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Purpose: This case study explores trust at work, described by young professionals in the early stages of their careers. In this article, trust is approached as the study participants' experiences of interpersonal trust. More specifically, it refers to relationships between colleagues, among individuals or at group level (Ma et al., 2019). Supervisors or managers did not take part in this study. The research question was "What do young professionals tell about trust and its importance at work?" Design/methodology/approach: The empirical study consists of qualitative data, focus group (5) interviews (n = 20) of young professionals who are in the early stages of their careers (1-3 years after graduation). The study is contextualized in Finland, in Helsinki metropolitan area, in three social and healthcare workplaces and two information technology (IT) organizations. Both public and private sectors are represented. The data were analysed by theory-based content analysis. Findings: According to the study results, descriptions of trust and its importance at work can be placed in three main categories. First, trust is an important element in improving young professionals' adaptation into the working community. Second, trust strengthens young professionals' professionalism and professional development at work. Third, trust at work highlights ethical issues and their significance in workplace relationships. Practical implications and limitations are also discussed. Research limitations/implications: Due to the nature of this study, the research results should be viewed critically. The results can be seen as one suggestion to structure and increase understanding of trust in working life, from the perspective of young professionals in the early stages of their careers. As all research, the studies included in this review had several limitations that need to be taken into account. First, one of them is the size of the data, also in this study. Second, although literature has been searched carefully, there is always a chance of better literature existing for discussion on trust at work from young professionals' points of view, even though there is not a lot available on this specific topic. Nonetheless, literature of this study includes the most relevant classics of trust research. Third, the method has its own limits because it is based on focus group interviews, not interviews of individuals. On the other hand, it offered time for the team to reflect on trust in their own team. Still, this study offers one option for discussion of trust in work relationships. Additionally, it was noteworthy that the subjects were at the beginning of their careers, joining a new working community. They were in the early stages of building a professional identity, seeking confirmation of their skills and position in the working community. Thus, we recognize that this may have contributed to the collection of research data, which was a focus group interview. Few participants in the interview wanted to strongly point out the factors related to distrust, even if they had appeared at work. The authors recognize that exploring trust requires trust and acknowledge it. Data have been collected before the COVID-19 pandemic (see, e.g. van Zoonen et al., 2021). Practical implications: This study implies that trust at work should focus on discussing young professionals' thoughts, expectations, feelings and experiences of trust at work as part of transitioning from graduation into working life or in early stages of their careers. Trust should not only be discussed in dyadic discussions between young professionals and supervisors but also as part of team discussions. The authors' suggestion is that trust should be in the core of team discussions, not just as part of teams' social and emotional dimensions of their functionality and capacity. Courage and skills to take part in such discussions is needed from all parties. Especially leaders have to have the ability to create a trusting environment to talk about trust. In particular, the importance of peers in trust and their importance at work should be taken into account. By understanding young professionals' point of view, we can prevent job changes or dissatisfaction at work too. The purpose of this study was to contribute to this line of research on trust at work. The trust resource contributes to and promotes the realization of participation in working life. Social implications: The trust resource contributes to and promotes the realization of participation in working life. Leaders and coworkers can learn about trust as a phenomenon, while developing more emotionally sustainable working environments for young professionals. Trust should be seen as a skill or competence to improve various positive functional dimensions at work. Originality/value: The results demonstrate that it is crucial to ensure emotional sustainability at work, and a positive feeling of belonging at work supports young professionals by developing a trusting work environment. It strengthens their engagement in a new work.

The chaos theory of careers was applied to identify the connections between multiple jobholders' careers and societal change. Multiple job holding is a form of employment that consists of two or more overlapping jobs. Six interviews with men born in the 1960s in Finnish North Karelia, whose multiple job holding included agricultural and forestry work, were analyzed. Our results showed that multiple job holding career development has societal connections and that the experiences of multiple job holding varied across individuals. Moreover, multiple job holding experiences and further career development endeavors were influenced by whether the multiple job holding career developed in line with or counter to societal changes. The study contributes to the chaos theory of careers by showing that self-similar fractal shapes can be identified both in individual careers and in societal changes by studying connective metaphors.

Purpose: Multiple jobholders' workplace learning is an under-researched theme, although it offers possibilities to add knowledge of learning at several workplaces at a time. The purpose of this study is to explore the career development and workplace learning of Finnish multiple jobholders with university degree. Design/methodology/approach: The qualitative extreme case study of "elite multiple jobholders" was based on 45 in-depth interviews, which were analysed by abductive content analysis using the chaos theory of careers (CTC). Findings: This study showed that elite multiple jobholders were attracted by meaningful jobs, which were significant, had broader purposes or offered possibilities for self-realization and self-development, whereas they criticized paid work organizations. They tried to anticipate the future working life and labour markets and adjusted their careers to them by educating and by choosing jobs with learning possibilities. However, they saw themselves as constructers of the future, which left them at vulnerable position concerning the institutional setting. They organized their work flexibly with different contracts and their professional identities were networked. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited in Finns with university degree. Future research should inspect multiple jobholders with lower degree educations, in different contexts and with other methodologies. Originality/value: This study gives an example of applying CTC as a holistic framework to study how individual careers emerge contextually and how they are recursively connected to work organization and working life changes. Possibilities to understand fractals are offered.

• We examine economists as an epistemic community influencing policy. • We analyze the limits of economists' ideas on transformative innovation policy. • The epistemic landscape, formed in key part by economists, conditions the progress of transformative innovation policy. • The findings suggest that sustainability scholars should acknowledge the limits of economists' thinking. The ideas that experts share and draw on shape policies across various spatial and temporal contexts. In this study, we use document analysis and expert interviews to examine the views and beliefs of one important group of experts, economists, on mission-oriented innovation policy and sustainability transition in Finland. As a result, we outline the epistemic landscape that for its part conditions the progress of transformative innovation policy in Finland. While sustainability scholars have been intrigued by the promises of mission-oriented thinking, our findings suggest that they should acknowledge the epistemic limits of communities of economists regarding missions and transformative innovation policy as political vehicles to advance sustainability transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decoupling environmental 'bads' from economic 'goods' is a key part of policies such as green growth and circular economy that see economic growth as desirable or necessary, and also see that current use of natural resources and its environmental impacts is unsustainable. We estimate what a 'successful decoupling' (2% annual GDP growth and a decline in resource use by 2050 to a level that could be sustainable and compatible with a maximum 2°C global warming) would mean in terms of its type, timeline and size. Compared to 2017, 'successful' decoupling has to result in 2.6 times more GDP out of every ton of material use, including in-use material stocks. There are no realistic scenarios for such an increase in resource productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Sosiologia is the property of Westermarck Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• The exercise incorporates long-term path dependencies in urgent decision-making. • The exercise integrates utilitarian and emancipatory dimensions. • The exercise enables experiential and social learning of decision-making in crises. • The exercise helps decision-makers to navigate wicked socio-ecological disruptions. Urban policymakers of the 2020s must act within various types of wicked socio-ecological disruptions. Under deep uncertainty and time pressure, they must make decisions which will define the scope of possible actions in the future. Our aim was to develop a research instrument that would enable researchers and practitioners to learn about such policymaking. We designed and ran a half-day simulation exercise, the Policy Operations Room (POR). The participants were the top politicians and a group of senior experts from the City of Helsinki, Finland. The design of the exercise was based on a review of simulation and gaming research literature. The exercise managed to integrate – albeit imperfectly – the utilitarian and emancipatory dimensions in futures studies: it gave the participants the utilitarian possibility to practice decision-making and the emancipatory possibility to critically reflect on decision-making in wicked, science-based scenarios. It also gave the researchers a chance to witness urgent decision-making in action. Issues deserving further attention include the inclusion of social-political complexity in the scenarios and practitioner involvement in the design process of the exercise. All in all, the POR constitutes a unique way of integrating science-based assessment of future path dependencies into science–policy research and interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Personnel reductions as the domesticators of the global recession," by Anu Järvensivu, Heidi Kervinen and Tatu Piirainen is presented.

Hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) is an enzyme that converts estrone to estradiol, while adenomyosis is an estrogen-dependent disease with poorly understood pathophysiology. In the present study, we show that mice universally over-expressing human estrogen biosynthetic enzyme HSD17B1 (HSD17B1TG mice) present with adenomyosis phenotype, characterized by histological and molecular evaluation. The first adenomyotic changes with endometrial glands partially or fully infiltrated into the myometrium appeared at the age of 5.5 months in HSD17B1TG females and became more prominent with increasing age. Preceding the phenotype, increased myometrial smooth muscle actin positivity and increased amount of glandular myofibroblast cells were observed in HSD17B1TG uteri. This was accompanied by transcriptomic upregulation of inflammatory and estrogen signaling pathways. Further, the genes upregulated in the HSD17B1TG uterus were enriched with genes previously observed to be induced in the human adenomyotic uterus, including several genes of the NFKB pathway. A 6-week-long HSD17B1 inhibitor treatment reduced the occurrence of the adenomyotic changes by 5-fold, whereas no effect was observed in the vehicle-treated HSD17B1TG mice, suggesting that estrogen is the main upstream regulator of adenomyosis-induced uterine signaling pathways. HSD17B1 is considered as a promising drug target to inhibit estrogen-dependent growth of endometrial disorders. The present data indicate that HSD17B1 over-expression in TG mice results in adenomyotic changes reversed by HSD17B1 inhibitor treatment and HSD17B1 is, thus, a potential novel drug target for adenomyosis.

Hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) converts low-active estrogen estrone to highly active estradiol. Estradiol is necessary for normal postpubertal mammary gland development; however, elevated estradiol levels increase mammary tumorigenesis. To investigate the significance of the human HSD17B1 enzyme in the mammary gland, transgenic mice universally overexpressing human HSD17B1 were used (HSD17B1TG mice). Mammary glands obtained from HSD17B1TG females at different ages were investigated for morphology and histology, and HSD17B1 activity and estrogen receptor activation in mammary gland tissue were assessed. To study the significance of HSD17B1 enzyme expression locally in mammary gland tissue, HSD17B1-expressing mammary epithelium was transplanted into cleared mammary fat pads of wild-type females, and the effects on mammary gland estradiol production, epithelial cells and the myoepithelium were investigated. HSD17B1TG females showed increased estrone to estradiol conversion and estrogen-response element-driven estrogen receptor signaling in mammary gland tissue, and they showed extensive lobuloalveolar development that was further enhanced by age along with an increase in serum prolactin concentrations. At old age, HSD17B1TG females developed mammary cancers. Mammary-restricted HSD17B1 expression induced lesions at the sites of ducts and alveoli, accompanied by peri- and intraductal inflammation and disruption of the myoepithelial cell layer. The lesions were shown to be estrogen dependent, as treatment with an antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, starting when lesions were already established reversed the phenotype. These data elucidate the ability of human HSD17B1 to enhance estrogen action in the mammary gland in vivo and indicate that HSD17B1 is a factor inducing phenotypic alterations associated with mammary tumorigenesis., (© 2018 Society for Endocrinology.)

Hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17B1) belongs to a family of short-chain-dehydrogenases. The enzyme utilizes NAD(P) and NAD(P)H as cofactors, and catalyzes the reversible reaction between estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) in vitro. Of these steroids, E1 presents with lower estrogenic activity, but is converted to highly active E2 by HSD17B1. HSD17B1 is expressed especially in tissues with a high E2-producing capacity such as human ovaries and placenta, but also in several peripheral estrogen target tissues in humans, and inhibiting the enzyme activity is, thus, considered a promising approach to treat estrogen-dependent diseases. By analyzing transgenic mice universally expressing human HSD17B1 and carrying estrogen-response element (ERE)-driven luciferase reporter gene (Bi-transgenic ERELuc-HSD17B1TG mice) we showed a markedly higher reporter gene activity in various peripheral tissues of these mice as compared with ERELuc mice, indicating enhanced estrogen response generated by human HSD17B1 expression. An increased response after E1 administration was also evident in the Bi-TG mice, indicated by the increased uterus growth response and by the higher ERELuc reporter gene activity in the uterus. Moreover, a HSD17B1 inhibitor significantly reduced E1-induced increase in the uterus weight and uterine epithelial proliferation in the Bi-TG mice. Also the E1-induced ERELuc activity in the inhibitor-treated uterus was reduced by the HSD17B1 inhibitor in immature mice ex vivo, as well as in the liver of adult mice. The data, thus, demonstrate the potential use of the Bi-TG mice as a preclinical in vivo model for screening the efficacy of HSD17B1 inhibitors. As compared with the existing models, the Bi-TG mice present with luciferase activity as an additional, easily quantitative endpoint for the estrogen action., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We have recently generated transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase 2 enzyme (HSD17B2TG mice) under the ubiquitous chicken beta-actin promoter. As shown in the present study, the HSD17B2TG female mice presented with slower gain of body weight as compared with the wild-type (WT) littermates and suffered from ovarian dysfunction and mammary gland hyperplasia associated with increased expression of multiple pregnancy-associated genes. The macroscopic phenotype observed in the mammary gland was likely to be dependent on the increased progesterone and prolactin secretion, and a normal histological appearance was observed in HSD17B2TG mammary gland transplanted into a WT host. However, a significant suppression of several known estrogen target genes in the HSD17B2TG mammary transplants in WT females was observed, suggesting that HSD17B2 modulates estrogen action in vivo. Interestingly, the growth retardation of HSD17B2TG females was not efficiently rescued in the bi-TG mice expressing both HSD17B2 and HSD17B1 enzymes, and the bi-TG mice presented with certain masculinized phenotypes, including lack of nipples and closed vagina, recently reported for HSD17B1TG females. The present data suggest that HSD17B2 expression affects both sex steroid-independent and steroid-dependent pathways.

The occurrence of side effects and epileptic seizures and the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide were studied using a slow-release CBZ preparation, Neurotol slow, and a conventional CBZ preparation, Tegretol. The study was an open, randomized cross-over trial, with a 2 week study period for each preparation. Tegretol was given 3 times and Neurotol slow twice a day. The earlier CBZ dose was kept unchanged. The initial sample consisted of 24 adult epileptic patients receiving CBZ treatment of whom 20 patients were evaluable. The fluctuation in serum CBZ concentrations did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment periods, even though the interdose interval of Neurotol slow was 4 h longer than that of Tegretol. The switch-over from conventional CBZ to the slow-release formulation did not seem to alter the efficacy and side effects of CBZ. By using Neurotol slow instead of a conventional CBZ preparation, Tegretol, it is evidently possible to reduce the dosing frequency from 3 times a day to twice daily administrations.

Changes in serum galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase, an enzyme catalysing one of the intracellular post-translational modifications in collagen biosynthesis, were studied in twenty-four patients with acute myocardial infarction. The enzyme activity was monitored for 18 days from the onset of infarction, and at least a two-peaked pattern was observed. The first peak corresponded to the stage of acute myocardial injury, there being a highly significant correlation between the maximal values for serum glucosyltransferase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. An average decreasing in serum glucosyltransferase activity of 41%, was noted during the following 24 h. A new gradual rise in serum glucosyltransferase activity, interpreted as indicating myocardial collagen scar formation, was observed 5 days after the onset of infarction, when the serum enzyme activities indicating myocardial injury had already declined. The average daily values for serum glucosyltransferase between 6 and 18 days correlated highly significantly with the maximal value for serum alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, which serves as a relative estimate of the size of the original myocardial infarction area. The data further suggest that certain other factors including heart failure and/or various drug treatments may also affect the magnitude of this second peak.

The effect of ethanol together with a meal on the mucosa of the stomach and duodenal bulb was studied in nine healthy volunteers. The pre-study gastroscopy was performed after an overnight fast. Two to four weeks later the volunteers drank 72-136 g (mean 111.2 +/- 18.3 SD) alcohol together with a meal. They underwent endoscopy again on the following morning. The endoscopic and histological changes were evaluated by scoring the lesions (0-4). Alcohol caused slight to moderate endoscopically detected changes in the stomach of seven volunteers, the difference being statistically almost significant (p congruent to 0.05) in the case of haemorrhagic lesions. In two subjects slight hyperaemia was seen in the duodenal bulb. The histological study did not reveal significant changes after alcohol drinking. The bile acid concentrations of the gastric juice did not change after drinking. It is concluded that ethanol with a meal causes only slight changes in the mucosa of the stomach, haemorrhagic ones being the most prominent.

The role of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity for plasma propranolol and sotalol levels was investigated in 68 patients with hypertension or angina pectoris by comparing elimination rate with antipyrine kinetics and cytochrome P-450 content in the liver. All subjects were resistant to or had hepatotoxic reaction to previous treatment. Plasma antipyrine clearance and cytochrome P-450 content in biopsies were related to propranolol elimination from plasma, the best fit being obtained with the clearance values. Sotalol plasma clearance was not related to any indirect or direct reflector of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system. The results demonstrate that plasma clearance of the short-acting beta blocker, propranolol, depends on the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system and indicates a trial with a drug such as sotalol which is not dependent on liver metabolizing capacity.

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was developed for detomidine, 4(5)-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)imidazole. The antibodies were raised in rabbits against a conjugate of detomidine and bovine thyroglobulin prepared by diazo reaction. Detomidine was iodinated with chloramine-T and immunoreactive tracer was purified in cation exchange chromatography. The sensitivity of the RIA was 1.6 fmol/tube allowing direct detomidine measurements from minute serum and urine samples (0.1-0.2 microliter) as well as tissue homogenates (10 microliters). For concentrations below 16 pmol/ml chloroform extraction was used to extend the measurement range to 0.3 pmol/ml. Detomidine (80 micrograms/kg iv and im) was given to one horse and two calves and blood samples were taken and urine collected for 24 h whereafter the horse was slaughtered and tissue samples taken for RIA analyses. Serially diluted serum, urine and tissue samples produced a linear displacement curve parallel to synthetic detomidine in RIA. HPLC studies showed that serum and tissue immunoreactivity was unchanged detomidine whereas most immunoreactivity in the urine was due to an unknown metabolite.

We have studied the immediate (0 to 30 min) effects of an i.v. bolus of clonidine (0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 micrograms/kg of b.w.) on systemic and pulmonary haemodynamics in anaesthetized (morphine, pentobarbital), artificially ventilated, normotensive beagle dogs. Clonidine initially raised and then decreased aortic pressures in a dose-dependent manner except in the case of dose 10 micrograms/kg when only a rise was observed. The effects on pulmonary arterial pressures were less consistent, and only at doses 3 to 5 micrograms/kg was the clear diphasic response pattern recognized. Heart rate and cardiac output decreased. Systemic vascular and pulmonary arterial resistances increased with the greatest increase soon after administration of the drug administration. Right atrial and pulmonary arterial wedge pressures increased. Additionally, we explored the effects of atropine with and without clonidine, which were increase in heart rate, cardiac output and aortic pressures but a decrease in right atrial and pulmonary arterial wedge pressures. It was concluded that clonidine induces a dose-dependent vasoconstriction in both systemic and pulmonary circulations, and pressure changes, thus, depend on peripheral vasomotion and flow. Atropine restores heart rate and also partially flow, but cannot abolish clonidine induced vasoconstriction.

We have evaluated left ventricular function in anaesthetized (morphine, pentobarbital), artificially ventilated, normotensive beagle dogs immediately (0 to 30 min) after i.v. bolus injection of clonidine (1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 micrograms/kg of b.w.) using computer assisted catheterization technique. Clonidine decreased heart rate and prolonged pre-ejection, ejection and diastolic periods significantly. Cardiac output, mean systolic ejection rate, left ventricular (LV) dP/dtmax and Vmax decreased (p less than 0.05 to 0.01). LV peak pressure and aortic pressures decreased but the decrease was preceded by an initial rise at doses 5 to 10 micrograms/kg. At dose 15 micrograms/kg the rise persisted through the whole period. LV filling and end-diastolic pressures increased while end-diastolic and stroke volumes decreased. These changes indicate negative chronotropic and inotropic effects and increment in preload with the latter being a situation met in the case of proper LV filling. Tension time index and mean outflow resistance, however, indicate reduction in LV oxygen consumption at doses less than 10 micrograms/kg. It is suggested that enhancement of parasympathetic tone would account for these changes.

The activity of galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase, an enzyme catalyzing collagen biosynthesis, was measured in the sera of 101 patients with various pulmonary diseases to study whether detectable enzyme amounts are liberated into the serum from the lung tissue, and whether this is associated with the development of lung fibrosis. Increased serum galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase activity was found in all the patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis and in about half of the patients with acute stages of farmer's lung and infectious pneumonia. In one third of the patients with stage I sarcoidosis the serum enzyme activity was slightly increased, whereas in bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis the values were mostly within the normal range. In conclusion, elevated serum enzyme activity was demonstrated in connection with those respiratory diseases in which pulmonary fibrosis was already verifiable or relatively often develops later. Measurements of serum galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase may, thus, be useful in evaluating actual lung collagen synthesis in human pulmonary diseases.