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Quality of life (QOL) has become an important public health issue. Adults presenting better QOL have shown reduced mortality and risk of chronic diseases and better mental health. Regular physical activity (PA) is consistently associated with a number of health benefits in older adults, including betted QOL, which is a key component of healthy aging. The purpose of the study was to examine how physical activity level and age influenced QOL in adults. Material and Methods: A total of 378 adults from Poland participated in the study (mean age of 57.89 ± 12.54). Respondents completed questionnaires to measure QOL (WHOQOL-BREF) and physical activity level (International Physical Activity Questionnaire—short form). Linear regression analysis was used to examine the effect of age and PA on QOL. Results: Weekly energy expenditure associated with recreational physical activity was correlated with better QOL in all domains: physical (R = 0.5, p < 0.001), physiological (R = 0.4, p < 0.001), social (R = 0.3, p < 0.001) and environmental (R = 0.39, p < 0.001). Increases in PA level predicted increases in the physiological domain (β = 0.41, SE = 0.05, p < 0.001), social domain (β = 0.34, SE = 0.05, p < 0.001) and environmental domain (β = 0.39, SE = 0.05, p < 0.001). In the physical domain, increases in both physical activity level (β = 0.41, SE = 0.04, p < 0.001) and age (β = 0.31, SE = 0.04, p < 0.001) predicted better QOL. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the potential benefits of physical activity on QOL regardless of age. Although aging is combined with various age-related diseases, quality of life improves with age in physically active adults.

In the current paper, we investigate how people with experience with volunteering in their lifetime intend to engage in hypothetical crisis volunteering in the future. We took into account two types of hypothetical social crises: a pandemic and a refugee crisis. We suggest that individual differences in considering the welfare of others (social value orientation) and consideration of future/immediate consequences play a role in the volunteer responses to crises. We also control for the willingness to volunteer in the proximal (a month) and distal (3 years) future, gender, age, and length of volunteer experience. We conducted two survey-based online studies in October 2023. We recruited N = 287 people for Study 1 (Poland) and N = 231 for Study 2 (Italy). Our results suggested that people who declare they want to remain volunteers intend to engage during social crises, but not necessarily in a proactive way. Furthermore, consideration of future consequences can result in proactivity, which was especially visible in the Italian sample. Consideration of immediate consequences can have twofold correlates – one might be the engagement in volunteering in case of a sudden emergency or refraining from the voluntary activity. These results can be used by people leading volunteer activities to predict what to expect from their volunteers and plan the volunteer recruitment and retention processes during crises.

Background In February 2022, Poland became one of the most engaged countries in accepting Ukrainian refugees. Based on the norm activation model, the study, performed during the first two weeks of the war, examined the prosocial intentions of Poles toward Ukrainians in relation to the individualizing moral foundations (harm/care and fairness/reciprocity), as well as beliefs about the obligation of individual citizens to help. Participants and procedure The study was designed to investigate the views of Poles on helping Ukrainians in times of tension. On the second day of data collection, the war in Ukraine began. Therefore, the study shows the intentions of Poles to help refugees from Ukraine in the first days of full-scale war. A total of 139 people aged 18-71 years from the general public participated (102 females) in an online survey distributed through social media channels. Results The results show that individual obligation belief fully mediates the effect of individualizing moral foundations on prosocial behavior intentions. Conclusions Based on the results, it could be concluded that during a refugee crisis, in line with the norm activation model, highlighting the personal obligation to provide support can be important to motivate people to help others in need. The effect of a sense of personal obligation is more important than the effect of an underlying individualizing morality.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic, the biggest global health crisis in decades, has been a difficult experience for nations all over the world. In the present study we wanted to assess to what extent a positive attitude towards others, expressed in altruistic social orientation and a high level of trust, would be linked to lower levels of COVID-19 distress in infected and non-infected individuals. Participants and procedure A total 405 individuals (180 women, 44%), aged 18-60 (M = 38.91, SD = 11.02) participated in the study. Respondents were recruited by a research platform. The following questionnaires were completed: the Subjective Happiness Scale, Generalized Trust Scale, survey about COVID-19, social value orientations. Results The analysis showed that in non-infected high trustors the relationship between altruistic social orientation and COVID-19 distress was significant – the more they were willing to benefit others, the less distress they felt. The reverse effect was observed for infected high trustors – the more altruistic social orientation they expressed, the higher the level of COVID-19 distress they declared. Conclusions Our findings shed some light on the importance of a positive attitude towards others in assessing the emotional outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic. They also imply that people who have experienced the COVID-19 disease can suffer from distress differently than people who have not been affected.

IntroductionThe objective of the study was to examine the role of social value orientation and future time perspective to account for individual differences in pro-environmental behaviors, intentions, and opinions about the link between pro-environmental action and pandemic threat (three separate models) in Polish and Swedish samples expected to differ in rate of pro-environmental behaviors (higher in Sweden). We hypothesized that for Poland, future time perspective would be linked to pro-environmental outcomes only when social value orientation is average or high. In contrast, for Sweden, we expected a significant link between these variables regardless of social value orientation.MethodsIn total, 301 (150 Polish, 151 Swedish) participants completed online surveys via Prolific.co research panel. We controlled for individualizing/binding moral foundations, present time perspectives, and selected demographic variables in the analyses.ResultsIn line with expectations, the individualizing moral foundations were a significant predictor across all three models. The data did not support our focal hypothesis regarding the interaction between future time perspective and social value orientation. For pro-environmental behaviors in the past 6 months, the future time perspective was a predictor only when social value orientation was low.DiscussionThe results suggest that when encouraging more competitive (compared to altruistic) people to behave in a green way, it might be crucial to underline the future consequences and benefits, consistent with the future time perspective. The pro-environmental campaigns could, therefore, highlight how green behavior may bring personal gains in the future, which are typically valued by individualistic people, such as savings or social status.

Drawing on the protective motivation theory and parallel response model, in this cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study (N = 212) carried out on a sample of the general public (age 18-65), we aimed to test the potential interaction effects of fear of COVID-19 and conspiracy beliefs about groups benefitting from the COVID-19 pandemic in predicting subjective assessment of the efficacy of three COVID-19 preventive measures. The results have shown that fear of COVID-19 was positively related to a positive assessment of the efficacy of frequent disinfection of hands and surfaces, but only in people who had COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs on an average or high level. However, on all levels of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, fear of COVID-19 related positively to a positive assessment of mask wearing and social distancing efficacy, however, to a different extent. We discuss the results in light of the protective motivation theory and the affiliation function of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and conforming to the prevention guidelines.

Zróżnicowanie współczesnych gwar śląskich odpowiada podziałowi przyjętemu przez K. Nitscha (1960), poza nieobecnością wymarłych na tym terenie dialektów laskich. Gwary na Śląsku wzbogaciły się natomiast o gwarę południowokresową, której używają głównie repatrianci, mieszkający na wsi (i w mniejszych miejscowościach) od Katowickiego po Wrocławskie. Analiza językowa danej gwary ustalana jest nadal na podstawie mowy mieszkańców, a więc w oparciu o kryterium uzualno-funkcjonalne. Otwiera to perspektywę badań nad językiem za pomocą paradygmatów korzystających z modelu użycia języka jako podstawy metodologicznej opisu (ang. usage-based models of language), takiego jak kognitywizm, socjolingwistyka czy dialektologia. Najbardziej powszechna w użyciu jest polszczyzna mieszana, w której odmiana gwarowa przeplata się z ogólną, zróżnicowana także stylowo (np. styl potoczny i naukowy), stąd ważna jest w badaniach tego typu aplikacja paradygmatów bazujących na uzusie językowym, pozwalającym ukazać język w procesach społeczno-kulturowych (np. dromologii, mediamorfozy i glokalizacji tj. globalizacji i lokalizacji zarazem). W ustalaniu cech gwarowych przydatna jest też teoria prototypu E. Rosch, pozwalająca wykrywać cechy kanoniczne (prototypowe) danej gwary, zwykle fonetyczne, pozwalające ją wyróżnić kryterialnie od innej gwary. Tradycyjny podział gwar śląskich uległ pewnym przemianom, związanych z przesunięciem wpływów gwar śląskich w stosunku do mało- i wielkopolskich, rozszerzenia się obszaru mieszanego o charakterze pogranicza gwar, utrwaleniu polszczyzny mieszanej przy zawężeniu liczby osób posługujących się tylko gwarą. Zróżnicowanie gwar jako prestiżowej odmiany polszczyzny na Śląsku świadczy o bogactwie doświadczeń regionalnych tych ziem i wymaga dalszego całościowego badania przemian językowych zachodzących na obszarze Śląska.

Introduction and objective Hashimoto’s disease, the most common cause of hypothyroidism, may present a variety of non-specific symptoms, including those related to the musculoskeletal system, such as pain in muscles, joints, stiffness or numbness. These symptoms significantly reduce the quality of life of patients and, therefore, require comprehensive treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the musculoskeletal symptoms in women with Hashimoto’s disease, as well as to assess the frequency of using the support of a physiotherapist by patients, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods used Material and methods The research was carried out in a group of 123 women diagnosed with Hashimoto’s disease. The research tool was an author-constructed questionnaire consisting of 59 items concerning demographic data, information on Hashimoto’s disease, the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms, as well as questions about whether and how often they made use of the support of a physiotherapist. The obtained data were analyzed using the software Statistica 13 Results Almost all respondents experienced complaints on the part of the musculoskeletal system. The most common symptoms were joint and muscle pain, and muscle weakness. More than a half of the respondents used the support of a physiotherapist, and almost 80% declared such a need. Massage, soft tissue mobilization and cryotherapy were considered the most effective and helpful Conclusions Due to the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in patients with Hashimoto’s disease, there is a great need and willingness to use support of a physiotherapist. The study demonstrates a positive effect of physiotherapy on the reduction or complete resolution of musculoskeletal disorders, and confirms that physiotherapy can be an important element in treatment of the disease.

Introduction Volunteerism is a sustained prosocial activity, and young adults are one of the most important targets for organizations recruiting volunteers. Empathy and altruistic social value orientation measured by a decomposed game are dispositional traits that might foster engagement in volunteerism. Material and methods Using a self-report online-based questionnaire study on two groups of young adults (aged 18-35, N = 224 non-volunteers and N = 178 volunteers in the last year) the relationship between empathy and altruistic social value orientation in both of these groups was explored. Results The results showed that volunteers scored significantly higher on empathy and altruistic social value orientation than non-volunteers. In non-volunteers, empathy is positively linked to altruistic social value orientation, whereas for volunteers the relationship is inversed. Conclusions The results provide evidence that volunteers, when high on empathy, might not necessarily be ready to share financial resources with others, as operationalized by a decomposed game.

Emotions, as recognizable only through experience and belonging to direct and extra conceptual knowledge (a person feels something), are formed into indirect knowledge, rational and of linguistic nature. Our direct experience of what we feel is cognitively and linguistically moulded into lexicalsemantic definitions of a particular emotion. Truth conditional definitions are given preference here. The research on such definitions can imply the following types of definitions: propositional definitions by explicating the cause of an emotion (Wierzbicka 1971) and by prototype effects (Wierzbicka 1999), metonymic definitions (Davitz 1969, Mikołajczuk 1997, 2009), synonymous definitions (Mikołajczuk 1997, 2009, Jasielska 2013), definitions in the form of conceptualisations of emotions (Nowakowska-Kempna 1995, 2001a, Mikołajczuk 1997, 2009) and in the form of the linguistic portrait of a concept (Apresjan 1994).

In diesem Beitrag wurden Präpositionalkonstruktionen einer Analyse unterzogen. Die semantisch-syntaktische Untersuchung wurde nach einem in der Sprachforschung neuen Analyseansatz – Konstruktionsgrammatik von Adele Goldberg – durchgeführt. Auf die Bestimmung des Konstruktionsbegriffs und der Wesenszüge einer Konstruktion folgt eine Darstellung von theoretischen Grundannahmen dieser Grammatiktheorie. Die semantische Analyse einer Konstruktion basiert auf der kontextuellen Bedeutung, die auf sich wiederholende Ereignisse der Sprachverwendung und daraufhin auf die Frame-Konstruktion (d.h. auf die Struktur des Prädikates und seiner Argumente) bezogen wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund lässt die Analyse von Präpositionalkonstruktionen einen viel breiteren Umfang von Konstruktionen aufzeigen, als man eingangs dachte und eine neue, stark vertretene Gruppe von Phraseologismen, die bisher sogar bei der Analyse von einer bestimmten Präposition (hier: Präposition in) in einem Wörterbuch, sowie in den Fallstudien zu Präpositionen nicht berücksichtigt wurde.

The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a specific social perception of the pandemic—believing or not in COVID-19—predicts borderline personality organizations and whether this relationship is mediated by more primitive maladaptive mechanisms—splitting, denial, and dissociation. The online study included 720 organization aged 25–45. Participants were diverse in terms of place of residence, being in a relationship, and education level. Approximately 30% of the general population reported not believing in the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-believers scored slightly higher on borderline symptoms and used more maladaptive defense mechanisms than believers. Individuals who deny COVID-19 are more likely to show characteristics of borderline personality organization. Splitting is an important mechanism in this relationship.

The elderly age group needs particular support in preventing development of depressive symptoms, among others, due to the prospect of passing. This group is heterogenous in terms of characteristics of ways of spending leisure time, which, as an important aspect of everyday life affecting the quality of interpersonal relationships and well-being, might be related to the level of their depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to find out whether participation in University of Third Age (UTA; leisure time spending directed at personal development) activities versus being a Nursing Home resident (NH; leisure time spending, directed at compensation of difficulties associated to the aging process) may differentiate elderly people in terms of the level of depression taking into account their optimism and acceptance of passing. The study was paper-pencil questionnaire-based, conducted on a sample of people above the age of 59: participants of UTA (N=48) and NH (N=54). In the UTA group, consistently for all levels of acceptance of passing, the higher the level of optimism, the lower the depressive symptoms. However, for the NH group, the higher the acceptance of passing, the lower the role of optimism in predicting depressive symptoms.

The paper presents the opinions of self-advocates with mild intellectual disability about their work as social educators – public self-advocates raising disability awareness. Six semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. Data was analyzed within the framework of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The themes which emerged from the interviews comprise: the motives of educators to work as self-advocates, opportunities to gain new skills and to raise public awareness about disability given by this activity, the difficulties they experience being social educators and ways to overcome them, the meaning of self-advocacy in their lives as well as the readiness to recommend this work to other people with disability. The gathered data suggests that, according to the self-advocates, being a social educator enhances the social status of self-advocates. It also provides an opportunity to develop skills, new social roles and sometimes positive identities, which is in line with the assumptions of the theoretical models of self-advocacy.

Introduction: Postural instability in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the major factors contributing to an increasing number of falls and fall related complications. Diagnosis of balance disorder is based on assessment of postural control by the biomechanical assessment of the musculoskeletal system, coordinating speed and precision of movements. The condition for the performance of precise and smooth movement is coordination of motor activity and sensory signals fl owing to the motor system. Study aim: The aim of the study is to assess the impact of non-motor symptoms (depression and cognitive impairment) and the impact of the severity of motor symptoms on the process of course of movement planning and control in Parkinson’s disease. Material and methods: The study involved 40 patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, diagnosed according to the criteria adopted by the United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank (UKPDSBB), with stage II or III severity of symptoms of the disease according to the Hoehn-Yahr sclae. All the patients underwent physical examination with an evaluation using the UPDRS (Unifi ed Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale) and screening clinical trials were performed, evaluating cognitive functions (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) and depressive disorders (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI). Evaluation of mobility, stability and motor control was done using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Tinetti test, the Up and Go test (TUG) and the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI). Results: There was a signifi cant correlation between the level of severity of movement disorders (according to UPRDS ON part III) and the parameters defi ning motor skills in the DGI (R= -0.49, p

Introduction and objective Conditions of a healthy, friendly and safe work environment and proper work organisation increase self-efficacy and decrease or eliminate the factors causing the occurrence of burnout symptoms, all of which have a decisive impact on increasing the quality of work. The aim of the study was to analyse and assess the influence of factors of work environment and burnout syndrome on the self-efficacy of medical staff. Material and Methods The study comprised randomly selected professionally-active nurses working on hospital wards (N=405) on the area of two provinces in Poland. The study used the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Copenhagen Burnout Inventory and a questionnaire concerning the factors that influence the process of work organisation at nursing positions in hospitals. Results Lower scores for self-efficacy resulted in a worse assessment of development opportunities and promotion prospects (r=-0.11), participation in the decision-making process (r=-0.11) and teamwork (r=-0.10). Lower self-efficacy contributed to the occurrence of burnout symptoms r∈[-0.19 – -0.17]. Conclusions Properly shaped and used organisational factors are stimulating for professional efficiency and effectiveness, and consequently, for the quality of nursing work. Negative assessment of the factors in the work environment contributes to the occurrence of burnout symptoms and decrease in self-efficacy. Nurses with lower self-efficacy more often experienced symptoms of burnout.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact ageism may have on providing healthcare to elderly people. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article investigates the consequences of ageism in medical settings, where the elderly are particularly vulnerable to discrimination, distinguishing ageism from appropriate practice variation as well as giving suggestions to improve the situation. The paper analyses research published worldwide on selected issues connected with ageism with special attention to medical professionals’ attitudes and ageist behaviours of the elderly’s environment in a situation of their disability or illness. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Firstly, the relation of ageism to other forms of stereotyping is outlined. Then, the threats of positive ageism are elaborated. The next section is devoted to self-stereotyping of the elderly and its impact on their functioning. Then, the paper discusses medical professionals’ attitudes and ways to measure them, as well as educational interventions that may alter them. Finally, the article refers effective ways of adjusting health promotion messages to the needs of older adults. RESEARCH RESULTS: Ageism bases on mechanisms similar to sexism and racism, but there are some remarkable differences. Positive ageism may be compassionate, however, might be harmful when intruding into an elderly person’s decisions. Self-stereotyping may be described with a model of a vicious cycle. Contact with the elderly is found to be useful in changing medical staff’s attitudes. Family-centred messages are most effective when it comes to health promotion among older adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Studies on ageism prove that negative convictions about the elderly are harmful and affect their functioning. Inclusion of the elderly should be applied in social contexts as well as in science, as the elderly are often missed out in research samples.

Background: The aim of the study was to analyse and present the opinions of women in perimenopause on subjectively perceived symptoms characteristic of the climacteric period, and connected with their professional functioning, as well as to evaluate the effects of selected variables on the incidence and severity of these symptoms and the women’s life satisfaction. Material and Methods: The study included 250 professionally active women in perimenopausal age (40–57 years). The study used the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to evaluate life satisfaction of women and the Kupperman Index (KI) as quantitative and qualitative self-assessment of climacteric symptoms. The authors also used a questionnaire of their own design that contains an index of defined symptoms of perimenopause, which warrants the use of Pareto-Lorenz analysis. Results: The obtained results prove the presence of statistically significant correlations between the occurrence and severity of menopausal symptoms and the place of enployment (p = 0.04912), gynecological care (p = 0.00325), hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (p = 0.01523) and assessment of life satisfaction (p = 0.0325). Among the symptoms particularly influencing effective professional functioning, women pointed out hot flashes, irritability, reduced concentration and coordination, sleep disturbances, and increased sweating. Conclusions: There is a statistically significant correlation between the woman’s place of employment, gynecological care, HRT, the evaluation of life satisfaction and the severity of perimenopausal symptoms. A set of symptoms whose presence and severity influence the sense of life satisfaction and evaluation of professional functioning was observed. Among the most frequently reported symptoms that exert an adverse effect on professional functioning of women are: hot flushes, irritability, reduced concentration and coordination, sleep disturbances, and increased sweating. Med Pr 2015;66(3):351–358

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie wyników badań naukowych dotyczących formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości i roli efektu halo w tym procesie do klasycznej serii badań Solomona Ascha z 1946 r. doty­czącej tego tematu. W artykule Ascha przedstawiającym te badania uwzględnio­ne są teorie i pojęcia cytowane oraz rozszerzane współcześnie przez psycholo­gów poznania społecznego. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Opracowanie stanowi krytyczny przegląd raportów z badań naukowych dotyczących zagadnienia formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości. Wyniki analizy tych prac pozwoliły na przedstawienie w niniej­szym artykule teorii Solomona Ascha w zaktualizowanym świetle. PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono wpływ cech cen­tralnych, w szczególności „ciepła” i „chłodu”, odpowiadających za całościową ocenę człowieka. W części drugiej poruszono temat czynników zewnętrznych, na przykład kolejności poznawania cech, wpływu afektywnego i czasu trwania znajomości z ocenianą osobą na uformowane wrażenie. W części trzeciej opi­sano zjawisko zmian znaczeniowych cech osobowości w zależności od współ­występujących z nimi charakterystyk. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Przedstawione w pracy eksperymenty po­twierdzają obserwacje Ascha oraz wspierają tezę, że ogólne wrażenie o osobie wpływa na percepcję jej poszczególnych cech. Ludzie nie zdają sobie na ogół sprawy z występowania tego zjawiska. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Wyniki badań omówionych w ar­tykule mają szereg implikacji praktycznych dla osób wykonujących zawody zwią­zane z ocenianiem, takich jak nauczyciele, rekruterzy czy jurorzy, a także dla osób poddawanych ocenie. Warto, by osoby te zdawały sobie sprawę ze znie­kształceń, jakie niesie z sobą automatyczne formowanie wrażeń na temat oso­bowości czy kompetencji innych osób, i miały świadomość, że uleganie takiemu mechanizmowi często łączy się z odpowiedzialnością za los ocenianej osoby, np. w kontekście jej kariery szkolnej czy pracy zawodowej.

Zbiory rozmyte (ang. fuzzy sets) kojarzą się najczęściej z bardzo skomplikowanymi, współczesnymi obliczeniami w matematyce, stanowiąc podstawę funkcjonowania najnowocześniejszych urządzeń, jak sondy kosmiczne czy bezzałogowe samoloty i łodzie podwodne. Czyż można się więc spodziewać elementów tychże zbiorów w edukacji przedszkolnej i wczesnoszkolnej? Jednakże dokładne przejrzenie obu tych cyklów edukacyjnych upoważnia do stwierdzenia, iż elementy zbiorów rozmytych służą interpretacji nie tylko różnych działów matematyki, lecz także fizyki, biologii czy językoznawstwa, a w nauczaniu zintegrowanym wspomagają edukację przyrodniczo-społeczną związaną z kręgami bliskości (dom, najbliższa okolica, moja miejscowość, strony rodzinne), edukacją polonistyczną z wychowaniem do sztuki i kultury oraz edukacją matematyczną. W nauczaniu zintegrowanym nauczyciel i uczniowie używają zarówno wielkości mierzalnych nieokreślonych, znanych z potocznej polszczyzny, typu wysoki / niski, duży / mały, gruby / chudy, szybki / wolny, ciężki / lekki, ładny / brzydki, jak i działań matematycznych ze znakami >; < ‘większy niż’, ‘mniejszy niż’ np. x>y, yy, y; < ‘większy niż’, ‘mniejszy niż’ sprzyjają myśleniu abstrakcyjnemu u dzieci, wpływając twórczo na rozwój kategorii porównania, abstrahowania i uogólniania.

O szczególnej roli aksjologii w życiu nauczyciela pisano wiele, jednakże w niektórych tylko pracach zwracano uwagę na niezbywalność przykładu życia według wartości oraz zgodności słów i czynów. Istotę wartości w sposobie bytowania człowieka na ziemi dobrze określił Jan Paweł II, pokreślając, iż nie da się oddzielić od siebie wartości osobistych i społecznych. To ważne twierdzenie będzie towarzyszyło rozważaniom w niniejszym artykule. W ankiecie przeprowadzonej wśród słuchaczy Studium Doktoranckiego Akademii Ignatianum w Krakowie zapytano o rozumienie wartości i poproszono ich o umieszczenie tychże w systemie aksjologicznym. Okazało się to trudnym zadaniem, gdyż natura wartości jako bytów niematerialnych określanych przez obiekty, działania, intencje jest skomplikowana do określenia. W wyniku tego w wypowiedziach pojawiały się wskazania obszaru wartości: coś ważnego oraz ujęcia metaforyczne. Trudno także było namówić doktorantów do deklaracji życia według wartości. W artykule przypomniano fundamentalną tezę, iż nauczyciel działa w świecie wartości. Stanowią one najważniejszy wymiar wychowania i edukacji. Wartości moralne i poznawcze wyznaczają proces wychowawczy i o nim decydują. Wartości i utożsamiane z nim dobra charakteryzują W. Tatarkiewicz, R. Ingarden, E. Borowiecka, a hierarchię wartości wraz z ich podziałem podaje M. Scheler. Analiza wartości, przyjęta za autorami, służy dalej nauczycielskiej refleksji. Na temat wartości w pracy wychowawczej i edukacyjnej wypowiadają się doktoranci Akademii Ignatianum (25 osób). Proponują w ankiecie wartości ważne w ich życiu, porządek i hierarchię wartości, ich miejsce, rolę i funkcję w programie „wychowania do wartości”.