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Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid widely used in aquaculture and nutraceutical industries. Among natural sources, the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is the non-genetically modified organism with the greatest capacity to accumulate astaxanthin. Therefore, it is important to understand emerging strategies in upstream and downstream processing of astaxanthin from this microalga. This review covers all aspects regarding the production and the market of natural astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. Astaxanthin biosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and nutritional metabolisms from the green vegetative motile to red hematocyst stage were reviewed in detail. Also, traditional and emerging techniques on biomass harvesting and astaxanthin recovery were presented and evaluated. Moreover, the global market of astaxanthin was discussed, and guidelines for sustainability increasing of the production chain of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis were highlighted, based on biorefinery models. This review can serve as a baseline on the current knowledge of H. pluvialis and encourage new researchers to enter this field of research.

Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid widely used in aquaculture and nutraceutical industries. Among natural sources, the microalga

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of Navicula sp. on the growth and fatty acids profile of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae in a biofloc system (BFT). Four treatments were used: BFT; BFT 2.5N (addition of 2.5 × 10⁴ cells/ml of Navicula sp.); BFT 5N (addition of 5 × 10⁴ cells/ml of Navicula sp.) and BFT 10N (addition of 10 × 10⁴ cells/ml of Navicula sp.), all in triplicate. The shrimp (1 ± 0.01 mg) were stocked at a density of 3,000 postlarvae/m³ and fed with commercial feed. The diatom was added every 10 days, and at the end of 42 days, shrimp performance, water quality and proximal composition were evaluated. The BFT 5N and BFT 10N treatments had higher performance values, highlighting the values of productivity (2.30 and 2.42 kg/m³) and specific growth rate (15.92 and 16.08%/day), which were higher than the other treatments. In addition, the highest levels of fatty acids were observed in treatments with diatom (BFT 5N and BFT 10N), indicating the benefits of Navicula sp. on growth enhancement and fatty acid content of L. vannamei postlarvae grown in biofloc systems.

Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic protists commonly distributed in marine and freshwater environments and can be found in symbiotic associations. They are a significant primary producer and play a fundamental role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems – especially for coral reefs. Dinoflagellates can produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, and their toxins can affect fish, birds and mammals. In recent years these toxins have been found to have potential cytotoxic, anticancer, antibiotics, antifungals activities. This mini review covers the main genera of dinoflagellates, and challenges and advances in their cultivation in addition to prospects for development of dinoflagellates-based products., This study was financed in part by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil - Finance Code 001 and AOG is thankful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (PQ 308063/2019-8)., {"references":["Anderson, D.M., Alpermann, T.J., Cembella, A.D., Collos, Y., Masseret, E. & Montresor, M. (2012). The globally distributed genus Alexandrium: multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health. Harmful Algae 14: 10-35.","Bachvaroff, T.R., Adolf, J.E., Place & A.R. (2009). Strain variation in Karlodinium veneficum (Dinophyceae): toxin profiles, pigments, and growth characteristics. Journal of Phycology 45: 137-153.","Balech, E. (1989). Redescription of Alexandrium minutum Halim (Dinophyceae) type species of the genus Alexandrium. 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The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioremediation of effluents in the biofloc culture of shrimp juveniles using clams, seaweed and fish. Four treatments were considered: CLT – without biorem...

A 42-day trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of a low-salinity biofloc system with different stocking densities on water quality and zootechnical performance of Nile tilapia fingerlings (10 g/L). Four treatments were tested at different densities: 500 fish/m³, 750 fish/m³, 1,000 fish/m³ and 1,250 fish/m³, all in triplicate. Fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus (initial mean weight of 1.17 ± 0.05 g) were stocked in twelve experimental black-plastic tanks (40 L) with no water exchange during the experimental period. Molasses was added daily to the system at 30% of the amount of feed, and fish were given four daily rations of a formulated feed composed of 36% crude protein and 9% lipids. Water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, TAN, NO 2 , NO 3 and PO 4 3 ) did not demonstrate significant differences between the treatments. However, significant influences (α ≤ 0.05) of the stocking densities were observed for total suspended solids, settleable solids, final weight, yield, and protein efficiency ratio. The results showed survival over 96%, final weight values between 12 and 18 g, yield between 9.49 and 15.27 kg/m 3 , water consumption of 52 to 101 L/kg fish, and total time of settling chambers between 238 and 305 h/kg fish. These results indicate a negative effect of stocking density on final weight, survival, alkalinity, NO 2 , PO 4 3 and water consumption, and a positive effect on yield in Nile tilapia fingerling culture (1-20 g) in a low-salinity biofloc system with densities up to 1000 fish/m³.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of Navicula spp. and Brachionus plicatilis on water quality and growth of postlarvae shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system. Four treatments were considered: a control (biofloc system – BFT); BFT with the addition of Navicula spp. (BFT-N); BFT with the addition of Brachionus plicatilis (BFT-B) and BFT with the addition of Navicula spp. and Brachionus plicatilis (BFT-NB), each in triplicate. Shrimp (16.2 ± 0.03 mg) were stocked at a density of 2500 shrimp m−3 and plankton were added on days 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 at a density of 5 × 104 cells mL−1 (Navicula spp.) and 30 organisms L−1 (Brachionus plicatilis). The shrimp were fed a formulated feed in four daily rations composed of 40% crude protein and 8% lipids. Significant differences between treatments were observed for final weight, yield, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein content of the shrimp. The combined plankton addition of Navicula spp. and B. plicatilis had better performance parameters, indicating their benefit as natural food sources for postlarvae L. vannamei in biofloc systems.

A trial was conducted for 42 days to evaluate the effects of two commercial feeds with high and low crude protein content on the performance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultivated in an integrated biofloc system with the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae. The experiment had a 2 × 2 factorial design (a biofloc monoculture or an integrated system with 32% (low) or 40% (high) crude protein content) with the following treatments: IS32 (an integrated system using low protein commercial feed); IS40 (an integrated system using high protein commercial feed); M32 (a monoculture system using low protein commercial feed); and M40 (a monoculture system using high protein commercial feed), all in triplicate. Shrimp individuals (0.23 ± 0.04 g) were stocked at a density of 500 shrimp/m3 and no water exchange was carried out during the experimental period. No significant influence (p > 0.05) was found to be caused by the integrated system or the crude protein levels on water quality. However, a significant influence (p < 0.05) was found for final weight (3.21–4.12 g), weight gain (2.97–3.89 g), yield (1.39–1.96 kg/m3) and feed conversion ratio (1.47–1.74). Growth was similar in IS32, M40 and IS40, indicating that crude protein levels can be reduced with no adverse effect on shrimp performance variables in integrated biofloc systems with G. birdiae.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento da microalga Navicula sp. utilizando resí­­duo sólido de um cultivo em sistema de bioflocos como meio de cultura em comparação ao meio Conway. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com e sem adição de metais traços, sendo que cada experimento teve cinco tratamentos com três repetições cada um: R0C100 (100% Conway); R25C75 (25% resí­­duo e 75% Conway); R50C50 (50% resí­­duo e 50% Conway), R75C25 (75% resí­­duo e 25% Conway) e R100C0 (100% resí­­duo). Os cultivos de alga foram realizados em erlenmeyers de 1 L durante 10 dias, com fotoperí­­odo integral e inóculo inicial de 5x104 cél.mL-1. Realizaram-se contagens diárias para acompanhamento da densidade celular máxima, tempo de duplicação e velocidade de crescimento. O pH e a temperatura foram mensurados no iní­­cio e no final dos experimentos. Para as análises estatí­­sticas, utilizaram-se os testes de Cochran, Shapiro Wilk, ANOVA e Tukey (P < 0,05). O pH e a temperatura mantiveram-se dentro dos padrões de cultivo nos dois experimentos. O meio de cultura com resí­­duo de cultivo de camarão em biofloco apresentou resultado semelhante ao do meio Conway e mostrou-se satisfatório para o desenvolvimento da microalga Navicula sp., ressaltando que a presença de metais traços favoreceu o crescimento da espécie.