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The concept of sustainable agriculture is widely used to develop international and national policies for the sector. The European Green Deal, which promotes stable food supply, guarantees revenues for farmers and green living environment. Overcoming rural deprivation is usually the central topic of its implementation. The path to sustainable agriculture requires a holistic approach, considering the complexity of social, economic, cultural, technical, and environmental aspects. In this paper we explore the main preconditions to sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Bulgaria based on select indicators, structured in three main groups: economic, social and environmental. We prioritize certain critical challenges, matching them with appropriate interventions with a great potential for impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a comparative study of the effects of carbachol, α,β-methylene-ATP, β,γ-methylene-ATP, and electric field stimulation on the contractile activity of the isolated uterus from rats aged 3 and 9 months with valproic model of autism. The contractile responses of isolated rat uterine preparations induced by P2X-receptor agonists α,β-methylene-ATP and β,γ-methylene-ATP were significantly lower than in the control. In addition, the contractions of the isolated uterus of 9-month-old rats induced by carbachol were significantly lower than in controls. No significant differences in uterine smooth muscle contractions in both age groups of rats induced by electric field stimulation in comparison with the control were found. Thus, significant impairment of uterine contractile activity was revealed in rats with valproic model of autism, which persisted up to the age of 9 months. The absence of changes in the contractions induced by electric field stimulation suggests that the changes in the contractile activity of the uterus of the rats with modeled autism spectrum disorder are caused by the disorders occurring at the postsynaptic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the effect of carbachol, P2 receptor agonists, and electric field stimulation on mechanical activity of isolated preparations of the duodenum, ileum, bladder, and vas deferens in 9-month-old rats with the valproic acid-induced model of autism. It was found that the contractions and relaxations of the isolated intestine of the experimental rats caused by various agonists and electric field stimulation did not differ from those in control animals. Carbachol induced more significant contractions of the bladder in rats with autism model than in controls and electric field stimulation induced more significant contractions of the vas deferens. We did not find significant differences in the effect of ATP, α,β-methylene-ATP and 2-methylthio-ATP on the contraction and relaxation of the studied smooth muscle organs of rats of the experimental and control groups. It was concluded that 9-month-old rats with an autism model retained increased contractile activity of the bladder and vas deferens, while intestinal contractions in experimental and control animals of this age did not differ significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectonucleotidases play an important role in regulating the level of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides and are an important part of the regulation of the effects of adenosine and ATP on adenosine and P2 receptors, respectively. We have previously established the ambiguous effect of P2 receptor agonists on the contractile activity of smooth muscle tissue in rats with the valproate model of autism. In this work, HPLC was used to evaluate the activity of ectonucleotidases in the smooth muscle tissues of the internal organs of rats with a valproate model of autism. The activity of ectonucleotidases was significantly higher in the smooth muscle tissues of the duodenum, vas deferens, and bladder, but lower in the ileum and uterus. The results obtained make it possible to compare the activity of ectonucleotidases identified here with changes in P2 receptor-mediated contractility of smooth muscle tissues revealed in our previous experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been growing public concern about air quality in urban areas in all over the world. Considerable attention has been focused on particulate matter (PM) produced from paved road and construction activities because of its adverse effects on potential air quality. In the present paper is considered the contemporary trends in evaluation and calculation of dust and new techniques for assessment of particulate matter from roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents data on the composition and abundance of algal flora in the coastal stratified Kislo-Sladkoe Lake (the Karelian coast of the White Sea) after its flushing with seawater in autumn. The seasonal dynamics and vertical structure of the phytoplankton were monitored from March 17 to October 3, 2019. We also studied ice flora on March 17 and April 1. The largest carbon biomass of ice algae (0.79 g C/m3) dominated by Nitzschia frigida was recorded in April. The integrated biomass of phytoplankton in the water column varied from 0.01 g C/m2 in March to 5.83 g C/m2 during spring bloom in late May (when it was dominated by Chaetoceros invisibilis) and remained at the level of 0.07 to 0.29 g C/m2 until October; heterotrophic forms replaced autotrophic algae during this period. A regression analysis has shown that the structure of the phytoplankton was influenced by length of daylight, water temperature, dissolved oxygen level, depth, pH, salinity, and illuminance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bulgaria, the levels of heavy metal pollution in silt loading deposited on the road surface have not been studied. This article reports results for concentrations of heavy metals in the silt loading samples from main and secondary transport arteries from the territory of the transport network of the city of Burgas. The content of the elements As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and Co was studied with the help of ICP MS mass spectrometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the anticancer effect of the anti-parasitic drug artemisinin in combination with two redox modulators: vitamin C and pro-vitamin K3 (C/K3) The experiments were conducted on leukaemia cells Jurkat. Cells were treated with either artemisinin or C/K3 alone and with all three compounds. Cell proliferation and viability were analysed using trypan blue stating and automated cell counting. The results showed that artemisinin (>10 μM) suppressed cell proliferation activity, but did not induce cell death up to 500 μM. The drug demonstrated a clear cytostatic effect at concentrations 250μ 500 μM - Jurkat cells did not proliferate, but were alive. The combination C/K3 (200:2, 300:3 μM/μM) applied alone did not affect cell proliferation and viability. Vitamins C/K3 in concentration ratio 500:5 (µM/μM) decreased cell proliferation activity by ~10%. The triple combination artemisinin/C/K3 manifested synergistic anti-proliferative effects at all concentration ratios analysed. This synergistic effect increased with increasing C/K3 concentration. Based on literature data, it was assumed that the anti-proliferative effect of the triple combination was mediated by changes in the redox-homeostasis of cancer cells. The C/K3 redox system likely acted on cancer mitochondria and increased superoxide production and activation of pro-apoptotic signals, specific for cancer cells. On the other hand, artemisinin could generate hydroxyl radicals as a result of activation of Fenton reactions, depleting intracellular reducing equivalents. Both redox mechanisms lead to activation of signal pathways for induction of cancer cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sector in Bulgaria faces a number of challenges related to the new programming period for Europe and the prospective (forthcoming) technological transformation. The new realities in the transition period (2021-2022) require in-depth research activities on the readiness of the sector in terms of investment opportunities and prospects for the future. The purpose of this study is to analyze the investment activity of SMEs in the plant-growing sector (crop-raising sector) and to identify some of the main determining factors. The dynamics and the amount of investments in the sector is analyzed through the incremental changes that have occurred in the provision of tangible fixed assets. Accordingly, the impact of economic profitability, leverage as well as company refinancing opportunities are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoetes pirinica sp. nov. is an endemic lycophyte of the eastern Balkan Region, found only in the Pirin Mountains of southwestern Bulgaria. It is the fourth decaploid (10×) species of the genus to be recognized globally. It has uniquely small spores for an Isoetes of such a ploidy level and commonly exhibits an exceptionally echinate-like megaspore ornamentation for a member of the I. lacustris complex. The species is one of many endemic vascular plants of the Pirin Mountains and is believed to be of recent (<12,000 years BP) origin. While geographically restricted, I. pirinica is locally abundant and at least for the foreseeable future, appears to have a secure and self-sustaining population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of pH on the zeta potential of dispersions of individual n-alkanes C23H48 and C28H58 with particle sizes of the order of 100 nm, which were prepared by ultrasonic dispersion without the addition of surfactants, was studied. It is shown that at pH ranged from 4 to 12, the investigated n-alkanes form stable dispersions in water. They are characterized by a high zeta potential varying from −30 to −50 mV. The phase transition temperatures (melting point, crystallization temperature, formation of rotator phases) were determined for the dispersions using an optical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere at one of the monitoring points of Burgas Municipality: Automatic measuring station (AMS) Dolno Ezerovo, 2019. An important problem for the region is the high levels of this pollutant, which is identified as highly hazardous for the health of the population. An analysis and statistical analysis of the concentrations of PM10 on quarters were performed. Calculated are: mean, standard error, median, mode, standard deviation, sample variance, range, minimum and maximum value. A model for calculating the concentration of the this atmospheric pollutant is presented. The tests performed showed that the model developed is suitable for analysis and prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable emulsions of individual n-alkane (n-nonadecane) in water with different average particle size were prepared without surfactants. The phase transition temperatures for n-nonadecane were determined by the dynamic light scattering method. The effect of the n-alkane particle size on the melting and crystallization temperatures was studied. The crystallization temperature significantly decreases for particles smaller than a certain characteristic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing therapeutic approaches - radiation therapy and conventional chemotherapy of cancer, suffer of serious side-effects as a result of increased generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in non-cancer cells and tissues. Currently, the development of oxidative stress in non-cancer tissues of cancer-bearing organism is a serious problem of cancer therapy. It is necessary to ask about a combination of substances expressing a therapeutic synergism as a result of differentiated effects on cancer and normal cells: substances with increased ROS/RNS-scavenging properties targeting normal cells and substances with increased ROS/RNS-generating properties targeting cancer cells. In this context, the redox-modulators are one of the most attractive candidates. The present review outlines the basic principle of this novel therapeutic strategy, focusing on nitroxide derivatives as one of the most promising redox-modulators with antioxidant ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New positive-parity states, having a bandlike structure, were observed in 105Ru. The nucleus was produced in an induced fission reaction, and the prompt γ-rays, emitted from the fragments, were detected by the EUROBALL III multidetector array. The partial scheme of excited 105Ru levels is analyzed within the triaxial-rotor-plus-particle approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used high-resolution echelle spectra acquired with the 1.5-m Russian-Turkish Telescope to determine the fundamental atmospheric parameters and abundances of 30 chemical elements for three δ Scuti stars: AOCVn, CP Boo, and KWAur. The chemical compositions we find for these stars are similar to those for Am-star atmospheres, though some anomalies of up to 0.6-0.7 dex are observed for light and heavy elements. We consider the effect of the adopted stellar parameters (effective temperature, log g, microturbulent velocity) and the amplitude of pulsational variations on the derived elemental abundances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The influence of different factors such as concentration, temperature, pH and cathodic polarization on formation, properties and composition of coatings obtained under treatment of zinc surfaces by molybdate solutions has been investigated by gravimetric, electrochemical and physical methods. Coatings obtained at pH 4 are distinguished for the best uniformity and density of color. The thicknesses of coatings raise by increasing the cathode current density under other equal conditions. Molybdenum, zinc and phosphorus are the basic components of the passive films. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An overview of several techniques considered for fuel and co-deposits removal is given. The methods were tested both on plasma-facing components from the TEXTOR tokamak and on laboratory-prepared layers: (a) chemical approach based on oxidative or nitrogen-assisted plasma; (b) photonic methods with laser-induced fuel desorption or ablation of co-deposits; (c) thermal desorption in vacuum or under oxidative conditions at a broad range of temperatures. The emphasis is on outstanding issues associated with every technique aiming at the reduction of fuel content: the efficiency of fuel and co-deposit removal, the surface state of PFC following the treatment and dust generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper presents a continuation of the investigation on the production and characterization of crystalline zinc phosphate coatings on carbon steels and cast irons in solutions of a newly developed high speed phosphating composition, KAF-101 ZT. Gravimetric, X-ray structure and transmission electron microscope methods are used to determine the effect of P2O5 and NO3 ratio on the thickness/mass of the produced coatings, their phase composition and structure. The tests are carried out in 15% by volume solutions of the phosphating composition and P2O5:NO3 ratios 1:1.80; 1:3.12 and 1:7.06, respectively. The working solutions temperatures are 50 and 70°C and the duration of the phosphating process 3 to 18 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Viroids, small RNA pathogens capable of infecting flowering plants, coexist in the field with parasitic plants that infest many crops. The ability of viroids to be exchanged between host and parasitic plants and spread in the latter has not yet been investigated. We studied the interaction between the Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and Branched bromrape (Orobanche ramosa) using the tomato, Solanum lycopersicon, as a common host. We report the long distance trafficking of PSTVd RNA via the phloem from tomato to O. ramosa, but not vice versa. Furthermore, we identify O. ramosa as a novel host with the ability to facilitate the replication and processing of PSTVd. Finally, molecular variants of PSTVd with single nucleotide substitutions that replicate with different efficiencies in tomato were isolated from O. ramosa. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The growth conditions of pure and Cr3+-doped Al2− x In x (WO4)3 single crystals, using top-seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique, have been studied. A series of experiments have been performed at different In concentrations, x=0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0, as well as at different concentrations of Cr3+ (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0) in at% with respect to the initial total concentration of Al and In in the starting solutions. The basic parameters of the crystal growth are varied over a wide range: seed orientation, speed of rotation, axial and radial temperature differences in the solution and the solution cooling rate. The investigated relations between the basic defects in the crystals and these parameters result in determination of the optimal conditions for growth of defect-free crystals. Distribution coefficients of Al, In and Cr have been determined, so the growth of crystals with given compositions is possible. Values of Dq/B (crystal field strength) for the various crystal compositions are calculated from the optical absorption spectra. The calculated values show that the discussed solid solutions have weak crystal field and are suitable for media with broadband emission spectra. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The temperature and concentration regions of crystallization of Al2− x Me x (WO4)3 solid solutions obtained by replacement of Al2O3 by Ga2O3, In2O3, Sc2O3 or Y2O3 in the Na2O–Al2O3–WO3 system have been investigated. The crystallization regions and concentration boundaries of existence of the solutions are found to depend strongly on the nature of the substituting element. Solid solutions containing Sc and In crystallize from high-temperature solutions at a lower concentration compared with that of pure Al2(WO4)3, accompanied by a high-distribution coefficient of the substituting ion. On the other hand, Ga and Y containing solid solutions crystallize from high-temperature solutions at much higher concentrations, the distribution coefficient of the substituting ions being relatively low. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The crystallization conditions of Al2(WO4)3 from Li2O–WO3 solvents (molar ratio 30.0:70.0, 32.5:67.5, 35.0:65.0, 45.0:55.0 and 55.0:45.0) as well as from Na2O–WO3 solvents (molar ratio 25.0:75.0, 27.5:72.5, 30.0:70.0 and 32.5:67.5) have been investigated. The concentration and temperature regions of crystallization of Al2(WO4)3 and the density, viscosity as well as the solution losses due to evaporation have been established. On the basis of the data obtained it has been concluded that the most suitable solvent for growing Al2(WO4)3 single crystals is Na2O–WO3 with a molar ratio of 27.5:72.5. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Covalent immobilization of Trichosporon cutaneum R57 cells was conducted onto PA and PAN membranes with glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. Amount of immobilized cells was determined: for polyamide—1.4mgcm−2 and for polyacrylonitrile—1.8mgcm−2 (dry weight). The efficiency of each immobilized system was evaluated by the extent of phenol biodegradation (1.0gl−1). Polyacrylonitrile-immobilized system completed the process for 45h, whereas polyamide-immobilized system for 51h. During the six next cycles the complete biodegradation time for polyacrylonitrile-immobilized system was reduced at 24, 18 and 15h for III, V, VII cycles, respectively. The biodegradation time at eighth cycle was prolonged (42h) and this is probably due to substrate diffusion limitations to the local accumulation of microbial cells on the membrane surface and cause cell death. Comparing the SEM of immobilized microbial cells on polyacrylonitrile membrane before the first cycle and after the eight cycle could be seen that great amount of immobilized cells are accumulated on the membrane surface during the seven biodegradation cycles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Melanocortins, peptides of the family of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) hormones, have a wide range of physiological activity. Heptapeptide semax (MEHFPGP) is an analog of the ACTH4–10 fragment. Previously, pronounced nootropic and neuroprotective activities were shown for this peptide; in addition, it decreases pain sensitivity in animals. In this work, the relationship between analgesic activity of the peptide and its structure was studied. The following analogs of the N-terminal ACTH fragments were used: rMEHFPGP, where r is glucuronic acid, KEHFPGP, GEHFPGP, EHFPGP, HFPGP, and ERP. The peptides were administered intraperitoneally at doses of 0.015, 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. Rat pain sensitivity was assessed using the paw-withdrawal test. Truncations of the N-terminal residues eliminated the analgesic activity. The peptide analgesic effect was observed after the replacement of the N-terminal methionine with lysine or after the attachment of glucuronic acid to the methionine, while the peptide with glycine instead of the methionine had no effect on pain sensitivity. Hence, the amino acid at position 1 of semax analogs plays a key role in mediating the analgesic effects of the peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Extracts of 21 plants used in Bulgarian phytotherapy for the treatment of respiratory, gastrointestinal and other inflammatory disorders were screened in vitro for antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds content. Plant extracts were prepared as herbal teas following the ethnic use. The water-phase TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) of the teas were compared to that of the famous tea-like beverages mate, rooibos and honeybush, and to that of green and black tea, well known for their high antioxidant potential. The content of total phenolics in the teas was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as quercetin equivalents (QE). Seven Bulgarian medicinal plants were with high phenolics content and antioxidant properties: Pulmonaria officinalis L. (Boraginaceae) (TEAC 2.02±0.14mM/QE 673.39±9.92μM), Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) (TEAC 3.75±0.14mM/QE 881.93±6.68μM), Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae) (TEAC 3.76±0.5mM/QE 702.29±6.82μM), Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) (TEAC 5.87±0.2mM/QE 1653.61±11.52μM), Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) (TEAC 4.06±0.31mM/QE 1370.09±41.38μM), Rubus sp. diversa (Rosaceae) (TEAC 4.23±0,12mM/QE 608.95±5.95μM), Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Anacardiaceae) (TEAC 7.05±0.19mM/QE 923.33±14.19μM). Therefore, Bulgarian herbs can be considered to be a rich source of water-soluble antioxidants and/or phenolic compounds as compared to studied foreign plants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We have studied the effect of external radiation on the formation of LTE and non-LTE CaII lines in the spectra of A–M-star atmospheres. Three frequency distributions were chosen for the external radiation: X-ray radiation specified by the power law Iν+ = I0ν–0.6 at 1–16.5 keV and UV radiation specified by blackbody distributions with the temperatures Trad = 50 000 and 15 000 K. We analyze the influence of variations in the irradiating flux and its angle of incidence on the profiles and equivalent widths of the λλ3933, 3968Å resonance doublet and the λλ8498, 8542, 8662 Å infrared triplet. For any type of external radiation, allowing for deviations from LTE decreases the reflection effects for the CaII lines. We conclude that the CaII profiles do not display emission components in the spectra of optically thick stellar atmospheres irradiated by X-rays. Therefore, CaII emission lines observed in the radiation of cataclysmic variables must be formed in an optically thin plasma. CaII emission lines are likely to form in the spectra of stars with UV irradiation if CaII is the dominant ionization state in atmospheric layers close to the depths at which the continuum is formed. As a result, the spectra of symbiotic variables with hot primaries can contain CaII lines originating on the surfaces of the M-giants and supergiant secondaries due to reflection effects. These lines can be used to analyze the reflection effects and the temperature structure in the atmospheres of the secondaries only if non-LTE effects are included. In the spectra of close binaries with cool white dwarfs, CaII emission lines originate in the irradiated atmospheres of the secondaries under conditions close to thermalization. These lines can be used to study the reflection effects and calcium abundances even in an LTE approximation. We calculated the profiles and equivalent widths of CaII lines in the spectra of the four precataclysmic variables BE UMa, EG UMa, MS Peg, and HR Cam. The observed and theoretical reflection effects in the λλ3933, 8542 Å emission lines for the specified parameters of the systems and a solar calcium abundance in the atmospheres of the red dwarfs are in good agreement.© 2004 MAIK “Nauka / Interperiodica”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the energy and economic effectiveness of a fruit and vegetable dryer developed at the University of Rousse, Bulgaria. The heating of the drying agent could use solar energy, geothermal or waste waters, a conventional source, or both conventional and unconventional energy sources. Based on the experimental results, the saved energy by different schemes for energy supply is determined. Compared with the possibility of saving money from using solar energy and the heat utilized, the investment will be paid back within 2.4 years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ability of Trichosporon cutaneum R57 to grow on and utilize some toxic compounds (phenol, acetophenone, acetone, α-methylstyrene, benzoic acid, dimethyl phenyl carbinol, methanol and isopropylbenzene) as sole carbon and energy sources was studied. The growth of T. cutaneum R57 in a model solution including all the contaminants mentioned above was studied and results were compared with growth curves in two types of waste waters taken from the basin of the biopurification station with active sludge, treating waters from an oil refinery and some accompanying organic products facilities, including waste water from industrial phenol production. The strain was found to grow well in both types of waste waters (inlet and outlet of the biobasin) and in the model solution. The results showed that strain T. cutaneum R57 can utilize a wide range of toxic compounds simultaneously. The growth of free and immobilized cells in the waste waters from the phenol production facility after an anion-exchange (Amberlite HAD-4 resin) purification stage was also studied. The immobilized system had high vitality and adaptivity into waste water from phenol production. The highest degradation after 24 h was observed for acetone (50–60%), benzoic acid was reduced by 25–40% and phenol and dimethyl phenyl carbinol approximately by 30–45% depending on the type of the cells. Immobilized cells showed a higher ability to degrade the more toxic compounds compared to free cells. The results obtained indicate the ability of T. cutaneum R57 to degrade some of the most toxic contaminants present in waste waters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The cell biological activity of novel retinoids and rexinoids is described. The stereochemistry of the new compounds was analyzed and ligand docking experiments revealed the structural basis of their RAR binding characteristics. The new ligands activate nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR, RXR) with distinct selectivity patterns, as determined in genetically engineered ‘reporter’ cells. The biological activity of the novel retinoids was assessed by differentiation of NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Trichosporon cutaneum R57 was able to grow and utilize some phenol derivatives: resorcinol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol and m-cresol as sole carbon and energy source. The results obtained showed the ability of the strain to develop by degrading these compounds, except 4-nitrophenol. Resorcinol and 2,6-dinitrophenol were utilized in 27 h in yeast nitrogen base (YNB) medium while 3-nitrophenol and m-cresol were only partly degraded in this period of time. The growth of T. cutaneum using YNB containing one of the phenol derivatives as the sole carbon and energy source was compared with the growth of cells in YNB with the same concentration of the phenol derivative plus 0.3 g l−1 phenol. Both compounds were simultaneously utilized by the mechanism of cometabolic degradation. HPLC analysis of the centrifuged culture medium showed an increased degradation rate of resorcinol. Resorcinol and phenol were completely degraded in 18 h. No significant change of the degradation rate for 2,6-dinitrophenol and 3-nitrophenol was observed. The combination of m-cresol and phenol exhibited inhibiting effects with negligible degradation of phenol and m-cresol in 27 h. The biodegradation of the phenolic derivatives by cells of T. cutaneum R57 immobilized onto polyamide and polyacrylonitrile granules and fibers was also studied. The results were similar to these obtained from free cells, although the period of biodegradation was found to be by ca. 3 h longer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We have developed a method for calculating deviations from LTE of level populations and profiles of selected spectral lines in stellar atmospheres in the presence of external radiation. The influence of Thomson scattering at the frequencies of the external radiation is considered. The method used to calculate model irradiated atmospheres in a semi-grey approximation has been improved. We have modified the NONLTE3 code used to determine the level populations to make it suitable for irradiated atmospheres. A model for the CaII atom including 42 energy levels of CaII, the ground state of CaIII, and 80 linearized transitions was constructed for these calculations. This atomic model takes into account the effect of all relevant collisional processes and radiative processes at the frequencies of the internal and external radiation. We investigated the correctness of the non-LTE calculations for the CaII ion by analyzing 16 lines of ionized calcium in the solar spectrum. The influence of uncertainties in the atomic data on the non-LTE level populations and CaII line profiles was also analyzed, and the van der Waals broadening coefficients C[sub 6] were refined. The scaling coefficient in the Dravin formula was taken to be 0.1. We found the non-LTE abundance corrections for most lines to be significant (Δ log ε(Ca) = 0.05 - 0.15dex), even under the conditions for the solar atmosphere. The lines of the λ = 8498, 8542, 8662 Å infrared triplet can be adequately described. Differences in the mean calcium abundance obtained using different model atmospheres are smaller than 0.02 dex. Our final estimate of the mean calcium abundance in the solar atmosphere is log ε(Ca) = 6.31, in good agreement with the meteoritic abundance, log ε(Ca) = 6.32. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-LTE formation of KI lines in the spectra of A–K stars is analyzed. The computations are based on a 36-level model of the neutral potassium atom for blanketed LTE Kurucz model atmospheres with T[sub eff] = 4000–10 000 K, log g = 0.0–4.5, and [M/H] = (0.0)–(–2.0). The KI atoms in the atmospheres of these stars are in states of moderate and strong “over-recombination.” A number of atomic parameters are refined using the profiles and equivalent widths of five lines in the solar spectrum. The classical van der Waals damping constants must be increased by factors of 2–60 to fit the observed profiles. The non-LTE solar potassium abundance—log ε (K) = 5.14—corresponds to the meteoritic abundance. Non-LTE corrections to the potassium abundance are important and equal to –0.4...–0.7 dex for the λ7699 Å line and –0.15...–0.3 dex for the λλ12 522, 12 432, and 11769 Å lines. © 2000 MAIK “Nauka / Interperiodica”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the disproportionate power of corporate and state fossil fuel interests to influence energy and climate policy is now well known, questions remain about the groups that enthusiastically consume such narratives, with far-reaching political consequences. Fossil fuel workers are one such group. Their positions within these debates are highly relevant to policy outcomes, yet their political positions are often assumed to oppose decarbonizing the economy to the detriment of otherwise well-intended interventions. We offer a more nuanced understanding of the sentiments of fossil fuel workers invoked through their public and political engagements. We use the Twitter profiles of 160 self-identified oil and gas workers to explore the nature of oil workers' masculinity and its implication in climate obstruction and far-right politics. We advocate for engaging workers in the energy transition through meaningful collaboration with workers to build trust and investment in a shared future narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great interest toward the almond tree is due to the high value of the almond kernel as nutritional, dietetic, heating and technical raw material. The species is a plant of warm and mild climate with marked love for fight. It develops in its best way in regions with short winters without big temperature fluctuation, early and sunny springs- without crucial frosts and with a lot of precipitations, and prolonged summers. During the period when the almond is in the state of rest and at an absolute minimum of the air temperatures up to minus 27. 5 °C in 1993 damages of the yearly growth up to 96 % were established under the form of decayed blossoms ovaries (Ivanova, 2002). The frequent warmings speed up the physiological processes and the subsequent spells of cold weather damage the generative organs- fruit-bearing buds and blossoms. The agro-climatic method for defining the conditions for winter survival is based on the accumulation of a certain active temperature sum exceeding the biological minimum needed for each stage of the development of an almond tree. The change in the active temperature sum depends on the temperature course, on the extreme values, on the duration of sun shine, as well as on the continental characteristic of the climate and on the mode of precipitations. The papers described here were conducted in the period 2000-2011 and aimed at tracing the influence of some basic meteorological elements (temperature, humidity, precipitations) during the autumn-winter period of the almond development in Plovdiv region. In relation to the scientifically justified division into regions for these plant species in Bulgaria it is necessary to clarify the role of one of the basic factors in their development--air temperature under the conditions of changing winter climatic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 are known as suppressors of tumor cell proliferation and migration, and in triggering of apoptosis. Both miRNAs have been shown to be down-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 are encoded from gene cluster on chromosome 5q32 and probably originate from the same primary RNA. The aim of the present study was to determine the possible association of gene variant in promoter region of miRNA-143/145 with risk of CRC in a Bulgarian population and to evaluate the role of the rs363293 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as potential prognostic and/or predictive biomarker of the disease. Methods 99 patients with CRC and 89 healthy volunteers, all Caucasians from Bulgaria, were genotyped for rs363293 SNP by qPCR method. The expression levels of miRNA-143 and miRNA-145 in sera also have been determined. Relative gene expression was calculated using 2-ΔΔCt method. Results AA genotype in rs363293 SNP was significantly overrepresented in CRC patients when compared with healthy volunteers (32% vs 19%, OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.03–3.98, p = 0.041). Patients with AA genotype in rs363293 SNP had significantly (p = 0.033) longer mean overall survival (OS) of 21.9 months (95% CI: 17.72–26.12) as compared to those with CT and CC genotypes – 16.6 months (95% CI: 13.72–19.51). In the multivariate analysis, AA genotype in rs363293 SNP showed a trend towards better outcome (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.33–1.08, p = 0.086). The association results for genotypes in rs363293 SNP and reduced expression levels of miR-143 and/or miR-145 in sera were not significant. Conclusions Our data suggest the implication of the A allele in rs363293 SNP as a risk factor for CRC in a homozygous status for Caucasians or at least for a Bulgarian population and for patients - AA genotype has prognostic significance. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Medical University of Varna (Grant number FMS-53/18.12.2017) and Bulgarian National Science Fund (Grant number КП-06-H23/6, 18.12.2018). Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of concentration (2.0, 4.0, 7.0 and 11.0 vol %) and operating temperature (20.0, 40.0 and 60.0°C) on phosphate coatings formed on aluminum (AA1050) surfaces by cathodic electrochemical polarization (0.1, 0.4 and 0.6 A dm–2) in solutions containing ammonium and sodium phosphates, promoting ions, inorganic activators, buffers, softeners, as well as surfactants, have been studied. The process kinetics, coating elements, related microstructure and the corrosion resistance (in 0.6 M NaCl) have been evaluated by various analyzes such as gravimetric and electrochemical methods, SEM with EDX-analyzes, AFM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The main elements in phosphate coatings are phosphorus, oxygen, molybdenum, nickel. Assumptions about the probable chemical compounds have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Properdin is the only positive regulator of the complement system. In this study, we characterize the prevalence, functional consequences and disease associations of autoantibodies against properdin in a cohort of patients with autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suffering from lupus nephritis (LN). We detected autoantibodies against properdin in plasma of 22·5% of the LN patients (16 of 71) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The binding of these autoantibodies to properdin was dose‐dependent and was validated by surface plasmon resonance. Higher levels of anti‐properdin were related to high levels of anti‐dsDNA and anti‐nuclear antibodies and low concentrations of C3 and C4 in patients, and also with histological signs of LN activity and chronicity. The high negative predictive value (NPV) of anti‐properdin and anti‐dsDNA combination suggested that patients who are negative for both anti‐properdin and anti‐dsDNA will not have severe nephritis. Immunoglobulin G from anti‐properdin‐positive patients' plasma increased the C3b deposition on late apoptotic cells by flow cytometry. Nevertheless, these IgGs did not modify substantially the binding of properdin to C3b, the C3 convertase C3bBb and the pro‐convertase C3bB, evaluated by surface plasmon resonance. In conclusion, anti‐properdin autoantibodies exist in LN patients. They have weak but relevant functional consequences, which could have pathological significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our research was to develop the neurophysiological criteria for testing the end of spinal shock. Patients (18 male and 12 women, age 18-33 y.o) with spinal cord injury at the C4-C7 level were investigated 5-7 days (First point) and 2 months (Second point) after trauma. The F-waves were tested bilaterally in nn. medianus, ulnaris, peroneus, tibialis in every patient; the central motor conduction was tested with the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for mm. Abd.Poll.Brevis and Add.Hallucis. At the First point F-waves were absent in all patients and TMS revealed conduction block (CB) at the cervical level. At the second point in 28 patients the F-waves reappeared only for n.tibialis, with CB in 26 cases and restored conduction in 2 patients from Add.Hallucis on one side; in 2 patients at the Second point here were persistent absence of F-waves and full CB. The reappearance of F-waves in n.Tibialis can be used as a criteria for testing the end of spinal shock and restoration of segmental motor neurons excitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The people who maintain close relationships with relatives suffering from addiction to psychoactive substances may become more sensitive to develop a physical, mental and emotional state, similar to an emotional addiction. Objective The aim of this study is to give a cross-cultural perspective to codependence and reveal the profile of female relatives of addicted persons in Greece and Bulgaria. Method Thirty-nine Greek mothers of addicted persons from Greece (M age = 43.97, SD age = 18.34, all high school graduates), a similar group of forty Greek female participants (32 mothers of non-addicted persons, M age = 40.97, SD age = 17.22, all high school graduates), and thirty Bulgarian women (all mothers of addicted persons, M age = 53.55, SD age = 5.58, all high school graduates) were examined with the STAI-state questionnaire, the ZUNG Self Rating Depression Scale and the Questionnaire of Establishment of Codependency. Results Results indicated that there are statistically significant differences between the Greek and the Bulgarian female relatives of addicted persons on the scores ofZUNG (M Greek = 51.64, SD Greek = 2.07, M Bulgarian = 73.63, SD Bulgarian = 4.04) and STAI (M Greek = 53.89, SD Greek = 2.68, M Bulgarian = 74.16, SD Bulgarian = 4.84), but not for the Questionnaire of Establishment of Codependency. Statistically significant differences in all three questionnaires were found for the groups of Greek mothers of dependent and non-dependent persons ( P < .005). Conclusions This research suggests that although there is more anxiety and depression reported by the Bulgarian mothers of addicted persons, no cross-cultural difference was found for codependence in mothers of addicted persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Co-dependent relationships are characterized as a type of dysfunctional helping relationship in which there is an excessive reliance on other people for approval and identity. This is very common for female relatives who support/enable another person's addiction, poor mental health, immaturity, and/or irresponsibility. Objective The aim of the present study is to reveal the co-dependence profile of mothers of addicted persons in Bulgaria. Method Four hundred Bulgarian women coming from Blagoevgrad, Sofia and Stara Zagora (M age = 53.55, SD age = 5.58; level of education: 71% with high school degree, 29%with university degree; all mothers of addicted persons) were examined at the Municipal Council on Drug Addiction Blagoevgrad with the STAI-state questionnaire, the ZUNG Self Rating Depression Scale and the Questionnaire of Establishment of Codependency. Results Results indicated that in a scale of scores ranging from 2 = minimum to 4 = maximum of co-dependence, this group of women had high self-reported levels of co-dependence (M = 3.6375, SD = .52610), a high depressive profile (M = 49.07, SD = 3.23, and high state anxiety (M = 66.60, SD = 5.58). Conclusions The present research suggests that mothers of dependent individuals in Bulgaria show a high level of co-dependency, anxiety and depression. Future research should clarify the reasons of this overall negative emotional profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of different pharynx closure techniques on the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula.

Abstract: Two cleaning techniques were used for removal of co-deposits from the tested first mirrors exposed in JET: (a) ultrasonic bath; (b) a broad range of polishing conditions from manual buffing to machine polishing with the diamond grain size of up to 3μm. Reflectivity measurements were performed after each step in the cleaning procedure. Surfaces were also examined with electron microscopy and ion beam analysis methods. Ultrasonic cleaning leads to partial recovery of reflectivity due to enhanced detachment of deposits. Typically 30–50% of the original reflectivity was recovered in the visible light and 50–90% in the infrared region. One mirror was cleaned completely. Polishing with diamond paste may lead to successful removal of deposits but the damage to the surface in case of the large diamond grains was observed. Recovery of up to 100% of the initial reflectivity was achieved for some mirrors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The efficiency of two methods for in situ fuel removal has been tested on carbon and tungsten limiters retrieved from the TEXTOR and Tore Supra tokamaks: laser-induced ablation of co-deposits and annealing in vacuum at elevated temperature. The analyses of gas phase and surfaces performed with thermal desorption spectrometry, optical spectroscopy, ion beam analysis, surface profilometry and microscopy methods have shown: (i) the ablation leads to the generation of dust particles of 50nm – 2μm; (ii) volatile products of ablation undergo condensation on surrounding surfaces; (iii) D/C ratio in such condensate is in the range 0.02–0.03; (iv) long-term annealing of 623K for 70h results in release of not more than ∼10% of deuterium accumulated in plasma-facing components; (v) effective removal is reached by heating to 900–1300K. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

103Ru was produced in (α,nγ) reaction. Gamma rays, emitted by the excited nuclei, were detected by the ROSPHERE multidetector array. The half-life of the 297-keV state in 103Ru was measured by using the in-beam delayed coincidence technique. The reduced transition probability of the isomeric transition was evaluated. Rigid triaxial rotor plus particle model calculations were performed. The model shows a good description of the 103Ru level energies. The theoretical reduced transition probability for the isomeric transition is consistent with the experimental data. The isomeric state is thus interpreted as triaxial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]