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Background: Antimicrobials are among the most prescribed drugs in ICUs, where the use of these drugs is approximately 10 times greater than that of other wards. Even so, it is observed that between 30 to 60% of antimicrobial prescriptions performed in these units are unnecessary or inadequate. Thus, surveillance of antimicrobial prescription is a first and essential step to identify potential overuse or misuse, which could be the target of interventions for antimicrobial administration.Methods: This is an observational, analytical, and prospective study conducted in two adult intensive care units (ICU 1 = surgical and ICU 2 = clinic), with 27 beds each. The study period was divided into pre-intervention (January to June 2019) and post-intervention (July to December 2019).Results: Overall, in the pre- and post-intervention period, 91.4% and 90.0%, respectively, of patients received at least one antimicrobial agent. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobial classes were carbapenems (PRE = 26.0% vs POST = 24.9%; p = 0.245) followed by glycopeptides (PRE = 21.0% vs POST = 18.6%; p = 0.056). Overall, there was a significant reduction in the duration of therapy (PRE = 727 LOT / 1000pd vs POST = 680 LOT / 1000pd; p = 0.028). The highest rates regarding the time of use of antimicrobials were observed for carbapenems, followed by glycopeptides, with significant reductions in the time of exposure of glycopeptides and polymyxin B, and significant increases for penicillins, and tigecycline.Conclusions: In general, the intervention of infectious diseases specialistsin intensive care units had a limited impact on the results evaluated. This may be due to the short period analyzed. Therefore, it is important to monitor the impact of these changes in the long term, drawing a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of an intervention, with the implementation of active feedback.

Background: Antimicrobials are among the most prescribed drugs in ICUs, where the use of these drugs is approximately 10 times greater than that of other wards. Even so, it is observed that between 30 to 60% of antimicrobial prescriptions performed in these units are unnecessary or inadequate. Thus, surveillance of antimicrobial prescription is a first and essential step to identify potential overuse or misuse, which could be the target of interventions for antimicrobial administration.Methods: This is an observational, analytical, and prospective study conducted in two adult intensive care units (ICU 1 = surgical and ICU 2 = clinic), with 27 beds each. The study period was divided into pre-intervention (January to June 2019) and post-intervention (July to December 2019).Results: Overall, in the pre- and post-intervention period, 91.4% and 90.0%, respectively, of patients received at least one antimicrobial agent. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobial classes were carbapenems (PRE = 26.0% vs POST = 24.9%; p = 0.245) followed by glycopeptides (PRE = 21.0% vs POST = 18.6%; p = 0.056). Overall, there was a significant reduction in the duration of therapy (PRE = 727 LOT / 1000pd vs POST = 680 LOT / 1000pd; p = 0.028). The highest rates regarding the time of use of antimicrobials were observed for carbapenems, followed by glycopeptides, with significant reductions in the time of exposure of glycopeptides (PRE = 284 DOT / 1000pd vs POST = 234 DOT / 1000pd; p = 0.014) and polymyxin B (PRE = 121 DOT / 1000pd vs POST = 88 DOT / 1000pd; p = 0.029), and significant increases for penicillins (PRE = 25 DOT / 1000pd vs POST = 45 DOT / 1000pd; p = 0.009), and tigecycline ( PRE = 3 DOT / 1000pd vs POST = 27 DOT / 1000pd; p = 0.046).Conclusions: In general, the intervention of infectologists in intensive care units had a limited impact on the results evaluated. This may be due to the short period analyzed. Therefore, it is important to monitor the impact of these changes in the long term, drawing a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of an intervention, with the implementation of active feedback.

Quando os serviços de alimentação e nutrição são prestados em ambiente hospitalar, o objetivo principal torna-se a recuperação da saúde e a atenção integral ao paciente com alimentação de qualidade. Para isso faz-se necessário o envolvimento de todos os colaboradores hospitalares no sentido de se entender a importância da segurança alimentar e o serviço de alimentação e nutrição como parte da terapêutica de cuidados ao paciente. O objetivo do estudo foi diagnosticar pontos críticos de uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição Hospitalar e avaliar a taxa de adequação. A etapa diagnóstica envolveu a aplicação de Checklist baseado na RDC 275/2002 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), após 30 dias foi realizado uma reavaliação e análise dos pontos críticos. A unidade de alimentação e nutrição analisada apresentou uma taxa de conformidade inicial de 68% e na reavaliação passou a ter 84% de conformidade, sendo reclassificada do grupo II para I segundo ANVISA. Conclui-se que a UAN apresentou melhora significativa, embora ainda existam pontos críticos e falhas no processo de produção e distribuição dos alimentos que devam ser monitoradas e corrigidas para garantir a segurança alimentar do paciente.

Background: It is described in the literature that between 25% to 50% of antimicrobial prescriptions, in the hospital environment, are unnecessary or inadequate, directly impacting antimicrobial resistance. The National Health Surveillance Agency launched the “Brazil Stewardship Project” to assess the national panorama of antimicrobial use management programs, therefore, it is expected that managers will be encouraged to implement the antimicrobial use management program, with the publication of the results, enabling the comparison of national data. In this context, measures and indicators of antimicrobial use will be particularly important. We demonstrate the application of the indicators DOT, LOT e DOT/LOT ratio to explore and monitor antimicrobials use. Methods: This is an observational, analytical and prospective study conducted in a teaching hospital, with 94 active beds, distributed between the intensive care unit (ICU), the surgical clinic (SUR), the medical clinic (MED), the pneumology/infectology (PNE/INF) and pediatrics (PED). Results: During the study period, a total of 11,634 patient-days were followed up and an average of 50.4% of patients were exposed to some antimicrobial, showing significant reduction throughout the year. In 376 days, for every 1,000 days of hospitalization, patients were receiving antimicrobial therapy (LOT = 376/1000pd). Overall, the 1st generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones were highlighted both in the number of prescriptions and in the duration of therapy. The calculated global DOT / LOT ratio showed that each patient received an average of 1.5 antimicrobials during the hospital stay. The incidence of antimicrobial resistance, globally, for both Methicillin R and Carbapenem R , was 1 per 1000 patient-days. Conclusions: The indicators addressed in this study proved to be of great relevance for obtaining data regarding the use of antimicrobials, contributing to the initiatives to be taken by the Stewardship program. This study is expected to encourage other hospitals to monitor the use of antimicrobials, allowing comparison of data.

Background It is described in the literature that between 25–50% of antimicrobial prescriptions, in the hospital environment, are unnecessary or inadequate. The National Health Surveillance Agency launched the “Brazil Stewardship Project”, in order to assess the national panorama of antimicrobial use management programs, therefore, it is expected that managers will be encouraged to implement the antimicrobial use management program, with publication of the results, enabling the confrontation of national data.Methods This is an observational, analytical and prospective study conducted in a teaching hospital, with 94 active beds, distributed between the intensive care unit (ICU), the surgical clinic (SUR), the medical clinic (MED), the pneumology/infectology (PNE/INF) and pediatrics (PED).Results During the study period, a total of 11,628 patient-days were followed up and an average of 58.3% of patients were exposed to some antimicrobial. In 376 days, for every 1,000 days of hospitalization, patients were receiving antimicrobial therapy (LOT = 376/1000pd). The calculated global DOT / LOT ratio showed that each patient received an average of 1.5 antimicrobials during hospital stay.Conclusions The indicators addressed in this study proved to be of great relevance for obtaining data regarding the use of antimicrobials, contributing to the initiatives to be taken by the Stewardship program. This study is expected to encourage other hospitals to monitor the use of antimicrobials, allowing comparison of data.

Background: The main objective of the present systematic review is to identify potential risk factors for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) through prospective cohort studies in pediatric inpatients. Methods: The data search was done in the following electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE; Scopus; LILACS and Web of Science from the earliest record until 31 May 2015. Two reviewers independently screened each study and one of them assessed the methodological quality according to the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for cohort studies. The data extraction was conducted according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) initiative for cohort studies. Results: The only risk factor observed in all studies was the increase in the number of prescription drugs. However, other factors were identified, such as the increase in the length of stay or the number of low- or high-risk drugs prescribed, use of general anesthesia and oncological diagnosis. The cumulative incidence of ADR was 16.4% (95% confidence interval: 15.6 to 17.2). The main professional responsible for ADR identification was the pharmacist and the dominant category among the ADRs were gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, analgesics, antibacterial agents and corticosteroids were the drug classes commonly associated with ADRs. The methodology used in this study was tried to homogenize the data extracted; however, this was not sufficient to correct the discrepancies so it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Conclusions: The increase in the number of prescription drugs was the main risk factor in this population. However, additional studies are required to identify the risk factors for ADRs in pediatric inpatients.

Aims: The aim of this study was to present the needs of hospital pharmacists in pharmacovigilance practices. Methods: This study has a cross-sectional design and was carried out with hospital pharmacists in Brazil. The sample was obtained by voluntary recruitment. Pharmacists who worked at Brazilian hospitals and were registered in their respective regulatory councils were invited to participate in the present study. A personalized questionnaire was developed by the authors and was electronically filled out by the respondents on the platform ‘Google forms’. The questionnaire was nationally available on the digital platform of the Pharmacy Federal Council, the Brazilian Society of Hospital Pharmacy and Health Services, four Pharmacy regional councils and the social network farmacêuticoclínico®. Quantitative variables were analyzed by mean and standard deviation. The qualitative variables were analyzed by means of absolute and relative frequency. Difficulties related to pharmacovigilance activities are presented in an Ishikawa diagram in the Supplemental Material online. Results: Of the 27 federative units of Brazil, we obtained answers from pharmacists located in 85.2% ( n = 23) of them. Among the pharmacovigilance practices developed by Brazilian pharmacists, the adverse drug reaction investigation (55.4%) and notification activities (47.0%) were worthy of note. Numerous difficulties were reported by the pharmacists, highlighting the difficulty in monitoring the medication and imputation of causality (27.7%). After categorizing the difficulties reported, it was observed that the category ‘people involved’ (45.1%) stood out from the others. Conclusion: This study pointed out numerous challenges to pharmacovigilance practices involving pharmacists in Brazil. It is believed that the correction of certain difficulties may impact on the better consolidation of pharmacovigilance activities in the country. However, regulatory agencies at all hierarchical levels of pharmacovigilance must work together to make it possible. Plain language Summary Challenges to the consolidation of pharmacovigilance This is a study that seeks to present the needs of Brazilian hospital pharmacists in relation to pharmacovigilance activities. Through online interviews, pharmacists answered a questionnaire, presented the pharmacovigilance activities they develop and expressed their anxieties and difficulties for the development of these activities. With this study, it was concluded that numerous activities of active search, investigation and notification of adverse drug reaction are developed by Brazilian pharmacists. However, each pharmacist performs a different method of pharmacovigilance. In addition, it was observed that among the interviewees there was a perception of insufficient professional training and a shortage of professionals to assist in pharmacovigilance activities. These were the main difficulties reported. Therefore, the search for models or agile solutions to solve problems involving adverse drug reactions seems necessary for a better consolidation of pharmacovigilance services in Brazil.

Although the literature shows several studies on medication safety, there are few Latin American studies describing aspects in the practice of medication reconciliation carried out by pharmacists in the admission process. This study aimed to describe the acquisition of medication use history of patients during admission, and to characterize the unintentional discrepancies in their pharmacotherapy in a Brazilian teaching hospital. This cross-sectional study was conducted within the University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe. Pharmacist-researchers collected patient data in four steps through a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers and adapted from the literature. After collection, the pharmacist-researcher and pharmacy students analysed the data and assessed if there were any unintentional discrepancies. The present study defined unintentional discrepancies (UD) as the unjustified variations between the patient’s previous medication use history and the pharmacotherapy prescribed during hospitalization. In this study, 358 patients were included. Of all patients, 261 (72.90%) were adults with the mean age of 47.16 ± 18.80 years. In 117 cases of adult patients (44.82%), there was no record of previous pharmacotherapy, and 137 (52.49%) were not questioned about their allergies. A total of 327 UD were found in 150 patients (41.90%). Of these UD, omission was the most common type, followed by different doses, erroneous frequency, and unjustified start of treatment. This study revealed the prevalence of unintentional discrepancies in the studied hospital, and points out that the assessment of the history of medications used is a complex practice, in which the pharmacist can be an ally. Key words: Patient safety, medication errors, medication discrepancies, medication reconciliation.

SummaryObjective:to produce improvements in transfusion practices through the implementation of an educational program for health professionals in a university hospital.Methods:this is an interventional and prospective study, with pre- and postanalysis of an educational intervention. The research was developed at the University Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe, involving participation of health professionals in the stage of training, during the month of February 2011, in addition to the monitoring of blood transfusions performed in the preand post-intervention periods. Transfusion practices were investigated upon request for transfusion or devolution of unused blood components. Knowledge of health professionals was assessed based on the responses to a questionnaire about transfusion practices.Results:during the educative campaign, 63 professionals were trained, including 33 nurses or nursing technicians and 30 physicians. Among the doctors, there was a statistically significant gain of 20.1% in theoretical knowledge (p=0.037). Gain in the nursing group was even higher: 30.4% (p=0.016). The comparative analysis of transfusion request forms showed a non-significant decrease from 26.7 to 19.5% (p=0.31) in all forms with incomplete information. We also observed a statistically significant improvement in relation to the filling of four items of transfusion request.Conclusion:there was a significant improvement of the entire process related to blood transfusions after interventional project conducted in February 2011. ResumoObjetivo:produzir melhorias em práticas transfusionais a partir da implementação de um programa educacional para profissionais de saúde em um hospital universitário.Métodos:este é um estudo intervencional e prospectivo, com análises pré e pós-intervenção educacional. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, envolvendo a participação de profissionais de saúde no estágio de capacitação, durante o mês de fevereiro de 2011, além da monitorização de transfusões sanguíneas feitas nos períodos pré e pós-intervencionais. A busca por práticas transfusionais foi checada via requerimentos de transfusão e devolução de hemocomponentes não utilizados. O conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde foi medido por meio de questionário relacionado a práticas transfusionais.Resultados:durante a campanha educativa, foram capacitados 63 profissionais de saúde, sendo 33 enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem e 30 médicos. Entre os médicos, houve um ganho estatisticamente significante de 20,1% nos conhecimentos teóricos (p=0,037). O ganho no grupo da enfermagem foi ainda maior, de 30,4% (p=0,016). A análise comparativa dos formulários de requisição transfusional mostrou uma diminuição não significativa de 26,7 para 19,5% (p=0,31) em todas as formas de preenchimento incompleto. Observou-se uma melhoria estatisticamente significativa no preenchimento de quatro itens da requisição transfusional.Conclusão:houve melhorias significativas em todo o processo relacionado às transfusões sanguíneas após intervenção conduzida em fevereiro de 2011.

Objective: to evaluate the conformity of care practices of the nursing team during the administration of drugs through central vascular catheter. Method: a descriptive, prospective, observational study conducted in an Intensive Care Unit. The non-probabilistic intentional sample consisted of 3402 observations of drug administrations in patients with central vascular catheters. The previously validated collection instrument was constructed based on the Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular catheter-related infections. Data was collected through direct observations of nursing practices performed by the nursing team. The analysis used analytical, descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test). Results: a total of 3402 procedures of drug administrations were observed. Female nursing technicians performed the highest number of actions. In none of the procedures did the professional perform all necessary actions. 0.2% of drug administrations were preceded by hand hygiene and 1.3% by disinfection of the multidose vial, ampoule or injectors. Conclusion: the practice evaluated was classified as undesirable. Failure to achieve the desired conformity was probably due to the low adherence of professionals to the practice of hand hygiene and disinfection of materials, injectors and connectors. RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a conformidade da prática assistencial da equipe de enfermagem durante a administração de medicamentos por cateter vascular central. Método: estudo descritivo, prospectivo, observacional, realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. A amostra não probabilística, do tipo intencional, é constituída de 3402 observações de administrações de medicamentos em pacientes em uso de acesso vascular central. O instrumento de coleta, previamente validado, é construído e alicerçado no Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular cateter-related infections. A coleta se deu a partir da observação direta da prática assistencial realizada pela equipe de enfermagem. A análise utilizou estatística analítica, descritiva e inferencial (Teste de Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher). Resultados: foram observadas 3402 ações relacionadas a administrações de medicamentos. O maior número de ações foi realizado por Técnicos de Enfermagem do sexo feminino. Em nenhum dos procedimentos o profissional executou todas as ações necessárias, com 0,2% das administrações de medicamento antecedidas pela higienização das mãos e 1,3% pela desinfecção do frasco multidose, ampola ou injetores. Conclusão: a prática avaliada foi classificada como indesejada. A não obtenção da conformidade almejada deu-se, provavelmente, pela baixa adesão dos profissionais à prática de higienização das mãos e à desinfecção de materiais, injetores e conectores. RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la conformidad de la práctica asistencial del equipo de enfermería durante la administración de medicamentos vía catéter vascular central. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, observacional, realizado en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. La muestra no probabilística, de tipo intencional, está constituida de 3402 observaciones de administraciones de medicamentos en pacientes con acceso vascular central. El instrumento de recolección, validado previamente, está construido y fundamentado en la Guía para la Prevención de Infecciones Relacionadas con el Catéter Intravascular. La colecta se llevó a cabo a partir de la observación directa de la práctica asistencial desempeñada por el equipo de enfermería. El análisis utilizó la estadística analítica, descriptiva e inferencial (Distribución de Pearson o Ji-cuadrada y el Test Exacto de Fisher). Resultados: se observaron 3.402 acciones relacionadas con la administración de medicamentos. El número mayor de acciones lo realizaron los Técnicos de Enfermería del sexo femenino. En ninguno de los procedimientos el profesional ejecutó todas las acciones necesarias, con el 0,2% de las administraciones de medicamentos antecedidas por la higienización de las manos y el 1,3%, por la desinfección de frascos multidosis, ampollas o inyectores. Conclusión: la práctica evaluada fue clasificada como indeseada. La no obtención de la conformidad anhelada ocurrió, probablemente, debido a la baja adhesión de los profesionales a la práctica de higienización de las manos y a la desinfección de materiales, inyectores y conectores.

Forms used for data collection in the study entitled: “Risk factors for adverse drug reactions in pediatric inpatients: a cohort study” Forms 1 and 2 must be used in the first pharmaceutical consultation after hospital admission of the patient: i) form 1 is aimed at obtaining information on the prior history of ADR of the patient; and ii) form 2 is aimed at obtaining information on the prior history of use of the drug. Forms 3-6 must be used for the daily recording of information observed in medical prescriptions. i) form 3 is used to record potential drug interactions; ii) form 4 for registration of off-label drugs prescribed; iii) form 5 for the daily recording of the use of drugs; and iv) form 6 for daily monitoring of prescription errors. Furthermore, form 7 must be used for the registration of abnormal laboratory tests or other suspected adverse events.

A tuberculose ossea e desencadeada pela disseminacao do Micobacterium tuberculosis por via hematogenica, o local de desenvolvimento inicial da doenca e o osso esponjoso dos corpos vertebrais, a infeccao se dissemina para os niveis vizinhos atraves dos ligamentos longitudinais posterior e anterior as alteracoes posturais consistem em modificacoes no alinhamento corporal, produzindo um excesso de tensao muscular, que muitas vezes surgem por compensacoes, para prevenir ou tratar tais alteracoes, o uso de tecnicas como McKenzie e isostretching que prepara e protege os musculos da coluna e membros a fim de evitar as adaptacoes para compensar um quadro algico podem influenciar na independencia funcional, qualidade de vida e dor. Objetivos: Apresentar o caso clinico de um paciente acometido por tuberculose lombar tratado na fisioterapia pelos metodos McKenzie e Isostretching com a finalidade de melhorar funcao motora, dor e o perfil de saude. Descricao do Caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 44 anos encaminhada ao servico de Fisioterapia no ambulatorio do Hospital Universitario da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, com diagnostico clinico de tuberculose lombar, por meio de ressonância nuclear magnetica, apresenta destruicao ossea de platos vertebrais L4-L5 e derivado de proteina purificada (PPD) 25mm, sugestivo de tuberculose, perda de peso, febre diaria ha 2 meses, dor em regiao do quadril e ilio de carater constante, paraparesia, com preservacao de sensibilidade e alteracoes funcionais. Foram realizadas dez atendimentos fisioterapeuticos atraves dos metodos McKenzie e isostretching, uma vez por semana, avaliado atraves da Medida de Independencia Funcional (MIF), Escala Visual Analogica (EVA), Perfil de Saude de Nottingham (PSN). A MIF variou de 18 para 105, A EVA de 10 para 3 e o PSN 100 para 34. Resultados : Apos tratamento conservador paciente apresentou diminuicao do quadro doloroso, maior dependencia funcional e melhora na qualidade de vida. Palavras-chaves: Tuberculose osteoarticular e terapias complementares

Background Pentavalent antimony (Sb(v)) is the mainstay therapy for mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), but it is toxic, and relapses are common. Immunotherapy using a mixture of killed parasites, with or without bacille Calmette-Guerin, is an alternative but is used sporadically because of inconsistent results. Methods We developed a defined immunotherapeutic antigen preparation for use in an observational, open-label trial to treat 6 patients with ML with a history of Sb(v) therapy failure. All patients were treated with the antigens thiol-specific antioxidant, Leishmania major stress inducible protein 1, Leishmania elongation initiation factor, and Leishmania heat shock protein 83, plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Patients underwent clinical and pathological evaluations before the initiation of immunotherapy and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 60 months after. Results One month after the third injection, 1 patient showed complete clinical remission (CC) and remained disease free for the duration of the study. At the 9-month follow-up examination, 5 patients showed CC, and all patients were asymptomatic at a subsequent 5-year follow-up examination. Conclusions These data support the concept that vaccine therapy with a defined antigen combination, used with standard chemotherapy, is a safe and effective approach to treat drug-refractory ML.

Controlled heat delivered as radio waves has been used successfully in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Here we investigated whether local heat therapy has systemic effects, as measured by the modulation of cytokine production following heat therapy of CL lesions compared with antimonial (Glucantime) treatment. Patients with CL were randomly assigned into this study. Heat (50 degrees C for 30s) was applied once. The control group received Glucantime therapy for 20 d. Cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was assayed on days 0, 14 and 28 after onset of treatment. At the end of 28 d, 75% of lesions were healing or healed in the heat therapy group and 90% in the control group (P=0.1261). There was a decrease in IFN-gamma, IL-5 and TNF-alpha levels comparing day 0 with day 28 in both groups, but no difference between the two therapy groups. In patients with only one of several lesions treated with heat therapy, the untreated lesions also healed. Local heat therapy in CL lesions leads to systemic cytokine responses similar to that induced by systemic Glucantime therapy.

Immunotherapy has been proposed as a method to treat mucosal leishmaniasis for many years, but the approach has been hampered by poor definition and variability of antigens used, and results have been inconclusive. We report here a case of antimonial-refractory mucosal leishmaniasis in a 45 year old male who was treated with three single injections (one per month) with a cocktail of four Leishmania recombinant antigens selected after documented hypo-responsiveness of the patient to these antigens, plus 50 microg of GM-CSF as vaccine adjuvant. Three months after treatment, all lesions had resolved completely and the patient remains without relapse after two years. Side effects of the treatment included only moderate erythema and induration at the injection site after the second and third injections. We conclude that carefully selected microbial antigens and cytokine adjuvant can be successful as immunotherapy for patients with antimonial-refractory mucosal leishmaniasis.

A panel of national experts was convened by the Brazilian Infectious Diseases Society in order to organize the national recommendations for the management of zika virus infection. The focus of this document is the diagnosis, both clinical and laboratorial, and appropriate treatment of the diverse manifestations of this infection, ranging from acute mild disease to Guillain-Barré syndrome and also microcephaly and congenital malformations.