Search

Objective. To evaluate the values of indicators describing the specific weights of growing and declining enterprises in the total number of active enterprises in Russia in 2020, as well as the number of growing enterprises and declining enterprises per thousand people living in each of the Russian regions. Methodology. The methodology is based on the models, which are density functions of normal distribution. Results. The research proved that growing and fading enterprises are relatively rare among commercial organizations, and there was a significant differentiation through the regions of the discussed indicators. The regions with the maximum and minimum values of indicators are given. Conclusions. The paper adds new knowledge about growing and declining enterprises in Russia. The work results can be applied by governments and public organizations when justifying measures to support enterprises characterized by an increase in the number of employees

Introduction. Currently, higher education is important in the training of highly qualified specialists, the creation of new knowledge, and the introduction of innovations. Objectives. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the indicators characterizing the gender structure of scientific and pedagogical personnel in higher educational institutions of various countries. These indicators were the share of female teachers in the total number of teachers of higher educational institutions. Methodology. We used data from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics for 107 countries. We used the density functions of the normal distribution as models. Results. The results of the computational experiment showed that the share of female teaching staff in the number of scientific and pedagogical staff on average in the countries under consideration was 41.6%. Women make up more than half of the teaching staff in twenty-four countries. The predominance of men as teachers of higher education institutions was in seventy-eight countries. The countries with the maximum and minimum values of such indicators as the share of female teachers in the scientific and pedagogical staff were identified. A significant difference was proved for groups of countries with maximum and minimum values of indicators. Contribution. The proposed methodological approach and the results obtained have a scientific novelty, since the assessment of the territorial features of the gender structure of teachers of higher educational institutions has not previously been paid attention in scientific research. Introducción. Actualmente, la educación superior es importante en la formación de especialistas altamente calificados, la creación de nuevos conocimientos, la introducción de innovaciones. Objetivo. El propósito de nuestro estudio fue evaluar los indicadores que caracterizan la estructura de género del personal científico y pedagógico en instituciones de educación superior de varios países. Estos indicadores eran la proporción de maestras en el número total de maestros de instituciones de enseñanza superior. Metodología. Se utilizaron datos del Instituto de Estadística de la UNESCO para 107 países. Utilizamos las funciones de densidad de la distribución normal como modelos. Resultados. Los resultados del experimento computacional mostraron que la proporción de personal docente femenino en el número de personal científico y pedagógico en promedio en los países considerados era del 41,6%. Las mujeres constituyen más de la mitad del personal docente en veinticuatro países. El predominio de los hombres como maestros en las instituciones de educación superior se registró en setenta y ocho países. Se determinaron los países con los valores máximos y mínimos de indicadores tales como la proporción de maestras en el personal científico y pedagógico. Se demostró una diferencia significativa para los grupos de países con valores máximos y mínimos de indicadores. Contribución. El enfoque metodológico propuesto y los resultados obtenidos tienen una novedad científica, ya que la evaluación de las características territoriales de la estructura de género de los docentes de las instituciones de educación superior no ha recibido previamente atención en la investigación científica.

El propósito de la investigación fue evaluar los indicadores que caracterizan el número de docentes en las universidades y otras instituciones de educación superior (IES) en las regiones de Rusia. Estos indicadores fueron: (1) el número de maestros por cada mil residentes en edad laboral en cada región, (2) el número promedio de maestros por IES en la región, (3) la proporción de maestros con un doctorado en ciencias (DSc) y un doctorado (PhD) en el número de maestros de IES en la región y (4) el número de estudiantes por maestro de IES. Se utilizó información estadística oficial de las 82 regiones de Rusia. Se encontró que, en promedio, hay un poco más de dos maestros trabajando en IES por cada mil residentes en edad laboral. El número medio de maestros por IES en Rusia es de 158. En las universidades, la media de estudiantes por profesor es superior a 20. El enfoque metodológico propuesto y los resultados obtenidos son una novedad científica, ya que la evaluación de las características regionales del número de docentes en las regiones de Rusia no se ha llevado a cabo antes.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of the existing differences in the entrepreneurial activity of women and men. The aim of the study is to assess the current levels of participation of women and men in business activities in modern national economies. The study solved the problems of determining the values of indicators that characterize the initial stage of entrepreneurship, stabile entrepreneurship, as well as the exit of entrepreneurs from their businesses. As a starting point, the study used the results of surveys conducted in 59 countries during the implementation of the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project. In the course of the work, the assessment of nine indicators characterizing such stages as start- up and stabile entrepreneurship, as well as the termination of this activity, was considered. The study developed functions that show the distribution of indicators across 59 countries that describe the proportion of women and men in the three main stages of entrepreneurship. In addition, gender differences in these three stages were assessed. The results showed that in most countries there is a gender gap between the indicators of entrepreneurial activity, that is, women participate in it to a lesser extent than men. Comparing the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries showed that both women and men in our country are less interested in an entrepreneurial career in contrast to other countries. The results obtained are new and original. They have theoretical and practical implications for governments and entrepreneurs. The methodological approach to assessing gender differences in entrepreneurship presented in the article can be used in further research. The new knowledge gained is of interest and can be used in the educational process at universities.

The purpose of the study was to develop and implement a comprehensive project to improve communication technologies, in the context of a professionally oriented approach to distance education of academic English in technical faculties. The research methodology was related to the development and testing of the project, aimed at improving skills in the formation of students' communicative competence. To estimate the quality of the project, two stages were carried out in the application of the survey to the students. The first phase of the survey was carried out in March 2020 before the start of the project. The second stage of the student survey was carried out at the end of the first semester (in January 2021), being implemented remotely. The analysis carried out and the results of the survey indicate that the development of communication technologies and online learning are substantially related. The world of communication technologies should definitely be considered as a tool to improve communicative competence, self-organization, self-development and personal growth.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the specific values of the indices that describe the spread of higher education institutions in all regions of Russia and the number of their students in the total working-age population living in these regions. The initial empirical data were the results of official statistical surveys conducted on information on the development of higher education, as well as the number of working -age population in eighty-two regions of the Russian Federation for 2020. In the course of the research, four mathematical models were developed. The study showed that on average, there are almost 14.8 higher education organizations per million working-age residents in the regions. It is proved that every twenty-fourth person of working age in 2020 studied under higher education programs. The conducted analysis showed the presence of a significant differentiation of the values of the considered indicators by region. The regions with the maximum and minimum values of the considered indicators were identified. It is shown that higher education has received significant development in Russia.

Innovative activity of companies provides one of the most important directions of development of modern national economies. The purpose of our research is to assess the specific weights of the production volumes of goods, works, and services classified as innovative in the total production volumes of all organizations located in each of the regions of Russia, as well as those specializing in various types of economic activities. The study was based on official statistical information for all 82 regions of Russia and 45 types of economic activity. Economic and mathematical models describing the share of innovative goods, works, and services in total production volumes by region and industry have been developed. It is proved that the average share of innovative products for the period under review was about 5% of all manufactured products. It is shown that the values of the indicators were significantly differentiated by region and industry. The regions and types of economic activity with the maximum and minimum values of the share of innovative products are identified.

The purpose of study was to evaluate the indicators characterizing the development of the healthcare system in the regions of Russia. The study used official statistical information on the activities of medical organizations located in all 82 regions of Russia for 2020. The density functions of the normal distribution were used as models. The research showed that on ten thousand people living in the region are an average of 48 doctors, 85 hospital beds, 289 patients who were served daily in organizations engaged in outpatient treatment. These indicators are higher than in many other countries, which creates prerequisites for the development of emotional intelligence in the Russian healthcare sector. In most regions the salary in the healthcare sector did not differ significantly from the average salary in the corresponding region. The proposed methodological approach and the results obtained have a scientific novelty, since the assessment of regional features of medical care in the regions of Russia has not been carried out before.

Aim of the study is to evaluate the indicators describing the level of solo entrepreneurship among women and men who are beginning entrepreneurs in different countries. Empirical data provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project for fifty-nine countries were used as initial information in calculations. Economic and mathematical modeling was based on development of density functions normal distribution. In the study, three indicators describing solo entrepreneurship in 59 countries were evaluated: share of solo entrepreneurs-women in the total number of women who participate in the creation of their own businesses in different countries; share of solo entrepreneurs-men in total number of men who participate in creation of their own businesses in different countries; ratio of the above-mentioned shares of solo entrepreneurs of women and men. Average values and ranges of changes in considered indicators were determined, which are typical for most countries. In addition, national economies that are characterized by high and low values of each of the three indicators were identified. The study showed that there is a gender gap in the values of indicators in most countries. It is proved that share of women involved in solo entrepreneurship in most countries is higher than that of men.

Aim of study is to assess level of awareness for economically active population about modern entrepreneurship and its socio-economic significance. A survey of the economically active population on ways to obtain information about the activities of entrepreneurs in 59 countries served as the initial information of the study. Our research was aimed at evaluating indicators that describe the proportion of men and women who received information about entrepreneurship from the media, as well as from familiar entrepreneurs, in whole number gender groups. In course of research, economic and mathematical models were developed. The study showed that in most countries, the economically active population is more focused on business data from the media. It is shown that there is a gender gap in the level of people's awareness of entrepreneurship.

The objective of the study was to develop and implement modern information and communication technologies in the online learning process of university students. The subject of the study is the modernization of the educational process based on communicative competence in distance education. The sociological survey carried out showed the high effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The article presents the practical foundations of the application of information and communication technology in the implementation of distance education in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of the study made it possible to develop modern means of information and communication, including video and remote-controlled complexes.

Innovation policies are currently one of the main axes for improving the efficiency of national economies in developed and developing countries. The innovation policy includes a comprehensive system of activities. In Russia, increasing the specific weight of commercial entities engaged in innovative activities is among the most important objectives for the short term. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of innovation based on taking into account the specific weight of organizations that perform innovations in the total number of organizations operating in the regions of Russia. Our study was based on official statistical information on the 82 regions of Russia for 2017-2019. Economic-mathematical models have been developed that describe the specific weight of the organizations that implement innovation. There are no significant changes in the indicators for the years indicated. It has been shown that, to date, almost one in five organizations in the Russian Federation has used innovation in their activities. In addition, they have identified the regions with maximum and minimum values of the specific weightings of innovative organizations for 2019.

The study of the sectoral characteristics of early-stage entrepreneurial activity is one of the topical issues in modern research. The aim of the study is to assess the existing level of specialization of nascent entrepreneurs in modern national economies. The source of information for the analysis of the industry specialization of nascent entrepreneurs was the data provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project. The research methodology involved economics modeling with normal density function. The result of the computational experiment is the assessment of the indicator values characterizing the involvement of nascent entrepreneurs in the production and service sectors of national economies. A comparative analysis of the values of indicators for Russia and the foreign countries was carried out. It has been proved that nascent entrepreneurs in the countries under consideration are on average 4 times more likely to start activities in the service sector than in the commodity producing sector.

The Aim of the article is in the assess indicators characterizing informal personal financing of entrepreneurs in different countries. Initial information used in our research is the data obtained in the course of the survey habitats of various countries (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor). In the course of the study we consider the indicators characterizing investment activity of men and women on three options including financing of the entrepreneurs who are their relatives, colleagues, friends and acquaintances. The assessment of the levels of nine indicators used economic-mathematical modeling based on density functions of normal distribution. The use of these functions allows defining medium values and ranges changes in considered indexes typical for most countries. In addition, the survey identifies the national economies which are characterized by the maximum and minimum data nine indicators. The study demonstrates that there is a gender gap in the data for various states. The scientific novelty and originality of this research are as follows: the indicators of external investment in firms created by entrepreneurs in different countries have been estimated; the assessment of nine indicators characterizing external investments for start-up entrepreneurs has been modeled; presents a high difference in the values of considered indexes in different countries has been shown; countries with maximum and minimum values of each indicator. It has been proven: proportion in a number of involved men in informal financing of created SMEs established by their relatives in most countries is lower than the same indicator of women, and men proportion involved in informal financing of the new SMEs created by their colleagues, as well as friends and neighbors in most countries is higher than the same indicator of women. Further research can be aimed at detailing the structure of informal financing recipients among entrepreneurs.

Increasing the innovation activity of small enterprises is an urgent problem in Russia and its regions. Innovations include both the production of new or improved products (goods and services) that are significantly different from previously produced products, and the introduction of new or more advanced production processes in enterprises that are significantly different from those that were previously used. The aim of the study was to assess the levels of innovation use based on the specific weight of small innovative enterprises in the total number of small enterprises in the regions of Russia. The study used mathematical modeling of empirical data for all regions and the construction of the corresponding density functions of the normal distribution. The official information of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2015, 2017 and 2019 was considered as the initial empirical data. The study included the study of indicators that characterize the share of small innovative enterprises. The average values of the indicators were determined, as well as the ranges of their changes in the regions of Russia. The conclusions of the study, which contain scientific novelty and originality, are as follows: it is proposed to use economic and mathematical models to evaluate the values of indicators that characterize the innovation activity of small enterprises; it is shown that almost every twentieth small enterprise in Russia showed a certain innovation activity during the period under review; it is shown that the values of the specific weights of small innovative enterprises in the total number of small enterprises were significantly differentiated by region; the regions with the maximum and minimum values of the specific weights of small innovative enterprises are identified.

One of the urgent tasks in many modern scientific studies is the comparative analysis of indicators that characterize large sets of similar objects located in different regions. Given the significant differences between the regions compared, this analysis should be carried out using relative indicators. The objective of the study was to use the density functions of the normal distribution to model empirical data that describe the compared sets of objects located in different regions. The methodological approach was based on the Chebyshev and Lyapunov theorems. The research results focus on the main stages of the construction of normal distribution functions and the corresponding histograms, as well as the determination of the parameters of these functions. The work possesses a degree of originality, since it provides answers to questions such as the justification of the necessary information base; performing computational experiments and developing alternative options for the generation of normal distribution density functions; comprehensive evaluation of the quality of the functions obtained through three statistical tests: Pearson, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk; identification of patterns that characterize the distribution of indicators of the sets of objects considered. Examples of empirical data models are given using distribution functions to estimate the share of innovative firms in the total number of firms in the regions of Russia.

El creciente número de personas en edad de jubilación y prejubilación, característico de Rusia, requiere una solución al problema de su empleo, incluso mediante el desarrollo del espíritu empresarial en este grupo de población. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las características de las actividades de los emprendedores en la tercera edad en Rusia y la dinámica de este emprendimiento en los últimos años y en el futuro. La información estadística sobre la estructura de edad de la población, así como el pronóstico demográfico correspondiente para Rusia, se utilizó como datos iniciales en el estudio. En el transcurso del estudio, se consideraron las características del emprendimiento temprano en la tercera edad, se evaluaron sus niveles para el período de 2013 a 2018. Los resultados del estudio indican una disminución constante en la proporción de emprendedores tempranos de la tercera edad en la población total de Rusia de 2013 a 2018. Se propone una previsión del número potencial de emprendedores de nueva creación para el futuro hasta 2035 según tres opciones. No todas las personas mayores pueden ser emprendedores de la tercera edad, ya que no todos tienen las capacidades e intenciones correspondientes y están preparados para crear sus propios negocios.

The purpose of the paper is to evaluate indicators describing the participation of men and women in external financing of new small and medium businesses in different countries. As the initial information in our study, we used the data obtained from the implementation of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project. The study evaluated the indicators that characterize the participation of men and women in investments in emerging businesses, and the average values of the corresponding contributions. The scientific novelty and originality of our study are as follows: indicators on external investment in SMEs by men and women in different countries have been assessed; six indicators describing external investments for start-up entrepreneurs were modelled; males' participation in external financing of SMEs has shown to be higher in most countries than in women, and there is a gender gap in external funding; average values of deposits in investments for start-up entrepreneurs have been established; significant differences in the values of the six indicators under consideration by country are shown; countries with high and low values of each of the six indicators are represented. The results are of theoretical and practical importance for government bodies and entrepreneurs. The methodological approach to assessing external financing of new SMEs proposed in the article can be applied in further studies. The new knowledge gained is of interest and can be used in the educational process in universities. Further research may aim at detailing the structure of external financing recipients among entrepreneurs.

The aim of the research is to assess development of entrepreneurship infrastructure of various countries according to opinions of experts from these countries. The elements were: knowledge and technology transfer infrastructure; commercial and professional infrastructure; production and information infrastructure; market infrastructure; institutions providing easy access to existing markets; social and cultural infrastructure. The research is based on methods of economic analysis, analogies, generalizations, classification, system, and structural approaches. Information from the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project report for 54 countries was used as input data. The estimation of the distribution of indicator values on the effectiveness of the six main infrastructure elements of business development reflecting the opinions of experts from these countries with the use of mathematic models of normal distribution. During the study we determined the average indicator values characterizing experts ' opinions on the effectiveness of each of the six key infrastructure elements of business development on a scale of ten; the intervals of their changes characteristic for the majority of countries were also considered. New knowledge about the effectiveness of infrastructure elements of business development in various countries has been obtained.

The 21st century is characterized by its rapid scientific and technological advancement. Digital and technical inventions have resulted in computer globalization which caused the necessity of adequate translation of different kinds of English-language technical documentation, manuals, software products, etc. The article deals with the recent tendencies in translation and interpretation studies showing increasing interest to the ways English scientific and technical texts are rendered into Russian. The article considers the peculiarities of translating the scientific and technical vocabulary in the information technologies sphere and provides a typology of the English terms. Non-equivalent vocabulary is considered to be the most serious communication challenge. The authors identify the basic typical features of the computer discourse vocabulary, analyze the correlation between its nominal density and translatability level. The findings indicate that the ratio between the nominal density and translatability level of linguistic concepts is inversely proportional. The academic originality of the study involves the classification of technical and computer terms, as well as comparing nominal density and translatability levels. The article focuses on the most applicable English-language computer terms translation techniques, such as calquing, substantiation, generalization, semantic development, descriptive translation, antonymic translation, replacement and transformation of parts of a sentence. Pointing out that both linguistic and extralinguistic factors affect the translation solution choice, the authors believe that the correct approach to the translation process guarantees a successful intercultural communication.

Modern society is currently undergoing the stage of transition. Such a change has an impact on all social institutions, including the family and family-marital relations. People are becoming increasingly liberated and independent. This affects marital relations, which are currently being built according to new paradigms associated with greater responsibility for oneself and less for the partner. All these are new phenomena of our social reality, requiring a new understanding and development of new social practice. To validly disclose the features of the modern model of family relations, we will build our considerations in line with evolutionary, functional, empirical and interactionist approaches, based on the assertion that the family is, first of all, a small social group, where each partner has their own, often opposing, interests, and which at the same time acts as an integral social system., Современное общество в настоящее время переживает переходный этап. Такое изменение оказывает влияние на все социальные институты, включая семью и семейно-брачные отношения. Люди становятся все более раскрепощенными и независимыми. Это сказывается на супружеских отношениях, которые в настоящее время строятся в соответствии с новыми парадигмами, связанными с большей ответственностью за себя и меньшей степени за партнера. Все это - новые явления нашей социальной реальности, требующие нового понимания и развития новой социальной практики. Чтобы достоверно раскрыть особенности современной модели семейных отношений, мы строим наши рассуждения в русле эволюционного, функционального, эмпирического и интеракционистского подходов, основанных на утверждении, что семья — это прежде всего небольшая социальная группа, где каждый партнер имеет свои, часто противоположные, интересы и которая в то же время выступает как целостная социальная система.

Entrepreneurship is important in most countries today. One of the main goals of government bodies is to develop and implement measures that ensure an effective gender policy in the development of the business sector, including business motivation. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the values of indicators that characterize the following four options for motivating start-up entrepreneurs, men and women, namely: changing the world for the better, improving well-being and earning higher incomes, continuing the family tradition, the need to earn a living. The study used economic and mathematical modeling based on the development of eight density functions of the normal distribution. The information provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project was considered as initial empirical data. Indicators describing the proportion of different types of motivation typical for men and women who create their own business are studied. The average values of the indicators, as well as their ranges for most countries are determined. A comparative analysis of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries is given. The study has a scientific novelty and originality, because it uses economic and mathematical models to evaluate the values of indicators of four variants of entrepreneurial motivation, sets the average values and ranges of changes in the indicators of motivation of start-up entrepreneurs, determines the countries that are characterized by high and low values of the indicators under consideration. The obtained research results have a certain theoretical and applied significance.

At the moment, education systems around the world are taking measures to organize education in the context of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In most countries many students are transferred to distance learning. Online education provides a wide range of opportunities and prospects for changing and improving educational systems, for which a critical situation creates forced conditions. The article analyzes the problems associated with the use of online learning. The methodological and theoretical foundation of the work is provided by a systematic approach, the concept of social conditioning of language education, the notion of continuous vocational training. When using online courses as a means of teaching a foreign language, we offer both special programs for teaching a language and checking knowledge of vocabulary and grammar, as well as modern authentic materials for teaching reading and listening. In the process of teaching a foreign language, students perform various types of work: they translate foreign texts and articles, make reports, practice creative project activities and prepare presentations. The priority goal of the article is to identify the advantages, vulnerabilities and risks of online learning. It is shown that mass character, the use of modern and interactive technologies belong to the strengths of online learning. However, the absence of direct contact between the teacher and the student does not allow implementing the competence approach in full measure.

Objective. To consider the indicators that characterize purchases for the needs of large corporations with state participation in the regions of Russia. Methodology. The study uses relevant information for 82 regions of Russia. The methodology of the research base on evaluation functions density of normal distribution volumes of contracts on regions. Results. The results of research are calculation of four indicators’ values that demonstrate the regional aspects of procurement for corporate needs, including the contracts signed by small businesses or with their participation. Conclusions. It was proved that averageshare of the contracts with small enterprises is about 20 %; the value of every indicator is significantly varied in different regions of Russia. The article confirms the lack of connection between the values of each indicator and such factors as the level of economic development of regions and their geographical location.

Every entrepreneur sooner or later ceases their activities. At the same time, little attention is paid to this stage of the life cycle of entrepreneurs in scientific research. Proper understanding of the reasons for the exit of entrepreneurs from business is necessary for the further development of the business sector. Therefore, the analysis of features of termination of business activity in national economies is relevant at the present stage of research. Purpose of the study is to assess the reasons for the exit of entrepreneurs from their own business. The study used information from the 2018 global entrepreneurship monitor for 48 countries. We have studied and analyzed the reasons for the termination of entrepreneurial activity, proposed a classification of these reasons, assessed the levels of exit from their own business for different groups of reasons in all the countries considered. This estimate was based on the construction of economic-mathematical models. Models are functions of the density of the normal distribution. Based on the results of the computational experiment, the average values of indicators were determined and the countries characterized by high and low levels of termination of their activities by entrepreneurs were identified. It is proved that in most countries the termination of business activity is caused by endogenous reasons associated with problems in the organization and management of production, insufficient financial resources, low qualification of employees and management. Personal reasons also play a significant role in the exit of entrepreneurs. The impact of exogenous causes and the desire to convert the created business into cash is much lower. The obtained research results can be used in further studies, in the educational process of higher education in universities, as well as by public authorities associated with the regulation of entrepreneurial activity.

The growth of international cooperation, trade, tourism and emigration arouses the interest of both linguists and legal experts in the theory and practice of legal translation. The existing difference in the laws of countries, basic features typical of Russian and English legal discourse should be taken into account when dealing with juridical texts. The issue of adequate transfer of the content of legal documents is of importance when translating from one language to another. To identify the basic features typical of the English juridical vocabulary and to offer a methodology for solving the problems occurring when translating juridical texts, the authors implement the methods of syntactic, vocabulary, comparative and comparative translation analysis. The studied material is certain lexemes (commonly used words, terminology, professionalisms, Latinisms, abbreviations and idioms), legal texts (court rulings, legal contracts, official business documents) taken from the authentic British and American legal sources as well as examples from the authors’ translation and teaching practices. The authors believe that a retrospective analysis of conditions contributing to Legal English historic development will facilitate sufficient comprehension of subject areas constituting legal discourse. The findings indicate that the difference between the Russian and English juridical lexemes is conditioned by both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors.

Recent decades have shown an increasing role of entrepreneurship in both economically developed and developing national economies. The purpose of the research is the estimation of the indicators that describe the proportion of voluntary, demanding and forced entrepreneurs in the total number of early entrepreneurs. The existing ratio of entrepreneurs with different motivation was also evaluated. The study used empirical data obtained in 2018 and presented in the Global entrepreneurship monitoring report. The normal distribution functions were used to develop economic and mathematical models for approximating initial data and evaluating four indicators of early entrepreneurs motivation in different countries.

The analysis of the regularities characterizing the existing rate of female early-stage entrepreneurial activity, as well as the identification of reserves for female entrepreneurship growth is relevant nowadays. The purpose of the work is to assess the rates of entrepreneurial activity of women, their motivational preferences, and comparative analysis of female and male early-stage entrepreneurial activities. The study is based on the economic analysis of the data on 48 countries, presented in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report for 2018. Normal distribution density functions are used in the modeling process. The research reveals features of female entrepreneurship and the barriers to its development. The paper defines countries with high and low values of the considered indicators. The study estimates the existing rates of opportunity and necessity motivation of female entrepreneurs, presents the analysis of the ratio of female to male participation in early-stage entrepreneurial activity, and proves the hypothesis on substantial differentiation of these indicators across countries. The obtained knowledge can be used in future scientific research, in the educational process of bachelors and masters training. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the distribution of indicators characterizing female entrepreneurs’ motivation and the existing gender gap in early-stage entrepreneurship. The study proposes new methods and tools for the analysis and presents a comparative analysis of the development of female and male early-stage entrepreneurship.

El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la influencia de las consecuencias de la pandemia de Covid-19 en los ingresos de los hogares ubicados en diversas economías nacionales en 2021. La encuesta a representantes de la población adulta económicamente activa (18-64 años) se realizó en 47 países ubicados geográficamente en Europa, Asia, África, América Latina y América del Norte durante el desarrollo del Proyecto Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring. El desarrollo de modelos matemáticos incluyó la construcción de funciones de densidad de distribución normal de acuerdo con la metodología del autor. Se comprobó que casi la mitad de los hogares (46,6%) tuvieron una cierta disminución de los ingresos familiares debido a la pandemia. Ligeramente menor (45,6%) fue la proporción de hogares en los que se observó retención de ingresos. Una minoría absoluta (7,8%) de los hogares experimentó un crecimiento de los ingresos. The aim of the study is to assess the influence of the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on the incomes of households located in various national economies in 2021. The survey of representatives of the economically active adult population (18-64 years old) was conducted in 47 countries geographically located in Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and North America during the development of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project. The development of mathematical models included the construction of normal distribution density functions in accordance with the author's methodology. It was proved that almost half of households (46.6%) had a certain decrease in household income due to the pandemic. Slightly less (45.6%) was the proportion of households in which income retention was noted. An absolute minority (7.8%) of households experienced income growth.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the indicators characterizing the gender structure of students of higher education institutions in the regions of Russia. These indicators were the proportion of women among students studying at higher education institutions in 2017-2020. The study used official statistical information for 82 regions of Russia. We used the density functions of the normal distribution as models. The results of the computational experiment showed that, on average, there was a feminization of higher education in the regions, since the share of women in the number of students was in the range from 52% to 55%. At the same time, in the majority (68%) of regions, the number of female students exceeded the number of male students. The proposed methodological approach and the results obtained have a scientific novelty, since the assessment of the territorial features of the gender structure of students in the regions of Russia has not been carried out before.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the indicators that characterize the number and structure of the teaching staff that provides students with higher education programs in the regions of Russia. The initial empirical data were the results of official statistical surveys conducted on the basis of information on the number of teachers in higher educational institutions, students in these organizations, as well as on the working-age population in eighty-two regions of Russia in 2020. In the course of the study, four mathematical models were developed. The study showed that on average, no more than two teachers work in higher educational institutions per million people of working age in the regions. It is proved that three out of four professors were candidates of sciences and Doctor of Sciences (that is, they had academic degrees). In 2020, there were an average of twenty students per teacher. The regions with the maximum and minimum values of the considered indicators were identified. It is shown that higher education has received significant development in Russia.

The purpose of the study was to develop proposals for the use of two comprehensive indexes to assess the social significance and the existing potential for entrepreneurship development in different countries. The study used information provided in the report on the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project. At the same time, the opinions of residents of 48 countries for 2018 were considered. The first index included four indicators, and the second index included five indicators. Mathematical models were developed and the values of these two complex indexes were calculated. The average values of the indexes and their ranges of change for most countries are determined. Lists of countries with high and low index values are given. A comparative analysis of the values of complex indexes typical for Russia and other countries is presented. The results of research are new and original, have scientific and practical significance.

Entrepreneurial potential of the population is largely determined by how adults evaluate their intentions in terms of creating their own business. The purpose of the study was to assess the existing indicators in 2018 that characterize the potential entrepreneurial activity of the population in different countries. The self-assessment of people on such factors as their ability and ability to create their own businesses, entrepreneurial purposes, fear of failure in this activity, as well as the presence of familiar entrepreneurs were considered as the estimated indicators. The study used information from the Global entrepreneurship monitor for 2018 for 48 countries. Three hypotheses were tested using mathematical models representing the density functions of the normal distribution. Five indicators of entrepreneurial potential were used to determine their average values for the countries under consideration. Countries with high and low values of indicators were identified. A comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial potential in Russia and foreign countries is carried out.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the features of early entrepreneurial activity in the third age, to assess the dynamics of its change in recent years in Russia and the projected values for the future. The study examined the advantages and disadvantages of early entrepreneurship in the age group, estimated its levels for the period from 2013 to 2018, compared business activity in Russia and a number of large economically developed countries, and proposed a forecast of the potential number of start-up entrepreneurs, taking into account current trends. The results of surveys conducted during the Global monitoring of entrepreneurship and the corresponding national report on Russia, as well as official information from the Federal state statistics service, reflecting the population size by age groups and demographic forecast, were used as initial data for the study.

The purpose of the article is to study the reasons for the termination of entrepreneurial activity, as well as the accumulated experience of entrepreneurs leaving their business. Research on the principles and concepts of business termination became widespread in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. At first, only Western European and American scientists were interested in this problem. Since 2005, the geography of researchers has expanded significantly. Our analysis is based on the consideration of monographs, articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, published working papers and research reports. The article presents the characteristics of the main reasons and ways of entrepreneurs out of business. Author proposes their classification and systematization. The results of the study can be used in scientific research of entrepreneurship. They can be used in the educational activities of higher educational institutions. The results are of interest to existing entrepreneurs, helping them to properly build business exit programs.

The following article provides the description of implementing ESP (English for Specific Purposes) courses in both foreign and Russian higher educational institutions and deals with the experience of ESP teaching at Ogarev Mordovia State University (Saransk, Russia). The purpose of the study is to consider some practical challenges and tasks of teaching ESP on both international and Russian level and provide the possible solutions for them. Due to high relevance of the stated problem, the authors pay much attention to the review of literature, pointing out some of the most prominent scholars, who have studied theoretical and practical aspects of ESP teaching process and greatly contributed to the increase of scientific awareness in the field. The authors analyze the typical issues arising in the University teaching practice and point out such aspects as: the importance of proper selection of educational materials for the ESP training courses, the issue of homogeneous or so-called ‘multilevel' academic groups, the necessity for thorough and due ESP course design and development etc. Several important conclusions are made: the authors point out the importance of thorough students' needs analysis prior to starting a course; the possible scenarios for significant adaptation of course contents due to constant changes in national educational standards and curricula hours; the highly responsible role of an ESP teacher, a professional, performing multiple assignments.

The aim of research was to study the features of support for small enterprises specialized in various types of economic activity in Russia. The specific weights of the number of recipients of support in the total number of small enterprises in 14 sectors, as well as the structure of support in five main forms are determined. Official empirical data for 2015 were used as initial data. It is shown that support is provided to 2% of all small enterprises. At the same time, the main direction is financial support, and the highest level of support is noted in agriculture.