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A recent article by Kriebel et al. (2020) examines the relationship between floral shape evolution and pollination shifts in Salvia, a plant genus almost worldwide distributed, but particularly diverse in the New World. Kriebel et al. (2020) argue that a major shift to bird pollination at the origin of the subg. Calosphace (~20 million years ago [Mya]) imposed a legacy of constraints, resulting in significant differences in flower morphology between New World and Old World Salvia. However, reanalyses of the data using hidden states to account for the heterogeneity in evolutionary rates do not support an early origin of bird pollination in this group. Instead, bird pollination may have appeared after the arrival of modern hummingbirds to North America (15.5–12 Mya), as in other North American plant clades. The use of more complex models of ancestral state reconstruction into comparative analyses provides a different perspective to explain morphological differences within Salvia. Our results indicate that bird pollination did not impose constraints on corolla shape evolution. Evolutionary constraints in anther connective and style shapes may have arisen at the origin of Calosphace but they were not associated with shifts to hummingbird pollination, being more likely the product of contingent evolution.

Salvia alata is reported as new record for Ecuador. This species belongs to S. sect. Macrostachyae, thus an updated identification key to species of this section is provided. The descriptions of Salvia alata and the species most morphologically similar to it (Salvia speciosa) are complemented with new information and photographs taken in the field. Salvia alata is distributed in Ecuador and Peru and can be distinguished from Salvia speciosa by its pilose vegetative organs, flowers with white stamens and styles, and mericarps with a deltoid apex. On the other hand, Salvia speciosa is endemic to Peru, and it has glabrescent vegetative organs, flowers with burgundy to deep purple stamens and styles, and mericarps with a bifurcate apex.

Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. has been pervasively confused in herbaria and the literature, despite showing both vegetative and florally distinctive attributes. Here we document for the first time its presence in Mexico, provide a description, a detailed drawing and color photographs from live flowering plants, and compare it with its congeners. All verifiable records indicate that G. utriculata is restricted to the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and now also Mexico; literature reports from elsewhere were based on misidentifications. Govenia utriculata is distinguished by the large inflated sheath enclosing the leaf petioles, which in living condition is circular in cross section and partially filled with rainwater; such ample sheath is evident in herbarium specimens and shared only by Mexican endemic G. lagenophora Lindl. Florally, G. utriculata is recognized by its small, white flowers, narrowly elliptic, falcate, acute petals with transverse magenta bars above the middle of their inner surface, and narrowly ovate, acuminate labellum with longitudinal keels only below the middle. The single known Mexican population of G. utriculata occurs in a tropical deciduous forest nature reserve (Sierra Montenegro) in the state of Morelos, and thus is under nominal protection; moderate disturbance from trampling and nearby agriculture and cattle ranching was observed in the location but the population seems to be tolerant to such disturbance and all reproductive individuals were found in partially open areas and forest edges. All Mexican plants examined had auto-pollinating flowers; auto-pollination resulted from germination of the pollen on the rostellum briefly before anthesis, apparently precluding cross-pollination as the pollinia are stuck to the rostellum when the flowers open.

A new species of Helicteres from the Dominican Republic is described and illustrated; increasing the number of species occurring in the Caribbean to five. The new species, H. pegueroi, can be distinguished from H. jamaicensis and H. semitriloba by its habit and calyx and corolla colour, i.e. it is a shrub with red calyces and corollas; its pseudoactinomorphic flower due to a slight curvature at the base of the androgynophore; and its densely woolly, globose fruit. An artificial, dichotomous key is provided to distinguish the new species from the other species of the Caribbean region and Mexico.

Acalypha amithii is described and illustrated as a new species from the State of Guerrero, Mexico. Its distribution is restricted to the Pacific slope. Acalypha amithii is morphologically close to the Mesoamerican A. ferdinandi and the South American A. stenoloba. However, it can be distinguished from the former by number of teeth in the bracts of the pistillate flowers (13–15 vs. 7 in the new species) and from the latter by the degree of fusion of the sepals of the pistillate flowers (connate at the base vs. free in the new species). Acalypha amithii is characterized by a suffruticose habit, penninerved leaves, terminal or axillary pistillate inflorescences, sepals of the pistillate flowers completely free and ovate-lanceolate, bracts of the pistillate flowers cuneate at the base, styles glabrous and almost 12 times longer than the ovary.

In this study, we describe and illustrate Salvia fimbriaticalyx, a new species from Oaxaca, Mexico, which is morphologically similar to Salvia leptostachys, a species from section Angulatae. The new species differs from the latter by having persistent, lanceolate bracts with cuneate base; calyx lobes with a densely fimbriate margin; corolla tube longer (3–3.5 mm long), and the lower lip of the corolla shorter (3–3.5 mm long). Three molecular markers (ITS, trnL-trnF and trnH-psbA) were sequenced for the new species, and its phylogenetic position is discussed.

A new species of Salvia from the state of Puebla, Mexico, is described and illustrated: Salvia gavilanensis sp. nov., growing in oak forests and oak scrubs, located in the Biosphere Reserve of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. The new taxon is morphologically similar to S. microphylla, but differs by the herbaceous habit (vs. suffrutescent or shrubby), the strigulose pubescence of the leaves (vs. puberulent to tomentulous), bracts with the margin irregularly denticulate and persistent until the beginning of the anthesis (vs. bracts with the margin entire and deciduous before the anthesis), papillae inside the corolla tube with bidentate apex (vs. papillae with trilobate apex), and the lower lip of the corolla shorter in length compared to the upper lip (vs. lower lip of the corolla longer than the upper lip). Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data (nuclear ITS and the plastid regions trnL-trnF and trnH-psbA) was conducted to explore the relationships of the new species. According to the results, the new species belongs to the Fulgentes clade, which is congruent with the morphology of the species. A key to distinguish Salvia gavilanensis from other species of the clade present in the reserve of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán is included.

Salvia subg. Calosphace (Lamiaceae, Lamiales) is a highly diverse clade endemic to the New World. The phylogenetic relationships of Calosphace have been previously investigated using DNA sequences of nuclear ITS region and plastid psbA–trnH intergenic spacer, but the resulting trees lack resolution and support for many clades. The present paper reassesses the phylogenetic relationships of subgenus Calosphace, including a broader taxon sampling, with a special focus on representing previously unsampled sections, and using an additional plastid marker (trnL–trnF region). Our results show increased resolution and overall patterns of support, recovering ten main clades. Within core Calosphace, the most inclusive of these main clades, 17 new subclades were identified. Of the 42 sections for which more than one species was analysed, only 12 are monophyletic. Our biogeographical analysis identified at least twelve migrations to South America from Mexican and Central American lineages, in agreement with previous suggestions of multiple origins of South American Calosphace diversity. This analysis also confirmed a colonization of the Antilles by Andean lineages. The reconstruction of ancestral states of pollination syndromes showed multiple shifts to ornithophily from melittophily and one reversal to the latter. Fil: Fragoso-Martínez, Itzi. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Martínez-Gordillo, Martha. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Salazar, Gerardo A.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Sazatornil, Federico David. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Jenks, Aaron A.. Berkeley University; Estados Unidos Fil: García Peña, María del Rosario. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Barrera-Aveleida, Giovanna. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Benitez Vieyra, Santiago Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Magallón, Susana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Cornejo-Tenorio, Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Granados Mendoza, Carolina. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México

Premise of research. Salvia is one of the most species-rich genera in the world. Its outstanding diversity and subcosmopolitan distribution have prevented the preparation of a modern comprehensive monograph and re-evaluation of its classification. As phylogenetic efforts advance to untangle the evolutionary relationships of Salvia, the need for a solid taxonomic footing is increasingly imperative. Accordingly, we present an updated checklist of the species richness and distribution of Salvia subg. Calosphace, which constitutes more than half of the diversity of the genus. Methodology. A preliminary checklist of the species of Salvia subg. Calosphace was compiled through examination of the literature and online databases; this was revised and discussed by the authors in order to retrieve a consensus list. The distribution of each species by country or territory as well as by biome was also recorded from the sources consulted; affinities in composition were visualized with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean based on a dissimilarity matrix (Sørensen’s index). Pivotal results. Salvia subg. Calosphace comprises 580 species; 30 were qualified as unresolved and require further analysis. The countries with the highest species richness are Mexico (295 spp.), Peru (77 spp.), Colombia (60 spp.), Brazil (58 spp.), Guatemala (49 spp.), and Ecuador (41 spp.). The affinity in species composition between countries and between biomes is explained mainly by geographical proximity. Conclusions. The updated list of the species of Salvia subg. Calosphace will help to guide sampling for phylogenetic analyses, enabling the achievement of a more stable and solid phylogenetic hypothesis. At the same time, it is a potentially important tool for underpinning discussions toward a new sectional classification of the lineage.

The Neotropical genus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) is an excellent model system for macroevolutionary and biogeographic studies owing to its remarkable species diversity (ca. 650 spp.) and varied morphological and ecological adaptations to epiphytic and saxicolous habitats. Recent phylogenetic studies have greatly improved our knowledge about generic limits and infrageneric classification of Tillandsia. These studies have identified two clades of Tillandsia characterized by a distinct geographic distribution: (i) a North and Central American clade that includes species from subgenus Tillandsia; and (ii) a central South American clade containing species from subgenera Aerobia, Anoplophytum, Diaphoranthema, and Phytarrhiza. Our study aimed to determine the size, composition, and potential geographic structure of these two clades within the context of a global phylogeny of Tillandsioideae. With the addition of 100 newly sequenced species to previous studies to cover the now ca. 30% of the known species diversity of Tillandsia, our analyses found both clades to be strongly supported, and revealed that their species richness is much greater than previously known. Ancestral area estimation suggests thatmost of the diversification of the first of these clades took place in North and Central America, whereas within the second, most of the migratory events occurred from the Andes to the Brazilian shield. Le genre néotropical Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) constitue un excellent système modèle a` des fins d’études macroévolutives et biogéographiques a` cause de sa remarquable diversité (environ 650 espèces) et de ses différentes adaptations morphologiques et écologiques aux habitats épiphytes et saxicoles. Des études phylogénétiques récentes ont grandement amélioré nos connaissances des limites génériques et de la classification infragénérique de Tillandsia. Ces études ont permis d’identifier deux clades de Tillandsia caractérisés par des distributions géographiques distinctes : (i) un clade d’Amérique du Nord et d’Amérique Centrale qui comprend les espèces du sous-genre Tillandsia et (ii) un clade d’Amérique du Sud qui comprend les espèces des sous-genres Aerobia, Anoplophytum, Diaphoranthema et Phytarrhiza. L'étude des auteurs visait a` déterminer la taille, la composition et la structure géographique potentielle de ces deux clades dans le contexte d’une phylogénie globale des Tillandsioideae. Avec l’ajout de 100 nouvelles espèces séquencées a` celles d’étudesprécédentes afin de couvrir environ 30% de la diversité connue d’espèces deTillandsia, les analyses des auteurs ont révélé que les deux clades sont fortement supportés et que leur richesse en espèces est beaucoup plus grande que ce qui était connu jusqu’a` présent. L’estimation de la zone ancestrale suggère que la plus grande partie de la diversification du premier de ces clades a pris place en Amérique du Nord et en Amérique Centrale, alors qu’a` l’intérieur du second, la plupart des événements migratoires sont survenus des Andes au bouclier brésilien Fil: Granados Mendoza, Carolina. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Granados Aguilar, Xochitl. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Donadío, Sabina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Salazar, Gerardo A.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Flores Cruz, María. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; México Fil: Hágsater, Eric. Herbario AMO; México Fil: Starr, Julian R.. University of Ottawa; Canadá Fil: Ibarra Manríquez, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Fragoso Martínez, Itzi. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Magallón, Susana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México

We conducted a pilot study using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment to resolve relationships among a mostly Neotropical sage lineage that may have undergone a recent evolutionary radiation. Conventional markers (ITS, trnL-trnF and trnH-psbA) have not been able to resolve the relationships among species nor within portions of the backbone of the lineage. We sampled 12 representative species of subgenus Calosphace and included one species of Salvia´s s.l. closest relative, Lepechinia, as outgroup. Hybrid enrichment and sequencing were successful, yielding 448 alignments of individual loci with an average length of 704. bp. The performance of the phylogenomic data in phylogenetic reconstruction was superior to that of conventional markers, increasing both support and resolution. Because the captured loci vary in the amount of net phylogenetic informativeness at different phylogenetic depths, these data are promising in phylogenetic reconstruction of this group and likely other lineages within Lamiales. However, special attention should be placed on the amount of phylogenetic noise that the data could potentially contain. A prior exploration step using phylogenetic informativeness profiles to detect loci with sites with disproportionately high substitution rates (showing "phantom" spikes) and, if required, the ensuing filtering of the problematic data is recommended. In our dataset, filtering resulted in increased support and resolution for the shallow nodes in maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees resulting from concatenated analyses of all the loci. Additionally, it is expected that an increase in sampling (loci and taxa) will aid in resolving weakly supported, short deep internal branches. Fil: Fragoso Martínez, Itzi. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México. Institute Of Biology Of Unam; Fil: Salazar, Gerardo A.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Martínez Gordillo, Martha. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Magallón, Susana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Sánchez-Reyes, Luna. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Moriarty Lemmon, Emily. Florida State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Lemmon, Alan R.. Florida State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Sazatornil, Federico David. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Granados Mendoza, Carolina. Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México

A new species of Salvia belonging to Salvia sect. Penellia from the state of Oaxaca is here described and illustrated. Only two species are included within this section: S. pennelli and the new species, S. robertoana . Both species are perennial herbs, with a 3-veined upper calyx lip, included stamens in the galea, late deciduous bracts, corolla tube epapillate inside, pubescent style and violet flowers. However, S. robertoana is distinguished from S. pennellii by its larger, elliptic to elliptic-oblong leaf blades (vs. blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate to oblong ovate) with tomentulose upper surface and pale, tomentose lower surface, and shortly decurrent base; usually longer inflorescence and shorter corolla tube and lower lip. A comparative table and an identification key of Salvia sect. Pennellia are provided.

Salvia ozolotepecensis , S. patriciae and S. sirenis (Lamiaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico, are described and illustrated as three new species. The first one is characterized by its glandular-capitate pubescence in stems, leaves and inflorescences, mostly persistent floral bracts, entire and 5-veined upper calyx lip, red corolla, epapillate inside, included stamens, and connective ornate with opposed retrorse and antrorse teeth bordering an incision. It is most similar to S. perlonga and S. praestans to which it is compared. The second can be distinguished in having ovate to ovate-deltoid leaf blades, entire, acute and 7-veined upper calyx lips, red corollas, internally ornate near the base with two slender linguiform papillae, upper corolla lip shorter than the lower one, exserted stamens and glabrous style. This new taxon is morphologically similar to the species belonging to Salvia sections Cardinales , Charantia , Incarnatae , Flexuosa , Fulgentes , Iodophyllae and Pedicellata ; although, it cannot be unambiguously assigned to one of these. In contrast, S. sirenis clearly belongs to S. sect. Scorodonia ; amongst the species therein, the new species can be differentiated by the concolorous leaves, rounded to slightly oblique at base, 6–8-flowered floral nodes, longer floral bracts, pedicels, calyces and corollas, and 5 or 7-veined upper calyx lip. Also, it represents an addition to Mexican Salvia with white corollas. The molecular markers ITS, trn L -trn F and trn H- psb A were sequenced for two of the three new species, and their phylogenetic position is discussed.

Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Salvia sección Membranaceae: Salvia confertispicata, la cual pertenece a la subsección Lophanthoideae y comparte semejanzas morfológicas con Salvia mocinoi, pero difiere de la misma por presentar inflorescencias compactas, brácteas rómbicas, ascendentes, con ápice caudado y base cuneada, cáliz glabrado en la antesis, tubo de la corola invaginado y más largo que en todas las especies de la subsección Lophanthoideae. Se trata de una especie que ha sido recolectada solo en el estado de Guerrero, en donde prospera en bosques de Quercus, bosques de Pinus-Quercus, bosques de Pinus, bosques mesófilos de montaña y bosques tropicales caducifolios.

ResumenLa familia Lamiaceae es muy diversa en México y se distribuye con preferencia en las zonas templadas, aunque es posible encontrar géneros como Hyptis y Asterohyptis, que habitan en zonas secas y calientes; es una de las familias más diversas en el país, de la cual no se tenían datos actualizados sobre su diversidad y endemismo. En este trabajo se presenta una clave para identificar los géneros de la familia, las descripciones de los mismos, con comentarios acerca de su riqueza y endemismo, un mapa de distribución de la familia y un listado de especies presentes en el país; todo lo anterior a partir de una revisión de la bibliografía, de varios herbarios mexicanos (CHAPA, CHIP, ENCB, FCME, IEB, MEXU, OAX, SERO y UAMIZ) y de las colecciones y listados disponibles en Internet (F, K, MO y US). En México se encuentran 32 géneros nativos o naturalizados por largo tiempo y 591 especies que representan el 8.11% de la familia, con un endemismo de 65.82%.AbstractThe Lamiaceae family is highly diverse in Mexico and it is distributed preferently in temperate zones, nevertheless it is possible find some genera such as Hyptis and Asterohyptis inhabitating dry and hot places. Lamiaceae is one of the most diverse families in the country, and there were no data about its diversity and endemism. In the current contribution a key to the genera of the family, their descriptions, commentaries about their richness and endemism, a map of the family distribution and a list of species in the country are presented; all the above based on a literature search, the revision of herbarium collections (CHAPA, CHIP, ENCB, FCME, IEB, MEXU, OAX, SERO y UAMIZ) and species lists available on the web (F, K, MO and US). In Mexico there are 32 native or naturalized for a long time genera and 591 species that represent 8.11% of the family, with an endemism of 65.82%.

A new species from Oaxaca is described and illustrated. Salvia tetramerioides belongs to section Uliginosae as it shares with the species of this section the presence of a 5-veined, 3-mucronate posterior calyx lobe and a laterally flattened style. However, the morphology of the inflorescence of the new species differs from all the previously described taxa in the section; although the vegetative morphology resembles that of Salvia laevis. The new species is distinguished by the dense inflorescence, the peduncle longer than the rachis and broadly ovate, persistent bracts, with decussate phyllotaxy and two flowers per node. A key is provided to distinguish it from the species of the section found in Oaxaca.

A new species of Salvia section Lavanduloideae from the Estado de México is described and illustrated. Salvia semiscaposa is a procumbent plant morphologically similar to S. scaposa and S. helianthemifolia. It differs from the former by having mostly obovate leaf blades, more than six flowers per verticillaster and posterior calyx lobes narrower and apiculate. On the other hand, S. helianthemifolia differs from the new species by the presence of an erect stem, ovate leaves and trichomes on the calyx surface distributed only on the veins.