de doenças. O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender o papel de cães no ambiente rural e avaliar os possíveis riscos que eles oferecem para a fauna nativa. Os dados foram obtidos aplicando-se questionários estruturados respondidos pelos proprietários de cães rurais de Viçosa. Os resultados a respeito do status socioeconômico dos proprietários revelaram que a maioria pertence à classe média e baixo nível educacional formal. Há uma preferência por cães machos, devido à atividade de guarda e a maior parte vive sem contenção. Apesar de que a maioria tenha um bom manejo alimentar, 58% dos cães predam animais selvagens. Entretanto, mais da metade dos cães não consome suas presas. A maioria dos cães foi imunizada contra a raiva, mas somente 28,8% foram vacinados contra doenças infecciosas como leptospirose, cinomose e parvovirose. Conclui-se que o manejo dos proprietários, principalmente a falta de contenção, aliada à cobertura imunoprofilática, sugere que os cães são potenciais predadores e disseminadores de doenças sobre a fauna selvagem de Viçosa.

The objective of this study was to identify the helminth fauna in hybrid, non-native marmosets, through analysis of fecal samples. The study involved 51 marmosets (genus Callithrix) from five groups living in places with levels of human impact in Viçosa-MG. The marmosets were caught using a multiple-entrance trap and were anaesthetized. Feces were collected, refrigerated and analyzed by means of the sedimentation technique (Hoffmann-Pons-Janner). Eggs and parasites were identified, but not counted. Most of the marmosets (86%) were parasitized by at least one genus of helminths. Among the infected marmosets, 37% presented co-infection. The intestinal helminths comprised four different taxa: Primasubulura jacchi, Ancylostomatidae, Prosthenorchis sp. and Dilepididae.P. jacchi and Ancylostomatidae had higher prevalences (> 80% and > 40%, respectively) and were found in all marmoset groups. Dilepididae species were found in almost all the groups, but only accounted for around 30% of the marmosets. Prosthenorchis sp. showed a relatively low prevalence (< 10%) and was only found in one group. Although two parasites are commonly found in marmosets and other primates (P. jacchi and Prosthenorchis sp.), our study is the first record for Ancylostomatidae and Dilepididae. Factors like marmosets' feeding behavior and their contact with humans and other species of nonhuman primates seem to be determinants of infection among marmosets. O objetivo do presente estudo foi a identificação da helmintofauna em saguis híbridos e introduzidos, por meio de análises de amostras fecais. O estudo envolveu 51 saguis do gênero Callithrix, de cinco grupos que ocupam áreas com diferentes impactos humanos. Os saguis foram capturados com armadilha de múltiplas entradas e anestesiados. Fezes foram colhidas, refrigeradas e analisadas pela técnica de sedimentação (Hoffmann-Pons-Janner). Ovos e parasitas foram identificados, mas não contados. A maior parte dos saguis (86%) estava parasitado por, pelo menos, uma espécie de helminto. Do grupo infectado, 37% apresentou coinfecção. A diversidade helmíntica intestinal incluiu quatro táxons diferentes: Primasubulura jacchi, Ancylostomatidae, Prosthenorchis sp. e Dilepididae. P. jacchi e Ancylostomatidae apresentaram as maiores prevalências (> 80% e > 40%, respectivamente) e foram encontrados em todos os grupos. As espécies de Dilepididae apresentaram aproximadamente 30% da prevalência e foram encontrados em quase todos os grupos. A espécieProsthenorchis sp. apresentou prevalência relativamente baixa (< 10%) e foi encontrado somente em um grupo. Considerando que duas das espécies são parasitas comumente descritos para saguis e primatas (P. jacchi e Prosthenorchis sp.), este estudo consiste no primeiro registro para Ancylostomatidae e Dilepididae. Fatores como o comportamento alimentar e o contato com o homem e outras espécies de primatas não humanos, parecem ser determinantes na contaminação dos saguis.

Zoonotic pathogens that cause leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, MTBC) continue to impact modern human populations. Therefore, methods able to survey mycobacterial infection in potential animal hosts are necessary for proper evaluation of human exposure threats. Here we tested for mycobacterial-specific single- and multi-copy loci using qPCR. In a trial study in which armadillos were artificially infected with M. leprae, these techniques were specific and sensitive to pathogen detection, while more traditional ELISAs were only specific. These assays were then employed in a case study to detect M. leprae as well as MTBC in wild marmosets. All marmosets were negative for M. leprae DNA, but 14 were positive for the mycobacterial rpoB gene assay. Targeted capture and sequencing of rpoB and other MTBC genes validated the presence of mycobacterial DNA in these samples and revealed that qPCR is useful for identifying mycobacterial-infected animal hosts.

A clinical thermometer of infrared rays was used twice to record consecutively the temperature of the tympanic membrane in each ear and in the anus of 53 dogs. Temperatures did not differ significantly between organs, and were strongly correlated. The anal temperature measurement with an infrared thermometer in dogs is feasible and trustworthy, as well as the thermal checking of tympanic temperature. _______________________________________________________________________________ RESUMO Utilizou-se um termômetro clínico de emissão de raios infravermelhos para medir, duas vezes consecutivas, a temperatura da membrana timpânica de cada ouvido e duas vezes a temperatura no ânus de 53 cães. Não houve diferença entre as temperaturas quanto ao órgão estudado e a correlação entre as temperaturas foi alta. Em cães, a medida da temperatura anal com o termômetro clínico de emissão de raios infravermelhos é rápida e confiável tanto quanto a da temperatura timpânica.

In veterinary practice, tympanic temperature (TT) measurement is not very disseminated. It is surprising, because TT could have advantages compared to the rectal temperature (RT). In the present study, we investigate (Callithrix penicillata), right TT, left TT and RT. We used an infra-red thermometer to measure the temperature in marmosets of tympanic membrane, and a digital clinical thermometer for the measurement of rectal temperature. Right TT was lower than left TT and RT. There was not statistical difference between left TT and RT. Correlation between left TT and RT was stronger than correlation between right TT and both, left TT and RT. This results suggests of a regional thermal dissociation and an asymmetric cerebral metabolism and body temperature, due to the stress of contention in marmosets. Na prática de clínica veterinária a temperatura timpânica (TT) não é disseminada. Isto é surpreendente porque a TT poderia apresentar vantagens em relação à medida da temperatura retal (RT).Neste estudo, investigou-se a temperatura timpânica direita (RTT), temperatura timpânica esquerda (LTT) e temperatura retal em sagüis do cerrado (Callithrix penicillata). Usou-se um termômetro de emissão de raios infra-vermelhos para a mensuração da temperatura da membrana timpânica e um termômetro clínico digital para a medida da temperatura retal. RTT foi menor do que LTT e RT. Não houve diferença estatística entre a LTT e RT. A correlação entre LTT foi mais forte em relação à RT do que à RTT. Estes resultados são sugestivos de uma dissociação e assimetria térmica regional entre o metabolismo cerebral e a temperatura sistêmica, devido ao estresse agudo da contenção.

Marmosets of the genus Callithrix are specialized in the consumption of tree exudates to obtain essential nutritional resource by boring holes into bark with teeth. However, marmoset preferences for particular tree species, location, type, and other suitable factors that aid in exudate acquisition need further research. In the current study, the intensity of exudate use from Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina trees by hybrid marmosets Callithrix spp. groups was studied in five forest fragments in Viçosa, in the state of Minas, Brazil. Thirty-nine A. peregrina var. peregrina trees were examined and 8,765 active and non-active holes were analyzed. The trunk of A. peregrina var. peregrina had a lower number of holes than the canopy: 11% were found on the trunk and 89% were found on the canopy. The upper canopy was the preferred area by Callithrix spp. for obtaining exudates. The intensity of tree exploitation by marmosets showed a moderate-to-weak correlation with diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height. The overall results indicate that Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina provides food resources for hybrid marmosets (Callithrix spp.) and these animals prefer to explore this resource on the apical parts of the plant, where the thickness, location, and age of the branches are the main features involved in the acquisition of exudates.