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There is more and more interest in the search for new crops, which are well-adapted to climate change due to their low irrigation requirements and resistance to high temperatures. The plant, Moringa oleifera, is native to India and fulfils these characteristics. Moreover, each of its parts (leaves, pods, seeds, roots, flowers…) can be used for fodder, human food or pharmacological formulas due to the high levels in protein and antioxidants, among other components. This study focuses on the assessment of moringa defatted seeds (MDS) obtained after extracting oil from moringa seeds at different temperatures (from 70 to 220 ºC). Therefore, knowledge of their nutritional profile may offer up new possible uses in different food matrices, so contributing to the circular economy. The results showed that MDS had 50% proteins, 10% fats and 29% carbohydrates, the rest being water (4%) and ashes (7%). The highest temperature applied caused a significant reduction in the b* coordinate and luminosity, giving rise to MDS that were darker brown in color. This residue was rich in polyphenols (especially flavonols), which in some cases (p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin) were enhanced at the highest temperature (220ºC), as was the total antioxidant capacity.

Alabama is a hotspot for aquatic biodiversity in North America, but that biodiversity is currently jeopardized by anthropogenic influence and invasive species. Alabama holds nearly a quarter of North America’s crayfish species, but recent introduction of invasive crayfishes poses a threat to crayfish biodiversity in the region. Previous studies suggest higher basal aggression in invasive species allows them to outcompete native species by more efficiently seizing and holding resources. Faxonius virilis (Hagen, 1870) is an invasive crayfish currently spreading throughout Alabama. Our aim was to determine if differences in basal aggression exist between an Alabama native, Faxonius erichsonianus (Faxon, 1898), and the invasive F. virilis. Individuals were used in size-matched dyadic fight trials housed in a specialized arena. Three treatment groups were used to compare basal aggression differences: native versus native, invasive versus invasive, and interspecific. Videos of fight trials were reviewed, and duration and intensity of fights were recorded using a previously established ethogram. Contest duration between individuals was compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests with a Wilcoxon post-hoc. Analyses showed the invasive control treatment was significantly (P = 0.041) shorter than both the native control and interspecific treatments; however, interspecific trials had higher intensity contests than either control treatment. These results did not show that the invasive F. virilis are more aggressive than F. erichsonianus, suggesting that a closer look is necessary to determine the factors affecting the invasion success of F. virilis. The F. virilis invasion may be attributed to other factors like fecundity or growth.

Necesitamos teorias [We need theories] that will rewrite history using race, class, gender, and ethnicity as categories of analysis, theories that cross borders, that blur boundaries--new kinds of theories with new theorizing methods. (Gloria Anzaldua, Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Cara, 1990, p. xxv) Gloria Anzaldua exemplifies our need, as Chicana scholars, to go beyond traditional education research theories and methods to document ourselves and communities as "knowledge holders and creators". In this article, we, the four authors, highlight four qualitative research projects to demonstrate how we employ "theorizing methods" to "rewrite history using race, class, gender, and ethnicity as categories of analysis" (Anzaldua, 1990, p. xxv). At the center of our "theorizing methods" is cultural intuition (Delgado Bernal, 1998)--a theoretical sensitivity that extends personal memory into the collective and community experience and empowers participants throughout the research process that includes engaging them in the data analysis. Cultural intuition informs our "theorizing methods" in four individual case studies with Communities of Color that includes Latinos/as who have been historically marginalized in the United States, or "who are subordinated because of their race, gender, and class" (Solorzano & Villalpando, 1998, p. 301). Thus, the purpose is to better understand those who are at the margins of society through a critical race feminist lens. In each of these studies, we employ our cultural intuition in order to involve our participants in describing their lived experiences through a Freirean-informed methodology of generative themes (see Freire, 2000). The first case study outlines personal experiences as the leading tenet of cultural intuition, to examine how family insights to a segregated "Mexican school" contributed to the use of family photographs to uncover segregation in a city in California. The following case study delineates academic experiences as the focal point to highlight the dearth of higher education literature that fails to employ innovative techniques to better document the first-year experiences of underrepresented students generally and Chicanas specifically in top-tier research institutions. The next case study acknowledges professional insights of a former classroom teacher, which contributes to the use of classroom and personal objects to document the stories of Chicana teachers. The final case study focuses on the analytic process of archival sources that contributes to the historical recovery of Chicana/os in South Central Los Angeles schools. Our research paints a more vivid and complex picture of the dimensions of the challenges families, students, teachers and Communities of Color face in the United States, thereby enriching existing scholarship on this issue. Qualitative research--an interpretive, naturalistic approach to inquiry--allows us to capture in-depth understandings of people's experiences, perspectives, and histories in the context of their personal circumstances or settings (Erickson, 2011). Taking into account the complex and socially-constructed nature of reality, our research projects acknowledge the benefits of having a variety of critical frameworks and innovative interpretative practices in one's theoretical and methodological toolbox to better report everyday life from the point of view of those who live it. For the purposes of this article, we examine how we, as Chicana scholars, explicitly link the development of our cultural intuition and our research decisions through a central question: how do we use and cultivate our own cultural intuition in our studies? We come from a strong lineage of critical race Chicana feminist scholars who have named and continually developed cultural intuition as an epistemological framework in educational research (Calderon et al., 2012; Delgado Bernal, 1998). Our focus makes our work personal, valid, and methodologically sound and cultivates a highly intimate "sixth sense" regarding our scholarship. …

Heteroepitaxial ZnxMg1−xO thin films were grown on lattice-matched MgO (100) substrates using radiofrequency plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. High-quality epilayers with zinc concentrations ranging from x = 0 (MgO) to x = 0.65 were grown and characterized optically, structurally, and electrically. The ZnxMg1−xO films were found to maintain the rocksalt cubic (B1) crystal structure for concentrations z < 0.65, with a linear dependence of lattice constant on Zn concentration. X-ray diffraction (XRD) also revealed the emergence of phase segregation into wurtzite (B4) phase for the highest concentration film. The band gap energy of the films was successfully varied from 4.9 to 6.2 eV (253–200 nm), showing a linear relationship with Zn concentration. The strictly cubic films exhibit roughness on the order of 10 Å and resistivities of approximately 106 Ω·cm.

A process based on a mechanistic–empirical (ME) analysis was developed to estimate permit fees on the basis of truck-axle loading and configuration as well as the predicted pavement deterioration that they cause. The process was implemented in a software package, Integrated Pavement Damage Analyzer (IntPave). IntPave is a finite element–based program that calculates pavement responses, uses ME distress models to predict performance under any type of traffic load, is capable of comparing the level of distress caused by a heavy truck relative to a standard truck, and accordingly provides a permit fee. On the basis of a parametric study, it was found that, aside from the truck gross vehicle weight and axle configuration, pavement structure and the damage threshold to rehabilitation also heavily affect the permit fee.

The complex refractive indices of Cd x Zn1−x O thin films were determined by transmission spectrophotometry. Transmission spectra were modeled from 375 nm to 800 nm for samples having cadmium concentrations ranging from 2% to 77%. The transparent and absorptive regimes were fitted separately by Sellmeier and Forouhi–Bloomer models, respectively. Real refractive indices of Cd x Zn1−x O shift to higher values in the transparent region and the optical absorption edge shifts to longer wavelengths with increasing cadmium concentration. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was carried out on one sample from λ = 190 nm to 1.8 µm. Comparison between the two methods shows that the results are in general agreement.

The degradation of quantum dot lasers (QDLs) due to 1.17 and 1.22 MeV gamma radiation is characterized by changes in threshold current, external slope efficiency and light output. Both operating and non-operating lasers were exposed to a Co-60 source, providing gamma radiation at a dose rate of 0.4 kGy/hr to a total absorbed dose of 1.6 MGy. Degradation rates of exposed, non-operating QDLs were found to be more rapid than for operating QDLs during exposure, suggesting competition between radiation damage effects and annealing effects induced by operation. This is supported by annealing effects exhibited by unexposed, operating lasers resulting in increases in slope efficiency and light output. Differential output power comparisons indicate that degradation is predominately due to changes in current injection efficiency and not increases in non-radiative recombination in the active region.

Wurtzite CdxZn1−xO epilayers with cadmium concentrations ranging from x = 0.02 to 0.30 were investigated using photoluminescence, transmission/reflection spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The CdxZn1−xO photoluminescence peak was found to shift through the visible region from 421 (2.95 eV) to 619 nm (2.0 eV) as the cadmium concentration was increased from 2% to 30%. An additional broad photoluminescence peak was observed and is attributed to deep levels – the center of the broad peak was found to shift from 675 to 750 nm as the cadmium concentration was increased. RMS roughness of the epilayers increased from 1.5 nm (x = 0.02) to 9.2 nm (x = 0.30), as determined from atomic force microscopy. The demonstrated visible wavelength tunability throughout the visible range verifies the viability of using wurtzite CdxZn1−xO compounds for visible light emission in future optoelectronic devices.

The results of EPR studies of Ce3+ ions incorporated into single crystals of mixed yttrium-lutecium orthoaluminates Y1−xLuxAlO3 (YLuAP, x=0.1, 0.3) are reported. In compositionally disordered YLuAP compounds, in comparison to YAlO3, new paramagnetic Ce3+ centers are found. These centers are caused by the changes in symmetry and in the crystal field magnitude due to the isomorphic substitution of Y3+ ions by Lu3+ in the yttrium sublattice of orthoaluminates. It is shown that the formation of 27 different types of centers is possible in YLuAP with variation of the Lu content. The probabilities of formation of new paramagnetic centers are calculated.

A set of Ce3+ activated silicate- and phosphate-based scintillating glasses were submitted to γ irradiation in the 60Co radioisotope source “Calliope” (ENEA-Casaccia in Rome, Italy) in the dose range between 1 and 250 Gy (3.7 Gy/h). The effect of ionising radiation was probed by transmission measurements performed before and after each irradiation on all analysed samples. From these data, the radiation-induced absorption coefficient was calculated, proportional to the density of colour centres induced by irradiation in the solid matrix. Results are discussed by taking into account the possible dependence of radiation hardness on the composition of glass matrix.

Radiation induced absorption spectra (irradiation up to 500 Gy by 60 Co) and TSL of a set of YAP:Ce crystals co-doped by Zr 4+ were investigated. Positive effect of Zr 4+ co-doping was found, namely reduction of both the defect creation and presence of TSL active traps. Up to three absorption bands were observed in the radiation induced absorption spectra. They probably have different origin - from colour centers in the green part of the spectra to change of the Ce 3+ valency in the near UV.

EPR spectra of Er3+, Nd3+ and Ce3+ ions in YAlO3 lattice have been studied. These spectra can be described by spin Hamiltonian with an effective spin S = 12 and rhombohedric symmetry. The g factors as well as the constants of hyperfine interaction of Nd3+ and Er3+ were obtained. It was stated that all the resonances which are upon the interest of this article, belong to the RE3+ ions replacing the Y3+ cations in the YAlO3 lattice.

Measurements of the decay kinetics of regular Ce3+ emissions in CeF3 single crystals have been performed under photo-excitation and gamma (22Na radioisotope) excitation. While flashlamp-excited photoluminescence decay is distorted mainly by the influence of the 'near-surface' traps, the multiexponential nature of the scintillation decay is explained using pair interaction of close-lying Ce3+ excited ions, which account for the discrete character of their distances. Measurements of the same photoluminescence decay under high-intensity laser excitation show a similar departure from exponentiality as in the case of scintillation decay and support the proposed model.

Trace uncontrolled impurities as Ce3+, Cr3+, Eu3+ and Nd3+ were detected in YAlO3 and YAlO3: Cr crystals from their fluorescence by high sensitive photon counting detection. The concentrations of Ce, Cr, Eu, Nd and some other impurities (Tm, Ho, Mn, Mg, Fe) were also determined by electron beam excited X-ray microanalysis (abbr. EMA) in YAlO3 and Y3Al5O12 crystals (pure or doped). Both the methods (fluorescence detection and EMA) are compared, fluorescence properties of some trace impurities were determined and their influence on local distribution and transfer processes (Ce3+→Nd3+, Cr3+→ Nd3+) in these crystals are discussed.

Oxide based compounds have been of increasing interest for wide bandgap, deep ultraviolet optoelectronics. While high Al content AlGaN has enabled many UV-DUV technologies, it suffers inherent drawbacks including difficulty achieving increasing Al incorporation, high threading dislocation densities and challenges in bandgap engineering due to polarization and piezoelectric effects. Here we present two wide bandgap cubic oxide compounds, ZnMgO and NiMgO, that offer advantages over AlGaN for deep ultraviolet (DUV) applications. NixMg1-xO and ZnxMg1-xO are both direct band gap, cubic rocksalt (B1) semiconductors with bandgaps in the UV-DUV spectral regions, offering alternatives without the aforementioned drawbacks associated with AlGaN. Here we present NixMg1-xO and ZnxMg1-xO thin films grown by plasma-assisted MBE on lattice matched MgO substrates as a novel means by which to realize DUV detection devices. In both systems we have shown the films to exhibit abrupt, continuously tunable absorptions edges over their respective bandgap ranges. NixMg1-xO films were varied compositionally from x=0 to 1, realizing bandgaps from 3.5 to 7.8 eV. ZnxMg1-xO films were similarly varied over the entire B1 range of the ternary (0

For the first time the emission properties of Tm3+ doped Y3Al5O12 are studied in the near UV and visible ranges at 4.2 and 295 K. The observed emission peaks are ascribed to the transitions between Tm3+ energy levels and an overall energy level scheme of the Tm3+ ion in Y3Al5O12 with radiative and nonradiative transitions in UV and visible ranges is proposed. The reabsorption and cross-relaxation processes are suggested as a possible reason for the observed nonexponential decay originating mainly from the 1G4 energy level of Tm3+. Erstmalig werden die Emissionseigenschaften von Y3Al5O12:Tm3+ Kristallen in den ultravioletten und sichtbaren Spektralbereichen bei Temperaturen 4.2 and 295K publiziert. Die beobachteten Lumineszenzbanden werden den strahlenden Ubergangen bei verschiedenen Anregungszustanden der Tm3+-Ionen zugeordnet, und ein allgemeines Energieniveauschema der Tm3+-Ionen im Y3Al5O12 Kristall mit strahlenden und strahlungslosen Ubergangen in den ultravioletten und sichtbaren Spektralbereichen wird vorgeschlagen. Reabsorption und Crossrelaxation werden als mogliche Ursachen des nichtexponentiellen Abklingens des 1G4-Uberganges diskutiert.

The contribution deals with low-temperature phenomena observed in highly boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond films grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique. We put special emphasis on the effects likely related to the granular structure of this material. It has been shown that the experimental data concerning critical currents, supercurrents induced by thermal noise in the normal phase and current-induced Josephson's noise in the superconductivity transition region may be consistently explained by a model of superconducting grains interconnected by a single or a few weak links having a characteristic dimension in the nanometer range.

In this work, co-doping YAP:Pr scintillator with tetravalent ions (Zr/Si/Hf) and trivalent ions (Mo/Ga) was made in the search for feasible technological way to suppress the charge trapping centers that may exist in this material. Systematic study and single crystal growth were performed by using the micro-pulling-down method. Square-shaped YAlO 3 :(Pr,Zr), YAlO 3 :(Pr,Si), YAlO 3 :(Pr,Hf), YAlO 3 :(Pr,Mo) and YAlO 3 :(Pr,Ga) crystals with selected co-dopant concentrations were grown. Effect of the co-doping on optical and scintillation characteristics is discussed. All co-doping ions tested in this work have no significant positive influence on the scintillation performance of YAP:Pr.

Zr,Pr-codoped and Si,Pr-codoped YAlO3 single crystals were grown from the melt by the micro-pulling-down method. The effect of Zr/Si-codoping on YAlO3:Pr scintillation properties, such as radioluminescence, scintillation light yield and decay time, was investigated. Absorption spectra of as-grown and air-annealed samples reveal the presence of color centers. The possible nature of the charge traps detected by high temperature thermoluminescence is discussed.

GaAs-based PIN detectors with mesa sizes 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mm were fabricated and characterized for alpha particle response using a Po-210 alpha source. By decoupling the neutron conversion process of a proximity moderator, we were able to directly probe the alpha response characteristics of the PIN detectors as a function of device area. Dark current levels in the PIN detectors ranged from 6.1 to 9.5 pA at zero bias. The dark current values were higher for larger devices and a linear relationship between mesa size and dark current was observed. The PIN detectors were found to have a strong alpha response of up to 5 nA/mm 2 with a linear relation between the response current and mesa area. The measured responsivity of the detectors was 0.014 A/W. The average device efficiency was determined to be 31.5%. Using the measured alpha response properties of the GaAs PIN diodes one is able to select the optimal device area for a given moderator and application specific neutron flux.

The electrostatic potential close to the surface of superconductors in the Meissner state is discussed. We show that beside the Bernoulli potential, the quasiparticle screening, and the thermodynamic contribution due to Rickayzen, there is a non-local contribution which is large for both type-I and weak type-II superconductors., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

There is increasing evidence that vitamin E (primarily alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and some cancers, therefore it is important to understand factors that influence blood levels.The correlates of serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were investigated among participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), a 40-site disease prevention trial. Subjects were 1047 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years, who provided fasting blood specimens and detailed information on diet, supplement use, and other factors at entry to the study (1994-96).Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides were highly correlated with serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations and were controlled for in all analyses along with age, ethnicity and body mass index (BMI). Alpha and gamma-tocopherol were strongly negatively correlated (partial r = -0.69). The strongest predictor of serum tocopherols was average daily intake of vitamin E from supplements (partial r = 0.60 for alpha, r = -0.54 for gamma). Other factors associated with increased alpha- and/or decreased gamma-tocopherol concentrations were serum retinol and carotenoids, supplemental vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol intake from food, dietary fiber, and Hispanic ethnicity. Factors associated with lower alpha- and/or higher gamma-tocopherol concentrations included gamma-tocopherol intake from food, total fat intake, and BMI. Age, income, hormone use, and geographic location were "spuriously" associated with serum tocopherol levels through their association with supplement use, i.e., there was no such association among the subset of women not taking supplements.Vitamin E intake from supplements and BMI are the major independent predictors of serum tocopherol levels in women, whereas dietary factors only play a small role.

To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for age-related maculopathy (ARM) in three racial/ethnic groups: non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican-Americans.A nationally representative population-based, cross-sectional study.A total of 8270 persons 40 years of age or older, a sample of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Age-related maculopathy was determined by the grading of fundus photographs using a standardized protocol.The prevalence of any ARM in the civilian noninstitutionalized United States population including those 40 years of age or older was 9.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.2, 10.6) as estimated from the sample. After adjusting for age, there was no difference in the prevalence of early ARM (defined largely by the presence of soft drusen) by ethnic/racial group. However, for the less frequent component lesions of early ARM (increased retinal pigment and retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation), the odds ratios (95% CIs) comparing non-Hispanic blacks to non-Hispanic whites were 0.47 (0.31, 0.74) and 0.59 (0.33, 1.04), respectively, and for comparing Mexican-Americans to non-Hispanic whites, they were 0.41 (0.21, 0.81) and 0.72 (0.44, 1.19), respectively. For late ARM, the odds ratio (95% CI) for non-Hispanic blacks compared to non-Hispanic whites was 0.34 (0.10, 1.18) and for Mexican-Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites, it was 0.25 (0.07, 0.90). Other than age, none of the personal, medical, or physiologic variables studied were statistically significantly associated with any of the ARM endpoints in any of the three races/ethnic groups.Overall, rates of any ARM (including all early and late lesions) are not significantly different among non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican-Americans, and non-Hispanic whites. However, the rates of individual lesions suggest that non-Hispanic whites and Mexican-Americans may be protected against retinal pigment abnormalities and lesions associated with late ARM. There appears to be little influence of personal, medical, and environmental factors studied on these results. Further studies in larger populations of older persons in these ethnic groups would likely clarify these relations.

Doping of GaSb crystals with various elements was found unsatisfactory in order to achieve the desired semiconductor properties until another design concept was introduced providing more intelligent processing. It was shown that an ionized atmosphere can serve as a passivator in a wider range of tellurium concentration and that the equilibrium between passivated and active donors is created according to the ratio of p- to n-type dopants in the starting melt of GaSb crystals highly doped with tellurium. The Czochralski method without encapsulant in the flowing atmosphere of ionized hydrogen was employed and the resulting intrinsic free carrier concentration was several times lower than that obtained by using simple (molecular) hydrogen.

In this paper, we discuss some of the consequences of the CGPM (1983) definition of meter and, in particular, we discuss giving the speed of light an exact value. It is shown that this act touches the fundamental paradigms, such as the second postulate of the special theory of relativity (STR), the c-equivalence principle and the method of time synchronization. In order to fill the arising logical gaps, we suggest, among others, to weaken the second postulate of STR to a form directly confirmed by experiments and make new measurements of Maxwell's constant with accuracy comparable with that of the speed of light., Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure

Amorphous Zn1−xMgxO (α-Zn1−xMgxO) ternary alloy thin films across the full compositional range were synthesized by a low-cost sol-gel method on quartz substrates. The amorphous property of the α-Zn1−xMgxO films was verified by x-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy revealed a smooth surface with sub-nanometer root-mean square roughness. The current phase segregation issue limiting application of crystalline Zn1−xMgxO with 38% < x < 75% was completely eliminated by growing amorphous films. Optical transmission measurements showed high transmissivity of more than 90% in the visible and near infrared regions, with optical bandgap tunability from 3.3 eV to more than 6.5 eV by varying the Mg content.

Intake of macronutrients and micronutrients was estimated from a diet history questionnaire in a population-based sample of persons (n = 2152), 43-86 y of age. Men and women 65 y of age or older consumed less protein, fat, cholesterol, niacin, riboflavin, calcium, iron, zinc and lycopene than their middle-aged counterparts. After including nutrient intake from supplements, age differences in intake were no longer significant for zinc in women or for niacin and iron in men. After further adjusting for energy intake, only protein, cholesterol, and lycopene mean intakes were lower in older compared with middle-aged men and women. Regular use of supplements was most prevalent among older men and women (40 and 48%, respectively). Supplement use was greater in the current time period compared with retrospective reports of supplement use 10 y before interview. The impact of supplement intake on median values of intake was greatest in women, particularly for vitamins A, C and E, riboflavin and calcium. The high prevalence of supplement use emphasizes the importance of considering this source of nutrients in future investigations in which dietary intake is measured.

We used gamma spectroscopy to study scintillation properties of the Pr3+-doped lutetium aluminium garnet material (LuAG:Pr). Characteristics of LuAG:Pr optical ceramic samples (0.5-5 mol % Pr3+ content) are compared with those of LuAG:Pr single crystal. Nphels photoelectron yield of Pr3+-doped optical ceramic samples reaches up to 30-40 % of that of LuAG:Pr crystal, while their energy resolution values are closer. Non-proportionality effect in optical ceramic samples is noticeably smaller with respect to single crystal below 500 keV.

Deep-ultraviolet (DUV) photodetectors were fabricated from high quality NixMg1−xO epitaxially grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on an approximately lattice matched MgO ⟨100⟩ substrate. A mid-range Ni composition (x=0.54) NixMg1−xO film was grown for DUV (λpeak

We study the variable-range-hopping transport in a system of two parallel impurity planes. If the spacing between the planes is large enough, the transport is dominated by the in-plane hops. However, the electron, while tunneling between two impurities in one plane, can be scattered by the impurities from the other plane. In a magnetic field B parallel to the planes, the resistance of the system oscillates with B. The period of the oscillations is determined from the condition that the unit flux ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{0}$=hc/e is equal to the magnetic flux through the area (${\mathit{dr}}_{\mathit{c}}$)/2, where d is the interplane distance and ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is the maximal length of Mott's hop.

We report on the demonstration of light emission from hybrid CdZnO quantum-well light emitting diodes. A one-dimensional drift-diffusion method was used to model the expected band structure and carrier injection in the device, demonstrating the potential for 90% internal quantum efficiency when a CdZnO quantum well is used. Fabricated devices produced visible electroluminescence that was found to redshift from 3.32 to 3.15 eV as the forward current was increased from 20 to 40 mA. A further increase in the forward current to 50 mA resulted in a saturation of the redshift.

The thermal stability of CdZnO∕ZnO multi-quantum-well (MQW) structures was studied using rapid thermal annealing in nitrogen from 300to750°C. Photoluminescence (PL) emission from the MQWs was studied while varying the annealing temperature and time. For 15min annealings, the PL center wavelength showed a 7nm reduction for temperatures up to 650°C. Above 650°C, the wavelength changed rapidly, with a 50nm reduction at 750°C. Annealing at 700°C for up to 20min produced a systematic reduction in PL wavelength up to 39nm. The data suggest that CdZnO∕ZnO MQWs are relatively stable for nitrogen annealing below 650°C for times up to 15min.

4087 Background: HTN is associated with VEGF inhibition. Frequency of CTCv2 G3/4 HTN with bevacizumab (BVZ) therapy was reportedly 11–21% (Hurwitz, NEJM 2004; Yang, NEJM 2003). We conducted a phase...

Two structural phase transitions in (CH3NH3)2, ZnCI4 at 426 and 484 K are discovered and investigated by X-ray diffraction, calorimetric, dielectric, thermal expansion, and optical measurements. The crystals are shown to be ferroelastic below 426 K. This behaviour is explained by a symmetry change Pnma-P21/a, which is consistent with the compound structure observed at room temperature. The possible soft mode associated to the displacive part of the transition at 426 K is discussed, and a phenomenological approach following Landau theory is carried out. Es werden zwei strukturelle Phasenubergange in (CH3NH3)2ZnCI4 bei 426 und 484 K durch Rontgenstrahl-Interferenz, kalorimetrische, dielektrische und optische Messungen, sowie durch Warmeausdehnung festgestellt und untersucht. Die Kristalle sind unterhalb 426 K ferroelastisch. Dieses Verhalten erklart sich aus einer Symmetrieanderung Pnma-P21/a, was mit der beobachteten Verbundstruktur bei Raumtemperatur ubereinstimmt. Die mogliche kritische Mode des Ubergangs bei 426 K wird diskutiert und eine phanomenologische Untersuchung nach der Landau-Theorie durchgefuhrt.

Freshly isolated Morris Hepatoma 7777 cells were prepared for a study of the utilization of palmitate and beta-hydroxybutyrate as metabolic fuels compared to other major energy substrates (glucose and glutamine). These cells were capable of oxidizing both [U-14C]palmitate and beta-[3-14C]hydroxybutyrate although the rates accounted for only 10 +/- 3 (SD) and 9 +/- 4% of total oxygen consumed, respectively; n = 4. Incorporation of [U-14C]glutamine and [U-14C]glucose carbon into 14CO2 made up for 38 +/- 13 and 9 +/- 2% of oxygen consumed by these cells, respectively. The conversion of glucose carbon into lactate was estimated to supply 26 +/- 6% of ATP. Thus, glutamine oxidation and lactate formation from glucose were the major contributors to estimated ATP needs. Conversion of these substrates into lipids was also studied and compared with oxidized products. Incorporation of glucose, glutamine, and beta-hydroxybutyrate into nonsaponifiable lipids and fatty acids was only 6.0 +/- 2.9, 0.8 +/- 0.2 and 17.7 +/- 6.65% (n = 3) of their respective rates of CO2 formation. This suggests that in freshly isolated Morris Hepatoma 7777 cells, citrate export from the mitochondria for cholesterogenesis and lipogenesis is a minor fate of substrate carbon entering the mitochondria for oxidation.