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Nowadays, renewable source materials play a significant part in creating lightweight structural materials. In this work, Azadirachta indica (Neem Gum) was taken as natural filler material in epoxy matrix with different volume fraction. The hand lay-up method was used. The mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact tests were found for five different specimens. The effect of natural filler on the mechanical properties was observed and found that 40% addition of neem powder produces better mechanical strength in tensile, flexural and impact strength.

This work deals with the study of the effect of the irregular crumbling (Instability of cutting) for recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles on the extrusion process using a twin-screw extruder and as a result its effect on the mechanical properties of the product and the amount of electrical energy consumption. The extrusion process was performed for cutting sizes of PET bottles (4.75, 6.75, 7.15, and 10 mm) in addition to raw material to compare, at temperature ranges between (200–205 °C) at speed of 50 rpm. Results showed that the cutting size has a direct effect on the crystallinity which affects mechanical and thermal properties, such as elongation and tensile strength decreases with increase cutting size but the elastic modulus increase with increase cutting size. The impact and hardness test proved that the impact strength and hardness decrease with increase cutting size, also, it was observed during the extrusion process when placing an equal amount of different sizes in the machine and ensure that the materials enter the machine at once for the sake of comparison, we find that the lower volumes consumed less electrical energy, compared to the rest of the other different sizes, except the raw material from (PET).

Aluminium-wood particle composites were formed by casting method. Different weight fractions of wood particle as reinforcement to the Aluminium alloys were used to produce the composites. The physical and mechanical properties such as density, impact strength, tensile strength, hardness and microstructure were investigated. The results showed that the density decreases with the percentage increase in reinforcement. Also, a significant enhancement in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the composite compared to that of pure aluminium was achieved. The maximum UTS of the Aluminium -wood composite is 97.69 MPa and occurred at 20%wt wood particulate addition reinforcement while that of the unreinforced Aluminium is 40.189 MPa. The impact energy varies from 47.00 J to 89.00 J with a maximum value at 10%wt wood particulate addition while the hardness varies from 52.33BHN to 62BHN with a maximum value at 10%wt. All the mechanical behaviours investigated in the study generally showed that the Aluminium -wood composite exhibited better mechanical properties than the pure Aluminium. The microstructure examination revealed that the wood particles were uniformly distributed in the metal matrix composite.

Oil palm shell (OPS), one of the most abundantly produced solid bio-wastes in Southeast Asia, is yielded by crushing the oil palm kernel during palm oil extraction in the palm oil mills. Approaches have been devoted to developing the use of OPS as reinforcing filler in polymer composites to enhance the functional properties of composites. For OPS to be effective for reinforcing materials, its role and beneficial effects on the improvement of composites’ properties need to be investigated. However, not many studies have discussed the potentials of incorporating OPS in thermoplastic and thermoset polymer composite applications. This paper summarises the enhancement of composite characteristics, including physical, mechanical, thermal, water barrier and biodegradability properties. Properties of OPS that make it a good candidate as a reinforcing filler, such as tensile strength, impact strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, morphological and water absorption, are discussed in detail. In addition, the application of its derivative, challenges, and outlook are also discussed.

Sepiolite (Si12Mg8O30(OH,F)4].(H2O)4·8H2O) is a valuable filler with an enormous capacity to be used in thermoplastic composites, substituting costly reinforcing fillers, such as graphene and CNTs. Sepiolite strengthened polymers nanocomposite materials have encouraged the field of research and ventures because of their strengthening ability and bio-compatibility in polymer composites. Sepiolite shows remarkable characteristics over various fillers due to its higher specific surface area and channel type structure. Numerous investigations were performed to decide different properties of Sepiolite strengthened polymer composites in various applications, for example, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, stiffness, thermal, flammability, thermo-mechanical, and morphological. This review paper focuses on the mechanical and thermal properties of sepiolite strengthened polymer nanocomposites. Generally, it can be determined that the properties of sepiolite loaded thermoplastic polymer composites mainly depend on filler content, matrix, bond interaction, shape, size of sepiolite particles. Further assessment and development are required to expand its utilization in several applications. These comprise the utilization of nano-size sepiolite made synthetically as functionalized filler in thermoplastics.

In this study, stir casting is used to fabricated aluminum alloy Al-6063 based metal matrix composites. Industrial waste i.e. SiC (2, 4, and 6 wt%) and, natural waste i.e. neem leaf ash (2, 3, and 4 wt%) powders are used as reinforcement materials. Mechanical properties i.e. tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness are evaluated experimentally. All composites show the increment in tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness with the addition of SiC and Neem leaf ash powders. Moreover, the highest tensile strength, hardness and, impact strength are evaluated for the 6 wt% SiC powder with 4 wt% of neem leaf ash reinforced composites.

This paper deals with the comparison of Mechanical properties of aluminum alloy (LM 25) with boron carbide and aluminum alloy with silicon carbide metal matrix composite. The boron carbide of particle size 35 to 40 µm and silicon carbide of similar particle size were used as reinforcements. This addition gives excellent hardness and good impact strength. The fabrication was done by using stir casting., The samples are prepared and mechanical testing like tensile, hardness, and impact was done. It was found that aluminum alloy with boron carbide showed better tensile and impact strength whereas aluminum alloy with silicon carbide showed better hardness. The structure was characterized by using optical microscope.

Nowadays, there is heavy demand for the present materials of different grades due to their important properties like high impact strength, high hardness, corrosion resistance, high tensile and compressive strength, etc. These properties make these materials rely on them for most of the application. These fiber laminates are very good material for automobile and aerospace applications, especially for automobiles used for car bumpers due to their high impact strength. One of the most important matters in making this laminate is its adhesive bonding between fiber glass and aluminium. Here in this study, both glass fiber and glass fiber reinforced with aluminium are manufactured. Various mechanical tests like tensile, compressive, and impact tests are carried out based on the ASTM standards, and the strength of these laminates is observed for the applied load. It is concluded that the impact, tensile, and compression strength of glass fiber reinforced with aluminium is greater than that of only glass fiber laminate. It will result in more dynamic and fusible properties in the composite structure. Thus the strength of glass fiber with Al is higher than that of only glass fiber laminate.

In this present study hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites (HAMMC) were prepared by employing stir casting technique at 725 °C. Reinforcements such as Alumina (Al2O3), Silicon carbide (SiC) and Boron carbide (B4C) of 44µ size were reinforced with base aluminium matrix Al-6061 T6 alloy. Wear test, Tensile test, Flexural test and Impact test were done on the hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites as per ASTM standards. It is observed that hybrid composite with 2 wt% each of SiC, Al2O3 and B4C has high tensile strength and wear strength. Composite with 6 wt% of B4C has second high tensile strength, hardness and impact strength when compared with rest of the hybrid composites because of its excellent mechanical properties. Porosity of the samples 1 and 2 is less than the value 2.3 which indicates greater uniformity of reinforcements in the matrix. Flexural strength and Hardness was studied and analysed. Morphological study of the hybrid composites was done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observed minimal cracks on the surface of the samples due to wear test.

A highly sought-after objective of Space Agencies is the development of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and of multifunctional materials, key elements to future exploration and colonization of Moon and Mars. The 3D printing process via fused filament fabrication (FFF) is increasingly viewed as an interesting approach for the in-situ manufacturing of buildings and items using regolith as a feedstock material, enabling the necessary repair and recycling capabilities to ensure crew safety. In this work, we investigate the radiation shielding properties and the FFF 3D printing process of polyethylene-based composites filled with Martian regolith. The on-line tool for the assessment of radiation in space (OLTARIS) software developed by NASA was used to assess the radiation shielding effectiveness of polyethylene (PE)/regolith (RG) composites in the Martian radiation environment. A basalt powder with chemical composition similar to that of Mars soil was used as Martian regolith simulant in the 3D printing process. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the melting properties and crystallization degree of PE/RG composites at different RG concentrations, in order to analyze the effect of the simulant on the process parameters of filament extrusion and 3D printing. Low-impact Izod tests were also performed, with all PE/RG composites showing improved impact strength with respect to neat PE. Based on the DSC and Izod tests results, filaments of PE/RG composites were fabricated and used to 3D-print samples for tensile tests and 3-point bending tests. Results demonstrate the radiation shielding effectiveness of PE/RG composites and the capability of 3D-printers based on FFF to successfully manufacture components made of PE/RG composites starting from extruded filaments.

The fiber reinforced polymer composites replacing traditional materials due to its very good mechanical properties, strength to weight ratio and easily available. The fibers are further classified into two types namely, synthetic and natural, Glass, Carbon, Kevlar etc., have classified as synthetic fibers, similarly, natural fibers namely, Abaca, hemp, sisal, etc. Both fibers having both advantages and disadvantages. In this work, numerically analyzed the mechanical characterization of hybrid composite consist of synthetic and natural fibers using ANSYS software. Totally six natural and synthetic fibers have chosen for analysis namely, Flax, Glass, Hemp, Abaca, Carbon and Kevlar. The total layers six with 6 mm thickness has been used to perform the tensile, flexural and impact test using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2. The results shows that, Flax/Glass has high tensile strength compared to other combination of composites. In flexural test, Hemp/Kevlar obtained the highest value among other combinations. Impact test shows the Abaca/Carbon has highest impact strength compare to others. So, the higher mechanical properties have been obtained in the order of natural, mixed, and synthetic fiber based composites.

The urge to produce high-performance engineering products from the characteristic sustainable assets is growing continuously. Composite materials are amongst those versatile materials which combine the miscellaneous properties that can never be accomplished using the monolithic material. Nowadays, distinctive ecological issues are essentially influencing the advancements in material science and technology and there is a trend to investigate the capability of bio-fillers as the reinforcement phase for polymer matrix composites. The main impetus behind the use of natural resources is their renewability, biodegradable nature sometimes and importantly none of them impose any sort of adverse effect on the environment. Whereas sources of the synthetic reinforcing materials are limited and many of them cause environmental problems too. In this work, an attempt has been made to evaluate the potential of one such bio-filler, i.e., Cowrie Shell (CS) as a reinforcing phase for a polymer composite. Polypropylene (PP), Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and CS Powder were used as a polymer, rubber phase copolymer and reinforcing filler respectively to prepare PP/ABS blend (80/20 wt%/wt%) and development of composite material. CS powder (of particle size − 90 µm & 150 µm) was prepared by crushing, grinding and sieving operations and was blended in five different ratios up to 15 wt% with PP/ABS. The characterization of mechanical behavior was done by carrying tensile, flexural, and impact tests. The results showed a steady improvement in the tensile, flexural and impact strength with increasing CS concentration having cost efficient application. The outcome of the Polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) compatibilizer addition was also studied which has shown a further increase in the mechanical properties.

This work is done on the fabrication and characterization of hybrid metal matrix composite (MMC) using the matrix material Al-2014 alloy, reinforcements silicon carbide and the fly ash particulates of average size 25 μm by the stir casting process. The characterization included microstructure analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), tensile strength test, hardness test, impact strength test, density and specific strength evaluation test. The results revealed a fairly uniform distribution of reinforcement particulates in the matrix material. The XRD showed no harmful byproduct formation during the fabrication process. The DTA/TGA analysis showed that the sample containing 15%SiC/5%fly ash in hybrid MMC had a minimum loss of mass. The same composition of the hybrid MMC showed maximum tensile strength being 31% and 75% higher in comparison to its as cast and as heat treated conditions. Similarly the hardness was 32% and 48% higher, impact strength being 30.5% and 58.12% higher respectively. Also the density of this composition is found to be in close proximity with the base matrix material.

The development of sustainable materials, considering the design aspects is one of the real challenges among the researchers. In general. the renewable resources used in several applications, should not harm ecosystems and maintain the environmental sustainability. In this context, local agricultural by-products or wastes are focused on as an alternative material due to their lightweight and can be easily disposed of after their usage. Agro-waste and biomass materials are plentifully available in the world. The fibers obtained from the agricultural by-products are often used as fillers or reinforcement. Presently, biodegradable polymer matrixes are becoming popular and are finding in number of applications in manufacturing components used in automobiles, medical, domestic, and others. Polylactide (PLA) is a compostable and biodegradable thermoplastic polymer that is derived from renewable agro-sources such as potatoes, corn, or sugarcane. When suitable filler materials are reinforced with these polymers, an improvement in the strength can be seen. In the present work, the rice straw reinforced polylactide (PLA) composites are fabricated with the standard procedure, in accordance with ASTM standards. The experimental studies for the three types of polylactide composites are carried out to characterize their Impact and hardness strength. It is found a higher impact strength for 20 wt% un-treated fiber content of PLA composites. The hardness value is better for treated fiber content PLA composites.

In this analysis, the alkaline activators prepared by mixing sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate and rice husk ash (RHA) were used as the source material in geopolymer concrete. As fibre reinforcement in geopolymer concrete, basalt fibres (B.F.s) were used. Silica luxurious RHA and alumina luxurious B.F.s proved the best mishmash for rigid pavement abrasion resistance. The ratio of sodium silicate (sdsi) to sodium hydroxide (sdhd), alkaline activator to binder content was maintained as 2.0 and 0.4 respectively, the concentration of sodium hydroxide was maintained as 14 M, the fluidity of geopolymer concrete was improved by superplasticizer, and RHA used was 500 kg/m3 in MRM (control mix which is rice husk ash based geopolymer concrete without basalt fibres). B.F.s were used as 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 per cent by weight of RHA in the MB1, MB5, MB10, MB15, MB20 and MB25 combinations, and the results of B.F.'s blends were compared with the MRM. The results showed that, relative to the control mix and all other mixes, the impact strength in mix MB10 was high. In contrast to the MRM control combination, the seven, twenty-eight, and ninety-day impact strength of MB10 showed a substantial increase of more than 88, 89, and 92 per cent, respectively.

Composite materials are developed with the sole intention of augmenting the properties of metal/alloy through the addition of reinforcing materials. The composite of Al-6082 alloy with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% percent by weight nano-SiC particulate reinforcement was successfully fabricated using the standard stir casting method. Using the rule of mixture, the physical properties such as the density, Poisson’s ratio, and the Young’s modulus were computed for the fabricated composites. The rule of mixture showed that the density and Young’s modulus was highest for composite with 20% nano-SiC reinforcement at 2.802 gms/cm3 and 136.2 MPa respectively. Whereas the Poisson’s ratio was maximum for composite with 5% nano-SiC reinforcement at 0.3225. For the strength evaluation, aappropriate specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards from the fabricated composites to test the hardness, tensile strength, compression strength, and impact strength. The hardness was tested using the Brinell’s hardness tester, which showed an increasing trend in the BHN, from 5% to 20%, at 84.34 to 93.39 N/mm2 respectively. The tensile tests showed an increasing tensile strength with a maximum measured at 327.94 MPa, for composite with 15% SiC. The tensile strength however reduced with further increase in nano-SiC reinforcement content at 20%. The compression tests showed a gradual increase in the compressive strength starting at 28.96 MPa for 5% nano-SiC reinforcement content, to 48.97 MPa for 20% nano-SiC reinforcement content. The impact tests conducted using the Charpy Test showed a gradual decrease in the impact strength starting at 6.2 Joules for 5% nano-SiC reinforcement content, to 4.8 Joules for 20% nano-SiC reinforcement content. This is due to the reducing toughness in the composites with a gradual increase in the nano-SiC reinforcement. The strength evaluation showed that for applications requiring maximum hardness and compression loads, the MMC of Al-6082 with 20% nano-SiC reinforcement would be best suited. It was also concluded that the applications with maximum tensile loading requirements, the MMC of Al-6082 with 15% nano-SiC reinforcement would be suitable. Furthermore, the impact strength evaluations has shown that the composite is highly unsuitable for applications with impact loading conditions.

Owing to global environment concerns much effort have been made to provide biodegradable and eco-friendly materials for the coming generation of composite materials. Due to increased awareness about the natural fiber reinforced composite, these are being employed in various application to minimize the greenhouse gas emissions. Green composites are good alternatives to petroleum-based materials which are environmentally harmful. Instead of several benefits of natural fiber reinforced composites, there are some challenges working with them, such as high moisture content and poor compatibility between fiber and matrix, low fire resistance, lower durability, and lower impact strength of natural fibers. Keeping in view, this paper provides an up-to-date review on natural fiber and resin types, modification, physical and mechanical properties, applications and other properties of green composites so that green composites may be employed in a number of applications by better understanding their behaviour.

Tapioca starch laminated composite foams were prepared from glyoxal crosslink-tapioca starch and polybutylene succinate (PBS) using corn husks as reinforcement by compression molding technique. Corn husk content was fixed at 1% of crosslinked starch. Both sides of corn husk were treated with silane coupling agents, tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) at 10% and thermo-coated with PBS films at different concentrations (1%, 3% and 5%) by molding at 160 °C. Effect of PBS thermo-coated corn husks on foam morphology, water resistance and mechanical properties were investigated. The SEM micrographs of coated composite foams showed a relatively smooth surface of composite but more cracks were observed as increasing PBS concentration due to thermal degradation of PBS during compressing molding. It was found that impact strength and water resistance of laminar composite foams were increased in thermo-coated with PBS films. Crosslinked tapioca starch laminar composite foams with 3% PBS coated corn husk showed the highest impact strength and water resistance. Thermo-coated method was able to apply to prepare coated PBS on crosslinked tapioca starch laminar composite foams, however thermal degradation of PBS occurred especially at a high concentration which results in poor properties of starch laminar composite foams.

The aim of this study was to find the mechanical characteristics of quasi-isotropic intra-ply woven Carbon-Kevlar/Epoxy hybrid composite by experimental investigation. The composite laminate configuration of quasi-isotropic, symmetric, balanced and intra-ply hybridization was selected in accordance with applications requiring thin and isotropic material properties. The composite laminate was fabricated using hand-layup and vacuum-bagging techniques and ASTM International (formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials) standards were followed for all the tests. The tests conducted in this study include Void-content and density test, Tensile test, Flexural test, Izod impact test, Inter-laminar shear (ILSS) test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test. The void test was conducted to ensure the fabrication quality of the composite laminate. Different mechanical tests were conducted to find its properties under different loading conditions and SEM was used to understand the failure modes involved in the fracture of a tensile specimen. The material showed moderate and balanced mechanical properties such as good bending and impact behavior that can be used in applications that require isotropic properties with both bending and impact strengths. The tensile, flexural, impact and inter-laminar shear strengths of the material determined by experimental investigation are 270 MPa, 196.6 MPa, 1440.4 J/m and 17.4 MPa respectively. SEM analysis revealed that matrix cracks, fiber pull out, fiber–matrix debonding, fiber breakage and delamination were the major failure modes in the fracture of the tensile test specimen.

The effect of natural fiber loading on Mechanical characteristics of Polypropylene based hybrid composites is reported. Four composite systems were considered for investigation: Neat Polypropylene (PP), PP/5 wt% sisal fiber/5 wt% Ramie fiber (PP/10), PP/10 wt% sisal fiber/10 wt% Ramie fiber (PP/20) and PP/15 wt% sisal fiber/15 wt% Ramie fiber (PP/30). The hybrid composites were processed and developed by melt mix method with the help of Twin screw extrusion and injection molding. The mechanical response of hybrid composites was investigated through tensile behaviour, flexural behavior and impact behaviour in accordance with ASTM method at room temperature. It was found from the experimented results that the individual fibers had their own sole impact on mechanical properties of Polypropylene natural composites. It was revealed that the hybrid fiber loading has promoted the mechanical behaviour of PP based fibrous composites. It was found that tensile strength and flexural strength of PP/30 hybrid composites was enhanced by 11% and 52% over neat PP as an effect of inclusion of natural fibers. This is because of the enhancement of modulus of PP/30 composites. Further, the significant surface interaction of natural fibers with the matrix made hybrid composites to exhibit good mechanical properties. The reinforcement of effect of hybrid fibers totally decreased the impact strength. It was noticed that the impact strength of PP/30 composites was same as that of neat PP. The SEM photographs exhibits the morphology of fractured surfaces. Among the hybrid composites studied, PP/30 hybrid composites exhibited the better mechanical behavior.

The evolution of the rapid prototyping with the emergence of the Industry 4.0 brings the new challenges in the field of additive manufacturing. The additive manufacturing eliminates the various process incorporated in conventional manufacturing such as casting, machining and welding. Therefore, the additive manufacturing reduces the manufacturing cost, labours and produce complex shapes easily. The additive manufactured Inconel 718 super alloy is widely used in various fields such as medical application, automobile and air crafts for its mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The mechanical study of this material may cause most expansive, time consuming process and material wastage. The study is mainly focused to minimized expenditure and material wastage due to conventional testing process. In this paper, the additive manufactured Inconel 718 super alloy is evaluated through CAE software. For investigation, the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) processed material and their corresponding mechanical properties are considered as a base data. All the models are meshed fine elements in hex shape to improve the accuracy of testing. Boundary condition applied as per ASTM standard for tensile (ASTM E8), erosion (ASTM G76) and impact (ASTM E23). Experimentation such as axial loading, impact loading and solid particle erosion studies are performed. Subsequently, the simulated results are compared with conventionally tested material for data interpretations. The analytical result for DMLS alloy has tensile strength is 1125 MPa and impact strength of 23.30 J; and the commercial alloy has tensile strength of 1252 MPa and impact strength 25.33 J respectively. As a research finding, it has been confirmed that the result achieved through simulated modelling for DMLS processed Inconel718 is very close and with negotiable difference for the conventional Inconel 718 material.

Natural Resources are available plenty in nature. Just because, having less awareness about their importance and performance, we couldn’t be able to make use of it properly. Focusing on this concept many kinds of research and studies have been carried out and are being carried on utilizing the natural sources effectively. This research is one of such attempts to suggest, how best to make use of available natural fibers such as hemp, banana, jute, sisal, etc. An attempt to propose natural fibers in helmet manufacturing technology instead of synthetic fibers such as E-glass, carbon, Kevlar, etc., to enhance their mechanical properties. Composite hybrid helmet is preparing to use natural hemp and banana fibers by adopting the traditional hand lay-up technique with polyester resin as matrix material. The impact strength of helmets evaluated through the Drop Weight Impact test. The helmets are prepared and then subjected to testing’s according to ASTM D7136. The readings obtained from the testing’s prove that natural fibers are also having good impact resistance, strength and are the best alternatives for synthetic fibers which are commonly used in helmet manufacturing industries.

PURPOSE The antifungal property of chitosan (Ch) in denture base resin (DBR) was well established. Ch influence on the mechanical properties of DBR is less studied in the literature and is vital for clinical success of denture. This study estimates the effect of different concentrations of Ch on the flexural strength (FS), fracture toughness (FT), impact strength (IS) and surface roughness (Ra) in heat polymerized DBR. METHODS A total of 160 samples were divided into 4 groups (n =10) by weight percentage - Ch 0, Ch 5, Ch 10, Ch 15. FS and FT were estimated by three-point bending test. IS was determined by Charpy test. Ra was evaluated by non-contact laser surface profilometer. The tested samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope and Fourier transformation infra-red spectroscopy. Data were statistical analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Post hoc Bonferroni test. RESULTS FS, FT and IS improved with Ch addition when compared to control group. Ch5 showed higher "FS, FT, IS. (p

This study aims to investigate the combined effects of Metakaolin (MK) and Hybrid fibers on High-Performance Concrete's (HPC) mechanical properties. A constant proportion of 0.25% for polypropylene fibers (PF) and varying proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% for steel fibers (SF) making a total fiber volume fractions of 0%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% were used to develop hybrid fiber-reinforced high-performance concrete (HFRHPC). Four replacement levels for hybrid fibers by volume of the binders and four partial replacement levels for Metakaolin (0%, 10%, 20% & 30%) by weight of cement have been considered for three different water binder ratios (0.275, 0.325 & 0.375). An aggregate binder ratio of 1.75 was kept constant. The test results reveal a maximum increase of 31.83%, 37.05%, and 36.53% in compressive strength for curing periods of 7, 28, and 56 days, respectively. The split tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength test results show an increase of 42%, 74.41%, and 68.32% for a curing period of 28 days, respectively. Additionally, linear regression analysis was performed, and plots of compressive strength v/s tensile strength and compressive strength v/s flexural strength have been obtained to develop a relationship between compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. With the incorporation of metakaolin and hybrid fibers into the concrete matrix, very high mechanical properties could be achieved. The results indicate that a combination of 1.25% hybrid fibers and 10% Metakaolin gains all the water-binder ratios' highest strength.

Polymer systems like epoxies are seldom used in the manufacturing of structures on their own since their mechanical properties are not very high. The matrix system of materials is availed by the process of thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer and the corresponding filler material or reinforcement used are of ceramic, metal, carbon, particulates or fibres. In this work hybrid fibre reinforced epoxy composites are fabricated and tested with the intention of improving the mechanical properties of the composites for use in various applications like automobiles, aerospace, civil engineering, military, motorsports etc. Samples of epoxy composites, reinforced with various combinations of carbon, glass, and nylon fibres have been prepared by varying the amount of one of the fibres, using hand layup technique. This technique involves placing layers of composite fibre in a sequence layup using epoxy matrix and hardener, then subjecting to uniform pressure under room temperature. The composite materials so produced are tested for their mechanical properties according to ASTM standards. With varying fibre contents, a notable variation in mechanical properties was observed. The samples fabricated by combining various quantities of different fibres, exhibited the best mechanical properties. The effect of hybridization and fibre content on the mechanical properties results in improved strength and stiffness for glass fibre and nylon fibre but reduces the impact strength, which can be improved by the addition of nylon fibre.

The cryogenic fluid storage and transfer have been an area of interest for space applications. Efficient and safe storage of cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen is very critical. This study focused on the suitability of (3- Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane as toughening agents for epoxy resin-based systems for cryogenic applications. We focused on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with triethylenetetramine (TETA) as a curing agent at cryogenic temperatures. (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane was mixed in Epoxy with the help of a magnetic stirrer and ultrasonicator. CFRP panels made of plain weave carbon fiber and silane modified epoxy were fabricated using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) technique. Samples were cut out as per ASTM standards, and Izod Impact test was conducted at room and cryogenic conditions. The toughness was witnessed to be improved at both room as well as cryogenic conditions. Silane successfully reduced the indigenous cross linking density of epoxy, which is making it brittle and stronger at the same time. Silane reduces the indigenous cross linking density of epoxy at cryogenic temperatures, which increases its toughness but at the cost of its overall strength. Also the mechanism of fracture and energy dissipation was studied and summarised using macroscopic fracture analysis and FTIR analysis.

Al6061 alloy nanocomposite reinforced with (0, 3, 6, 9 wt%) of nanozirconia were fabricated by stir casting technique. The physical properties such as void content, density and mechanical properties such as hardness, impact strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness were evaluated. It was found that nanozirconia has a significant effect as filler for the improvement in mechanical and physical properties. It was found that the addition of 3 wt% nanozirconia resulted in an increase in void content by 21%, hardness by 34%, impact strength by 32%, and flexural strength of 9.6 %. However, porosity was increased due to difficulty in mixing nanozirconia in the molten metal during stir casting. The addition of nanozirconia resulted in more strength, hardness and improved interface bonding between matrix and filler which led to improvement in fracture toughness.

In this modern era, the joining of dissimilar metals is having a broader scope and applications in different field of engineering. The SA387 grade alloy steel plate is a pressure vessel steel grade, which is extensively used in high temperature applications such as boilers, heat exchangers, pressure vessels in oil and gas industries, and so on. Further, the requirement of joining SA387 with the stainless steel is needed in above mentioned applications at most of the times. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is one among the extensively used method of welding in industries for joining different kind of metals. However, the process parameters namely, welding current, voltage, bevel angle are playing a pivotal role for obtaining a quality weld as well as for obtaining desirable mechanical properties. An effort is made in this study to optimize the welding parameters namely, welding current, voltage and bevel angle for obtaining better impact strength of dissimilar joining of SA387 alloy steel with the stainless steel grade of SS304 using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Further, ANOVA was carried-out to assess the most dominant process parameter which greatly influences the impact strength of the weld joint. The results evidenced that the welding current was the predominant parameter to distress the impact strength of the welded joint followed by welding voltage.

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites are environment friendly apart from being biodegradable. However, due to their poor mechanical properties, industrial applications of structural components haven’t been gained much attention. Therefore, this present investigation estimates the consequences of carbon and glass fiber hybridization on mechanical properties of flax and kenaf fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites. There are four types of hybrid composites (C2F3C2,C2K3C2,G2F3G2,G2K3G2) as well as plain Carbon (C7), Glass (G7), Flax (F7) and Kenaf (K7) are fabricated by hand lay-up technique. The results revealed that C2F3C2 type hybrid composite has highest flexural strength (364.4Mpa) whereas, maximum impact strength (92.9 kJ/m2) is observed from G2F3G2 type hybrid composite among all hybrid composites. Hence, natural/synthetic fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites may create opportunities to be used in automobile, aerospace, military, biomedical, infrastructure and transportation applications.

The short fiber reinforced hybrid thermoplastic blend composites is most widely used in aerospace & automobile industries. Individual fibres and their hybrid effect on mechanical characterisation are the focus of this article. The materials used for the study are Polyamide66 (PA66), Polypropylene (PP), Short glass fibers (SGF) and Short basalt fibers (SBF). The material system used for the study are Blend (PA66/PP), Blend/SGF, Blend/SBF and Blend/SGF/SBF. Melt mix method with twin screw extruder is used to manufacture composite material systems. ASTM standards were used to evaluate the composites physical and mechanical properties, such as hardness, density, tensile, flexure, and impact strength. The experimental data indicated that the mechanical properties particularly tensile and flexural strength enhanced significantly by the insertion of short fibers into thermoplastic blend. Further the impact properties reduced due the brittle nature of the fibers in the blend composites. The density as well as the hardness of the short fiber reinforced composites increases with respect to the blend. The failure mechanism of the composites due the mechanical characterization is observed through the SEM pictures.

In recent decades, natural fibers have emerged as a rising trend in materials research as a reinforcement for polymer matrix materials and as a replacement for non-biodegradable, non-renewable, and high-density synthetic fabrics. The main objective of this research is to examine the mechanical characteristics of hemp and flax-based hybrid composites reinforced with epoxy resin at cryogenic and room temperatures. The composites were made using a hand lay-up approach, with both fibers being prepared with a NaOH solution for 4 h to improve interfacial adhesion. It is apparent from this research that cryogenic temperature has a significant impact on the flexural, tensile and impact characteristics of polymer composites, and that these qualities vary depending on the amount of cryogenic treatment. After being submerged in liquid nitrogen for 15, 30, and 45 min, the specimens are tested for tensile, flexural, and impact characteristics. An untreated specimen has the highest tensile strength of 27.89 MPa, a flexural strength of 58.95 MPa, and impact strength of 10.94 kJ/m2, with the value decreasing as the curing period rises.

Lignosulfonate (LS) was successfully introduced into the epoxy resin matrix with the aid of ethylene glycol (EG) dissolution. Both the rigid LS and soft EG segments were linked into the cross-linked network structure of epoxy resin via esterification of hydroxyl groups in LS and EG molecules with anhydride. The ultimate properties of cured samples were adjusted effectively by changing the proportion of LS and EG components. Curing reaction and kinetics were analyzed, by which the optimal curing process parameters were determined. Although thermal stability of LS itself was relatively lower than that of neat epoxy, the thermal performance was significantly enhanced for the modified sample of epoxy/LS0.5-EG0.5. At the same time, the flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength were found to be increased by 23.1, 35.7 and 15.1% respectively compared with the neat epoxy. In addition, the excellent shape memory behavior and improved mechanical stability with LS addition were exhibited by the cured LS-EG modified specimens. This work reveals that lignin can be used as an efficient functional additive to regulate thermal, mechanical and shape memory properties of epoxy resin.

A series of lignin-based epoxy resins (LEPs) were prepared by the reaction of epichlorohydrin with lignin oligomers derived from partial reductive depolymerization of lignin. To overcome the high viscosity and brittleness defects in practical applications, the LEPs were blended with renewable epoxied cardanol glycidyl ether (ECGE) and then cured with methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) to form high-performance epoxy thermosets. The effects of degree of lignin depolymerization, chemical composition of lignin oligomers and dosage of ECGE on thermal and mechanical properties of the cured products were investigated. The LEP/MeTHPA thermosets exhibited good thermal and mechanical properties. Especially, by separating monomer-rich fractions from lignin oligomers, the thermal and mechanical properties of the cured product were improved obviously. Notably, the incorporation of ECGE also possessed a positive effect on reinforcing and toughening the cured products. With 20 wt% ECGE loadings, the tensile, flexural and impact strength of the cured product reached the maximum value of 77 MPa, 115 MPa and 14 kJ/m2, respectively, which were equivalent to the commercial bisphenol A epoxy resins thermosets. These findings indicated that the novel bio-based epoxy resins from lignin oligomers and cardanol could be utilized as renewable alternatives for BPA epoxy resins.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a type of welding in which the joint is made in the solid phase using the heat generated through friction. FSW is used to produce welds with superior strength with low distortion. At present, the FSW technique is enormously applied in aerospace-related applications. In the present study, a multi objective optimization technique based on Dragonfly Algorithm (DFA) is proposed for optimizing the weld strength of FSW of aluminum alloy 6082-T6. The prime purpose of this work is to determine the optimal parameter combination of the input process parameters namely the tool rotational speed, the welding speed, and the tool tilt angle to achieve the optimal tensile strength and the impact strength of the weld. The optimal process parameters are validated and simulated using MATLAB software.

Graphene oxide (GO) received a significant attention in the scientific community due to their excellent mechanical properties identifying themselves as an alternative and combinatory to various other metals and composites. Though GO possess excellent strength, it was observed from the literature that graphene oxide consisting of hydroxyl group elements ensue in poor bonding. Thus reduced functional group density (rFGD) graphene is preferred which has an advantage of good bonding, alongside very small quantity as a filler is required to achieve the enhancement equivalent to graphene oxide which forms the novelty of the current work. In current case, 3, 6 and 9 wt% of rFGD is dispersed into E-glass fibre reinforced composite by traditional hand layup technique. The obtained results revealed that, the tensile, flexural and impact strength have shown superior enhancement with 3 and 6 wt% of rGO than neat E-glass epoxy (0 wt% rGO), whereas an asymptotic decrement is noticed at 9 wt% when tested with ASTM standards except for impact strength. The microstructural studies also indicated the proper adhesion and alignment of fibres without any agglomerations corroborate the enhancement of properties. These overall finding supports the suitability of the developed laminates for potential use in structural applications in aerospace industry.

Background: The denture-base acrylic resins used by partially edentulous patients can cause local demineralization of teeth. Alkali ions released from the bioactive materials that were added to acrylic resins can increase the pH of the oral environment and slow down the demineralization process. Aim of the study: This study aimed to create a new denture-base acrylic resin that can release ions. Materials and methods: A total of 222 samples with different fillers (calcium hydrogen phosphate, hydroxyapatite, two kinds of bioactive glasses, and a product obtained by reaction between bioactive glass formed from glass ionomer cement and polyacrylic acid) were prepared for the study. All the materials were tested for mechanical properties and their use as phosphate donors for 3 weeks. The measurements were presented as mean ± SD error of the mean. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance, with a p-value of

Friction stir welding is one of the solid-state welding to join the dissimilar alloys with elevated mechanical strength. In this experimental approach, the impact of process parameters on the mechanical characteristics of different metals or alloys formed by friction stir welding between AA5383 and AA7075 is determined, to optimize these parameters and to determine which ones are important using the Taguchi optimization procedure. The friction stir welding joints are generated experimentally at various factors of joining parameters, and that are rotational speed, feed and tilt angle of tool. The Taguchi approach has confirmed that the rotational speed is the most significant parameter than feed and tilt angle. The ANOVA shows that the selected parameters show individual and combined influence over mechanical properties. The prediction equation is proposed for predicting mechanical characteristics by using general linear model, and contour graph examination is employed for checking the effect of input parameters. The optimized joining parameters are determined for maximizing tensile and impact strength and minimizing the hardness of the welded specimens. The general linear analysis-based ANOVA approach has confirmed that the selected process parameters show combined and individual influence on impact strength. The optimized process parameters for maximizing tensile strength and hardness of the welded specimens are 1200 rpm of rotational speed, feed of 20 mm/min and tilt angle of 1.5°. The 1200 rpm of rotational speed, 60 mm/min of feed and 1.5° of tilt angle are the optimized process parameters for maximizing impact strength.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanodiamond (ND) addition to repair resin with repair gap modifications on the flexural and impact strength of repaired polymethylmethacrylate denture base. Materials and Methods Heat-polymerized acrylic resin specimens (N = 100/test) were prepared and sectioned to half creating two repair gaps: 2.5- and 0 mm with 45 degrees beveling. They were further divided into subgroups (n = 20) according to ND concentration (control, 0.25%ND, and 0.50%ND), thermocycling (500 cycles) was done to half the specimens in each subgroup. Flexural strength was tested using 3-point bending test and impact strength was tested by Charpy's impact test. Analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey's tests were performed for data analysis (α = 0.05). Scanning electron microscope was employed for fracture surface analysis and ND distribution. Results Before and after thermocycling, the addition of ND significantly increased the flexural strength and elastic modulus in comparison to control group (p ˂ 0.001), while 0 mm repair gap showed insignificant difference between ND-reinforced groups (p ˃ 0.05). Regarding impact strength, ND addition increased the impact strength with 0 mm gap in comparison to control and 2.5 mm with ND (p˂0.001), while later groups showed no significant in between (p ˃ 0.05). Comparing thermocycling effect per respective concentration and repair gap, thermocycling adversely affected all tested properties except elastic modulus with 0 mm–0.25 and 0 mm–0.5% and impact strength with 2.5 mm, 2.5 mm–0.25%, 2.5 mm– 0.5% (p ˃ 0.05). Conclusion ND addition combined with decreased repair gap improved the flexural strength, elastic modulus, and impact strength of repaired denture resin, while thermocycling has a negative effect on denture repair strength.

The toughening modification of PLA was successfully performed by incorporating modified natural rubber (MNR). The MNR was obtained from chemical modification of natural rubber (NR) in a latex system through a two-step procedure; hydrogenation followed by epoxidation reaction. Different amounts of NR and MNR were mixed with PLA by a physical melt-blending procedure. As a result, blending MNR (5% by weight) with PLA could efficiently strengthen fracture resistance (18.89 kJ/m2) and stretchability (113.79%), approximately fivefold and 16-fold, respectively, compared to the neat PLA (3.58 kJ/m2 impact strength and 7.08% elongation-at-break). In comparison, impact strength (7.21 kJ/m2) and elongation-at-break (8.64%) of NR/PLA were found at the same weight ratio. The high toughening efficiency of MNR for PLA could be explained by their good compatibility of the two phases. The impact-fractured surface of the blend showed fine rubber particles and stretched-rubber fibrils in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image. Furthermore, the optical properties in terms of light transmission of the MNR/PLA blend displayed higher transparency (74.62%) than the unmodified NR/PLA blend (34.34%). The obtained results suggest that the developed MNR will offer a potential application as a high impact modifier for PLA.

Ongoing studies show that an effective demand for using natural fibers as a substitution of an artificial fiber in fiber-reinforced composites formation has increased their applicability in an industrial area worldwide. The hydrophobic nature of natural fiber makes week adhesion among the cellulose fiber and matrix components; these problems are usually encountered in fiber-reinforced composites production. To overcome such a limitation of a cellulose fiber, specific physical and chemical treatment strategies were advised by researchers around the world for surface modification of natural cellulose fibers. One of the most basic and efficient surface modification approaches adopted today by the researchers was alkali treatment, widely used in natural fiber composites formation. This technique effectively improved the Mechanical property of natural cellulose fiber, such as tensile strength and flexural properties, while the impact strength result was reduced.

To obtain the optimum balance between performance and cost, white mud (lime mud) was incorporated into the shell layer of core–shell structured wood-plastic composites (Co-WPCs). The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of the white mud loading in the shell on the water absorption, surface wettability, and mechanical and dynamic thermomechanical properties of Co-WPCs. The results showed that the shell layer improved the water resistance. The flexural strength and modulus increased by filling the shell layer with white mud, but the impact strength decreased. For Co-WPCs with 20% white mud in the shell, the surface free energies of the core layer and shell layer material were similar, which indicated good interfacial adhesion between them. Dynamic thermomechanical analysis indicated that the storage modulus of the Co-WPCs was higher when the white mud content was 15%, and the interfacial interaction parameter B of the composites increased significantly. The storage modulus had the strongest frequency dependence in the glassy state, while the composites displayed no dependence in the rubbery state. The glass transition activation energy of the composites decreased upon increasing the white mud content in the shell layer, indicating that a high white mud content affected the interface of the Co-WPCs. These findings demonstrate that filling the shell with white mud reinforced the Co-WPCs, and 15–20% white mud exhibited the best properties.

The sustainability of production systems in wood processing, wood industry, and wooden waste disposal is an important issue for European industry and society. Proper development of products based on renewable wood resources gives an opportunity to provide materials with long-term environmental, social, and economic sustainability. This study aims to establish a new way of forestry and agricultural waste materials utilization by synthesis of bio-based polyols and manufacturing of polyurethane wood composites (PU-WC). The first part of this paper describes the liquefaction of wood shavings at a temperature of 150 °C for 6 h in three different solvents—glycerol, poly (ethylene glycol) and their mixture in a 1:1 ratio. The second part deals with the synthesis of polyurethane (PU) resins containing 90% of biopolyol. Eight sets of materials with different NCO:OH ratios were obtained in a one-step method using a hydraulic press. These materials were characterized, and the material with the most promising properties was selected for polyurethane wood composites production. Composites with 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% of wood shavings were obtained. The addition of filler caused an increase in flexural strength, Young`s modulus, hardness, and impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed good adhesion between the polymer and the filler. The optimum filler content is between 50 and 60% by weight of the composite. The presented study provides a significant step toward a greener alternative for materials produced mainly from non-renewable resources.

This paper investigated the effect of magnesium as a dispersion strengthening material on some mechanical properties of 1200-Aluminium (Al-Fe-Si) alloy, a typical commercial aluminium alloy used in the production of household utensils. 1200-Aluminium (Al-Fe-Si) alloy containing varying percentages of the dispersion hardening material (i.e. Magnesium) were produced and mechanical tests namely; hardness, tensile strength and impact strength were carried out. Also, the microstructures of the cast materials were studied. The results showed that increase in magnesium content, as dispersion hardening material improved the hardness, tensile strength and caused a slight decrease in impact strength of the 1200-Aluminium alloy. It is inferred from this work that using magnesium as a dispersion hardening material brings about corresponding improvement in some mechanical properties of 1200-Aluminium (Al-Fe-Si) alloy. Keywords: Magnesium, Aluminium alloy, dispersion strengthened, reinforced alloy, crystallographic formation Depth, Geothermal Energy

In this study, polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites were developed using two different methodologies, i.e., in-situ bulk process and solution process. A comparative analysis of the thermal and mechanical properties was carried out for the nanocomposites obtained by these two distinct methods. The in-situ bulk method resulted in nanocomposites having good exfoliation and high thermal stability, while in-situ solution method resulted in materials with good mechanical properties and high thermal stability upon intercalation of the polymer matrix into the clay galleries. Two kinds of organically modified clays were used as labeled as CTA-Mag(1CEC) and CTA-Mag(2CEC) modified by a quaternary ammonium surfactant which was cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Maghnite is a natural clay (in Algeria) that can act as a catalyst and an inorganic reinforcement, both. These organoclays were utilized for the synthesis of polystyrene/clay nanocomposites. The impacts of the CTA-Mag on the morphology and properties of the nanocomposites were examined. However, polystyrene/CTA-Maghnite (PS/CTA-Mag) nanocomposites were characterized by various physicochemical techniques, i.e., XRD, FTIR, TGA, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) illustrated the ability of the CTA-Mag organoclay to effectively minimize the average molecular weight of the PS particles. The greatest improvement in thermal stabilities of the nanocomposites was obtained with 5 wt% of CTA-Mag for both organoclays. The nanocomposite containing 3 wt% organoclay showed the greatest improvement in Young’s modulus, impact strength, and tensile strength. The addition of organoclay reduced the MFI value of the polystyrene nanocomposites. The measurement of Young’s modulus, shock resistance, and breaking stress enabled the evolution of the mechanical properties to be assessed.

The article aims to produce a new class of composite material having a high strength-to-weight ratio using Al–Si alloy and SiC particles. Explicitly, the key objective of this study is associated with multi-objective modelling and optimization of a novel composite material for automobile sectors. The study is based on a structured multi-disciplinary approach by involving the principles and techniques of mechanical engineering, materials engineering, and inferential statistics. More specifically, the mixture design technique from the design of experiment toolbox is employed to ensure multi-objective optimization of the mixture components, namely, Al–Si alloy and SiC particles. The composite material is prepared using the stir casting technique with varying weight percentages of the reinforcing particles. The mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, density, and impact strength of the novel composite material are studied and considered for modelling and optimization. The study assisted in developing an optimal combination of component mixtures and a predictive model to produce a composite material having higher strength through structured engineering and robust statistical methodology. The researchers can follow the modelling and optimization approach adopted in the article as a template for robust composite material development.

This paper reports the dispersion of nanoclay in vinylester using co-rotating twin screw extrusion and ultrasonication for preparing nanoclay/vinylester gel coat. Two sets MMT/vinylester specimens, namely Type 1 and Type 2 were prepared for comparative studies. While Type 1 specimens were prepared using ultrasonication only, Type 2 specimens were prepared using both ultrasonication and twin-screw extrusion. Type 2 specimens showed lower levels of nanoclay intercalation and higher levels of exfoliation. By using the MMT/vinylester gel coat so prepared by the two different routes, MMT/vinylester/glass specimens were fabricated and tested for mechanical properties. Type 2 based nanocomposite specimens showed greater values of ultimate tensile strength, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength and impact strength. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of tensile fractured Type 2 based specimens showed less agglomeration of nanoclay than that of Type 1 based specimens.

In this research study, crumb rubber geopolymers (CRGs) were prepared to alleviate the brittleness and enhance the impact strength of a geopolymer matrix. Two different sizes of crumb rubber (CR), 0.86 ± 0.25 mm (20m-CR) and 0.32 ± 0.14 mm (40m-CR), were used to replace the geopolymer matrix at 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%. With increasing CR content, the bulk density was found to decrease while the porosity increased. The compressive and flexural strengths of the composite progressively decreased with increasing CR content. The greatest decrease was found in the 40m-CRG series. The rubberised geopolymer under compression testing remained intact after failure, suggesting improved ductility, as expected. Although the fracture toughness was insignificantly influenced by the CR size, the impact of CR content remains unclear. The impact strength was observed to improve around three-fold in the CRGs with 20 wt% CR, regardless of the CR size. Due to its fragility and low impact strength, the use of geopolymer paste in some construction applications is limited. This promising impact strength improvement thus opens up an opportunity for geopolymer-based materials to be used in such areas.

Ethanol is considered as a potential biofuel for blending with gasoline and, in India, it is planned to increase the ethanol content to 20 percent in gasoline by year 2025 from present allowable limit of maximum 10 percent. It is important to evaluate the impact of E20 fuel on the materials used in fuel-system components. An evaluation of 8 metals, 6 elastomers and 4 plastics used in various fuel-system components was conducted through systematic exercise of laboratory immersion following standard methods like SAE J1747 and SAE J 1748 with all the quality and quality assurance measures. The study was conducted with E20 as test fuel and commercial gasoline (BS IV) as a baseline fuel for comparative assessment. Impact of E20 on metals was evaluated through calculation of corrosion rates in mm/year based on data obtained for change in mass post-immersion in above fuels. Similarly, impact of elastomers and plastics was evaluated through observed changes in properties like mass, volume, tensile strength, elongation, impact strength and hardness. Impact of E20 on metals tested was found to be insignificant based on the corrosion rates. Polychloroprene, SBR, HNBR and Fluoroelastomer were found to perform similar or better in most of the properties with E20. Impact of E20 on NBR-PVC and Epichlorohydrin was more as compared to commercial gasoline. Similar changes in properties of PA12, PBT and Acetal were observed in both the fuels. Impact of E20 on tensile strength and volume change properties of PA66 was found to be more than commercial gasoline. The vital information generated can be utilised by design engineers for selection, modification of materials for various components of fuel-system of vehicles

Copper–nickel alloys were obtained by wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) and thoroughly analyzed spectro- and microscopically. Mechanical (microhardness, tensile, and impact strength) and corrosion resistance properties were also tested. The Cu–Ni alloy samples were very uniform, with minimum defects, and contained large crystals and single-phase solid solution. The microhardness distribution in the transverse and longitudinal directions was uniform. The regular and breakdown corrosion potentials of the Cu–Ni alloy fabricated by WAAM were equal to − 211 and 17 mV, respectively, while the resistance was 7.6 Ω cm2. The Cu–Ni alloys produced by WAAM are excellent compared to conventionally manufactured.