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This article reviews the sustainability dilemma raised by the need for increased renewable (low-carbon) energy generation – replacing fossil-based sources – to accommodate the desired climate targets while at the same time enhancing the social acceptance by local communities. A “triple challenge” of climate change, renewable energy production, and the social license are at the center of such a dilemma. Even though a low-carbon or ultimately a net-zero emissions development pattern is hypothetically conceivable – the social acceptance of “social license to build and operate” renewable energy developments (e.g., wind parks) remains a key to successfully achieving the climate targets. The drivers of a social license to operate onshore wind farms are diverse. This paper looks at benefit sharing and meaningful community participation schemes as mechanisms to attain the social license to operate new renewable energy projects. We identified challenges that affect the efficacy of these mechanisms. In the absence of certain conditions, these mechanisms might not achieve the expected social license. The challenges can be grouped into two categories: those under the scope of the regulators or planning authorities; and those related to the developers. The need for and the advantages of community engagement and benefit-sharing initiatives to achieve the social license to operate are illustrated with examples from wind development projects (in the UK and Spain).

Up to a third of autologous transplantation candidates fail to mobilize hematopoietic progenitors into the peripheral blood with chemotherapy and/or growth factor treatment, thus requiring innovative mobilization strategies. In total, 20 cancer patients unable to provide adequate PBPC products after a previous mobilization attempt were treated with ancestim (20 microg/kg/day s.c.) and filgrastim (10 microg/kg/day s.c.). In 16 patients, the pre-study mobilization was with filgrastim alone. Eight patients underwent single large volume leukapheresis (LVL) and 12 multiple standard volume leukaphereses (SVL) in both mobilizations. Pairwise comparison of peripheral blood CD34(+) cell concentrations on the day of first leukapheresis failed to document synergism - median CD34(+)/microl of 3.2 (

Sustainable development policies have placed a greater demand in the production of clean forms of energy. One of these forms is wind energy, which has caused an increase in the number of wind energy power plant projects to be built in Portugal. One of the project specifications for these stations is the grounding of the electrical equipment.