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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Selective voluntary motor control is an important factor influencing gross motor function, interjoint coordination, and the outcome of hamstring-lengthening surgery in spastic cerebral palsy. Using DTI, we investigated whether selective voluntary motor control would show strong correlations with WM motor tract microstructure and whether selective voluntary motor control is more sensitive to global WM impairment than gross motor function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy born preterm and typically developing children were recruited. The Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity (SCALE) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) were assessed in participants with cerebral palsy. Participants underwent brain MR imaging to collect DWI data. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics was used to analyze the WM for between-group differences and correlations with SCALE and GMFM. ROI analyses compared motor regions. RESULTS: Twelve children with cerebral palsy (mean age, 11.5 years) and 12 typically developing children (mean age, 10.3 years) participated. Altered DTI outcomes were found throughout the whole brain for the cerebral palsy group. SCALE, developed to evaluate selective voluntary motor control in cerebral palsy, showed significant positive correlations with fractional anisotropy in more WM voxels throughout the whole brain and for motor regions, including the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum, compared with GMFM. A significant negative correlation between radial diffusivity and SCALE, but not GMFM, was found within the corpus callosum. CONCLUSIONS: SCALE was a more sensitive clinical correlate of motor and whole-brain WM tract impairment in children with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy, suggesting greater anisotropy and myelination in these regions for those with higher selective voluntary motor control.

Mitsu Yashima (1908–1988) was a political dissident and artist in two countries. In prewar Japan, she became a proletarian rights activist; during World War ii she continued to oppose Japanese militarism by working for the United States government. In her later years, she opposed US militarism during the Vietnam War. In San Francisco, she became an admired cultural worker in the Asian American movement. Examining her life offers rare glimpses of a woman’s efforts to forge a career in the male-dominated art worlds of twentieth-century Japan and the US. Her transnational life expands the boundaries of Japanese American history, which has long focused on late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century immigration to the US West and Hawaiʻi. Her activism also challenges the perception that only third-generation Japanese Americans joined the Asian American movement of the 1960s-1970s. Yashima’s concern for human rights and peace fueled her art, political engagement, and community building.

Amerasia Journal and the UCLA Asian American Studies Center grieve the passing of Professor Emeritus Lane Ryo Hirabayashi on August 8, 2020. Professor Hirabayashi was the inaugural George and Sakay...

The impact of the magnetic field on postbounce supernova dynamics of non-rotating stellar cores is studied by performing three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulations with spectral neutrino transport. The explodability of strongly and weakly magnetized models of $20$ and $27$ $M_{\odot}$ pre-supernova progenitors are compared. We find that although the efficiency for the conversion of the neutrino heating into turbulent energy including magnetic fields in the gain region is not significantly different between the strong and weak field models, the amplified magnetic field due to the neutrino-driven convection on large hot bubbles just behind stalled shock results in a faster and more energetic explosion in the strongly magnetized models. In addition, by comparing the difference between the 2nd- and 5th-order spatial accuracy of the simulation in the strong field model for $27$ $M_{\odot}$ progenitor, we also find that the higher order accuracy in space is beneficial to the explosion because it enhances the growth of neutrino-driven convection in the gain region. Based on our results of core-collapse supernova simulations for the non-rotating model, a new possibility for the origin of the magnetic field of the protoneutron star (PNS) is proposed. The magnetic field is accumulated and amplified to magnetar level, that is, $\mathcal{O}(10^{14})$ G, in the convectively stable shell near the PNS surface., 16 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The ion-induced fragmentation of CH

Mitsu Yashima (1908–1988) was a political dissident and artist in two countries: In prewar Japan, she became a proletarian rights activist; during World War II, she continued to oppose Japanese mil...

Calibration models are indispensable for the use of Spanner-type psychrometers, but the existing calibration models have not been adequately evaluated. A non-zero intercept in the regression between electrical output (E) and water potential (Ψ) is commonly observed during Spanner psychrometer calibration, but is incompatible with the temperature correction factor (TCF) model, used to describe the temperature-dependence of the E/Ψ relation. Calibration errors for 10 commercial, in-situ, temperature-compensated psychrometers, were compared over a temperature and Ψ range of 10–40 °Cand −2.5 to 0 MPa, respectively, using the current commercial TCF model, five modified TCF models, two empirical models, and a mechanistic model. TCF models differed in whether the E/Ψ relation was only determined at 25 °C and extrapolated to other temperatures, or whether the relation was established across temperatures, and whether model parameters were determined for each psychrometer (individual-fit) or all psychrometers (group-fit). Measurement error (deviation from linearity in the E/Ψ relation at each temperature), was 0.042 MPa, and only one individual-fit modified TCF model exhibited an error (0.048 MPa) which was not statistically different from measurement error. Individual-fit errors for other models ranged from 0.058 to 0.100 MPa. Group-fit errors for the Rawlins and all of the TCF models covered a relatively narrow range (0.067–0.070 MPa) compared to group-fit errors for all the empirical models (0.820–0.109 MPa).

In addition to soil characteristics, two plant traits control the supply of water from the soil to the canopy: root growth and plant hydraulic conductance. Here we examine the impact of root growth and hydraulic conductance on water uptake and transpiration of walnut under deficit irrigation. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using nine young walnut trees ( Juglans regia L.) grown for three months in transparent pots, equipped with: (i) rhizotron tubes, which allowed for non-invasive monitoring of root growth; (ii) pressure transducer tensiometers, recording soil water potential at soil-root interfaces; (iii) psychrometers attached to mature leaves, measuring stem water potential; and (iv) weighing scales used to determine total plant transpiration. Irrigation treatments consisted of different replenishment levels (100%, 75%, and 50%) of potential transpiration replicated over time. Walnut trees showed rapid physiological acclimation characterized by a fast decline and subsequent stabilization of transpiration rates soon after the beginning of drought stress treatments. We also observed a significant decrease in plant hydraulic conductance with decreasing soil and stem water potential under drought stress. At the end of the experiment, isotopic measurements revealed the integrated effect of physiological acclimation on canopy carbon-water relations. Leaf carbon isotope ratios showed significant increases in water-use efficiency with deficit irrigation levels. Leaf water hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios confirmed that changes in water use-efficiency were caused by decreases in transpiration. Conversely, root growth was highest under low stress (T100) and lowest under high stress (T50). These results indicate the existence of a fundamental tradeoff between water-use efficiency and root growth, which will be useful to optimize the application of water and improve the design of irrigation systems in walnut orchards.

The radiative cooling of highly excited carbon cluster cations of sizes N = 8, 10, 13-16 has been studied in an electrostatic storage ring. The cooling rate constants vary with cluster size from a maximum at N = 8 of 2.6 × 10

Contains fulltext : 215819.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Renal and urogenital injuries occur in approximately 10-20% of abdominal trauma in adults and children. Optimal management should take into consideration the anatomic injury, the hemodynamic status, and the associated injuries. The management of urogenital trauma aims to restore homeostasis and normal physiology especially in pediatric patients where non-operative management is considered the gold standard. As with all traumatic conditions, the management of urogenital trauma should be multidisciplinary including urologists, interventional radiologists, and trauma surgeons, as well as emergency and ICU physicians. The aim of this paper is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) kidney and urogenital trauma management guidelines.

In this study, we quantified carbonaceous PM2.5 in Malaysia through annual observations of PM2.5, focusing on organic compounds derived from biomass burning. We determined organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon and concentrations of solvent-extractable organic compounds (biomarkers derived from biomass burning sources and n-alkanes). We observed seasonal variations in the concentrations of pyrolyzed OC (OP), levoglucosan (LG), mannosan (MN), galactosan, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid (VA) and cholesterol. The average concentrations of OP, LG, MN, galactosan, VA and cholesterol were higher during the southwestern monsoon season (June–September) than during the northeastern monsoon season (December–March), and these differences were statistically significant. Conversely, the syringaldehyde concentration during the southwestern monsoon season was lower. The PM2.5 OP / OC4 mass ratio allowed distinguishing the seven samples, which have been affected by the Indonesian peatland fires (IPFs). In addition, we observed significant differences in the concentrations between the Indonesian peatland fire (IPF) and other samples of many chemical species. Thus, the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in Malaysia appeared to be significantly influenced by IPFs during the southwestern monsoon season. Furthermore, we evaluated two indicators, the vanillic acid / syringic acid (VA / SA) and LG / MN mass ratios, which have been suggested as indicators of IPFs. The LG / MN mass ratio ranged from 14 to 22 in the IPF samples and from 11 to 31 in the other samples. Thus, the respective variation ranges partially overlapped. Consequently, this ratio did not satisfactorily reflect the effects of IPFs in Malaysia. In contrast, the VA / SA mass ratio may serve as a good indicator, since it significantly differed between the IPF and other samples. However, the OP / OC4 mass ratio provided more remarkable differences than the VA / SA mass ratio, offering an even better indicator. Finally, we extracted biomass burning emissions' sources such as IPF, softwood/hardwood burning and meat cooking through varimax-rotated principal component analysis.

Resume Cet article propose un concept innovant de radiologie interventionnelle destinee aux patients victimes de traumatismes, instables sur le plan hemodynamique. La radiologie interventionnelle pour le controle des lesions ( Damage control interventional radiology [DCIR]) est un algorithme agressif, centre sur le temps, qui s’attache prioritairement a sauver la vie des patients hemorragiques in extremis, ce que la radiologie interventionnelle d’urgence (RIU) ne peut pas faire efficacement. En resume, la DCIR vise a sauver la vie, tandis que la RIU a pour objectif de controler l’hemorragie, en gardant constamment a l’esprit l’imperatif du temps. Cet article presente egalement le concept des strategies endovasculaires rapides en traumatologie ( Prompt and Rapid Endovascular Strategies in Traumatic Occasions [PRESTO]), qui surveille et prend en charge entierement les patients traumatises de leur arrivee dans le service d’urgence jusqu’a la realisation initiale de l’hemostase par des techniques endovasculaires. La devise de PRESTO « commencer tot et finir plus tot » est fondee sur l’activation plus precoce de l’equipe de radiologie interventionnelle, mais s’attache egalement a la realisation rapide de l’hemostase, pour laquelle la DCIR a ete specifiquement concue. La DCIR et PRESTO etendent le role de la radiologie interventionnelle et constituent un changement de paradigme dans les soins de traumatologie.

This article proposes an innovative concept of interventional radiology for hemodynamically unstable trauma patients. Damage control interventional radiology (DCIR) is an aggressive and time-conscious algorithm that prioritizes saving life of the hemorrhaging patient in extremis which conventional emergency interventional radiology (CEIR) cannot efficiently do. Briefly, DCIR aims to save life while CEIR aims to control bleeding with a constant concern to time-awareness. This article also presents the concept of “Prompt and Rapid Endovascular Strategies in Traumatic Occasions” (PRESTO) that entirely oversees and manages trauma patients from arrival to the trauma bay until initial completion of hemostasis with endovascular techniques. PRESTO's “Start soon and finish sooner” relies on the earlier activation of interventional radiology team but also emphasizes on a rapid completion of hemostasis in which DCIR has been specifically tailored. Both DCIR and PRESTO expand the role of IR and represent a paradigm shift in the realm of trauma care.

Numerous treatment modalities have been reported for squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS). Risk factors for recurrence have not been systematically reviewed.To systematically review and summarize the data on risk factors that contribute to recurrence of SCCIS.A PubMed search was completed using the terms "SCCIS," "Bowen's disease," "Bowen's disease and recurrence," and "Bowen's disease and Mohs." These sources were cross-referenced for the terms "treatment," "management," "therapy," "recurrence," and "margins." Studies were selected on the basis of relevance and applicable treatments.Immunosuppression was the only variable with a statistically signficant association with progression or recurrence of SCCIS. Although there were no data directly correlating subclinical lateral extension or invasive squamous cell carcinoma within SCCIS with recurrence, evidence supports both of these as common features of SCCIS. Other potential recurrence risk factors for which there are limited supporting data included tumor size, depth of follicular extension, and location.Immunosuppression was the only risk factor associated with increased risk of tumor recurrence. Subclinical tumor extension and occult invasive squamous cell carcinoma are relatively common features that theoretically could increase recurrence risk. These factors should be considered when deciding upon treatment for SCCIS. Further study is required to quantify variables that influence recurrence and to identify optimal treatment options.

High-frequency oscillations (HFO; gamma: 40–100 Hz, ripples: 100–200 Hz, and fast ripples: 250–500 Hz) have been widely studied in health and disease. These phenomena may serve as biomarkers for epileptic brain; however, a means of differentiating between pathological and normal physiological HFO is essential. We categorized task-induced physiological HFO during periods of HFO induced by a visual or motor task by measuring frequency, duration, and spectral amplitude of each event in single trial time-frequency spectra and compared them to pathological HFO similarly measured. Pathological HFO had higher mean spectral amplitude, longer mean duration, and lower mean frequency than physiological-induced HFO. In individual patients, support vector machine analysis correctly classified pathological HFO with sensitivities ranging from 70–98% and specificities >90% in all but one patient. In this patient, infrequent high-amplitude HFO were observed in the motor cortex just before movement onset in the motor task. This finding raises the possibility that in epileptic brain physiological-induced gamma can assume higher spectral amplitudes similar to those seen in pathologic HFO. This method if automated and validated could provide a step towards differentiating physiological HFO from pathological HFO and improving localization of epileptogenic brain.

PURPOSE Traditionally, determination of total lung capacity (TLC) by plethysmography (TLCpleth) has been important in the diagnosis of lung diseases. Alternatively, data acquired from computerized tomography (CT) can be utilized to calculate a measure of TLC (TLCCT). The clinical utility of TLCCT is not certain. We sought to determine, in a clinical setting, whether TLCCT correlates with TLCpleth across a range of lung diseases and scanning techniques. In addition, we determined whether TLCCT affects the interpretation of pulmonary function tests. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Records of 118 of 148 consecutive lung transplant recipients were reviewed and determined to have coinciding pulmonary function tests, including plethysmography as well as volumetric chest CT performed supine during full inspiration. CT images acquired with a wide range of scanning protocols were analyzed using CALIPER, a software program for lung and trachea extraction from a CT volume and volumetric tissue characterization of the lung. Segmentation of the lung was achieved by using completely automated dynamic thresholding and region-growing techniques developed to extract the relatively low-density lung and tracheal anatomy from the CT data set without user intervention. RESULTS TLCpleth and TLCCT were strongly related with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 (P

In the 1960s and 1970s, third-generation Japanese American (Sansei) women in southern California began to challenge gendered racializations in both the ethnic community and the larger society. As activists in the Asian American movement, they criticized stereotypical images of Asian/Americans, using the arts to create new representations, as they drew inspiration from Asian women engaged in revolutionary struggle. They also organized women’s groups to address community issues such as childcare access, seniors’ health, drug abuse, and workers’ rights. Sansei women not only assessed their position in U.S. society but also debated their relationship to Japan. Their experiences show the persisting significance of gender in the racialization of Japanese Americans as well as the ways in which women’s critique of gender expectations helped to shape the Asian American movement.