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Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) is commonly associated with pulseless ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) and cardiac aetiologies. One New South Wales (NSW) ambulance registry reported(1) cardiac aetiologies with a prevalence of 31% among OOHCA cases. Multicentre OOHCA data and NSW’s well-developed services for cardiac genetic predisposition screening motivate us to consider the following study of paediatric OOHCA in this state. Purpose We present a multicentre, retrospective study summarizing the demographics, clinical characteristics, incidence, presenting rhythm, and survival-to-discharge status of paediatric OOHCA cases in NSW over an 11-year period. We also present and categorize diagnostic outcomes for patients presenting with VT/VF. Methods A retrospective case series of 298 patients admitted to one of three NSW PICUs (two in Sydney and one in Newcastle) under 18 years of age and presenting with OOHCA between January 2009 and December 2019. Results Out of 296 paediatric OOHCA patients that survived until PICU admission, 187 (63.2%) were male and 160 (54.1%) survived until hospital discharge. Of those surviving to discharge, 105 (65.6%) were male. Presenting rhythm was asystole or pulseless electrical activity in 240 patients (84.8%, aged 0–17 years, median age 2 years), VT/VF in 41 patients (14.5%, aged 0–16 years, median age 9 years), and complete heart block in 2 patients (0.7%, aged 4–4 years, median age 4 years). Survival was higher in the VT/VF group (82.9%) relative to the asystole and pulseless electrical activity group (50.0%). Of the 41 patients presenting with VT/VF, 13 (31.7%) had a predisposing cardiac condition (2 truncus arteriosus, 1 arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, 1 double outlet right ventricle, 1 hypoplastic right ventricle, 1 left ventricular non-compaction, 2 asystolic syncope, 2 left ventricular intramyocardial fibroma, 1 familial dilated cardiomyopathy, and 2 undetermined cardiac conditions) and 20 (48.8%) had a genetic condition (9 catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, 4 hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, 1 Nkx-2.5 mutation, 2 Long QT syndrome, 2 PPA2 mutation, 1 TANGO2 mutation, 1 supraventricular tachycardia). Toxins or trauma were involved in 4 (9.8%) cases, while no cause was determined in 4 (9.8%) other cases. Conclusions Overall, 54.1% of paediatric OOHCA patients admitted to PICU survived until hospital discharge, rising to 82.9% among those with VT/VF. Genetic conditions (48.8%), predominated by CPVT, were present in over one-third of VT/VF cases: this figure confirms the continued need for detailed cardiac/genetic assessment for paediatric OOHCA cases.

The Sudbury impact structure is one of only a few terrestrial impact craters capable of providing insight into large impact processes. However, despite more than a century of study, no consensus exists regarding its depths of excavation and melting. This study presents 3920 U–Pb zircon dates for target lithologies and the crater-fill as well as new Pb-isotope data for target lithologies in an attempt to further constrain these depths and understand the behaviour of zircon in large impacts. Only 1.5% of the crater-fill zircons have dates within uncertainty of the 1.85 Ga impact event, with most seeming to preserve their pre-impact U–Pb systematics. The preponderance of undisturbed zircon in the crater-fill suggests that this mineral is an effective means of tracing target lithologies in impact basins. A significant fraction of crater-fill zircon was dated between 2.50 and 2.61 Ga, which is negligible amongst known target lithologies, and therefore identifies previously unrecognized target rocks. The Pb-isotope systematics are compatible with the proposal that the 2.6 Ga rock represents typical mid- to lower-crustal basement and could have been an important contributor to the melt-sheet. The combined data argue against a shallow melting scenario. With regard to Hadean terrestrial zircon, the lesson from Sudbury is that zircon can be recycled through multiple large impact events and still preserve the age of the original crust. Supplementary materials: Sample information, trace element and Pb-isotope data for granitoid and gneiss feldspar, Pb modelling parameters, U–Pb zircon data, concordia diagrams and airborne radiometric images are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18881.

BACKGROUND: Photonumeric scales have consistently shown superiority over descriptive equivalents. They have the advantage of providing a consistent visual frame of reference by minimising variability in perception and subjectivity. A photonumeric scale to assess hypertrophic facial photodamage already exists. However, there is currently no objective measure for atrophic facial photodamage. To address this, we have devised a nine-point photonumeric standardised scale.OBJECTIVES: To design, test and validate a photonumeric scale for the assessment of atrophic facial photodamage against a descriptive scale for the same indication.METHODS: A pool of 393 facial photographs (en face and 45º oblique) from 131 individuals with atrophic facial photodamage was created. Five photographic standards were selected and assigned grades 0 through 8, where 0 is no photodamage and 8 is severe atrophic photodamage, thus making a nine-point scale. Twenty photographs spanning the entire range of values were selected to test the scale. Testing was performed alongside a descriptive equivalent. A panel of 10 dermatologists, 10 non-dermatology clinicians and 14 dermatology scientists marked the two scales; marking was repeated one week later.RESULTS: There was a significantly greater agreement between the graders using the photonumeric scale than the descriptive scale (kappa values 0.71 and 0.37 with standardised errors of 0.57 and 0.17 respectively) with no significant difference in repeatability between the two methods (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: The study describes a new photonumeric scale for atrophic photodamage. This would be a useful adjunct in both the clinical and research settings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a facilitatory role in neuronal development and promotion of differentiation. Mechanisms that oppose BDNF's stimulatory effects create balance and regulate dendritic growth. However, these mechanisms have not been studied. We have focused our studies on the BDNF-induced neuropeptide OrphaninFQ/ Nociceptin (OFQ); while BDNF is known to enhance synaptic activity, OFQ has opposite effects on activity, learning, and memory. We have now examined whether OFQ provides a balance to the stimulatory effects of BDNF on neuronal differentiation in the hippocampus. Golgi staining in OFQ knockout (KO) mice revealed an increase in primary dendrite length as well as spine density, suggesting that endogenous OFQ inhibits dendritic morphology. We have also used cultured hippocampal neurons to demonstrate that exogenous OFQ has an inhibitory effect on dendritic growth and that the neuropeptide alters the response to BDNF when pre-administered. To determine if BDNF and OFQ act in a feedback loop, we inhibited the actions of the BDNF and OFQ receptors, TrkB and NOP using ANA-12 and NOP KO mice respectively but our data suggest that the two factors do not act in a negative feedback loop. We found that the inhibition of dendritic morphology induced by OFQ is via enhanced RhoA activity. Finally, we have evidence that RhoA activation is required for the inhibitory effects of OFQ on dendritic morphology. Our results reveal basic mechanisms by which neurons not only regulate the formation of proper dendritic growth during development but also control plasticity in the mature nervous system.

Summary By means of examples drawn from everyday experience, the author investigates what conditions must be satisfied in order that behaviour may be called rational or irrational. Does the attribution of irrationality apply to means or to ends? Is it based on consideration of the total cost? Is heroism irrational? Cannot what is irrational for one person be rational for another? Finally, the author uses this approach to come to the problem of induction (when is it reasonable to accept a generalisation?) and to that of moral freedom. Resume L'auteur examine, a l'aide d'exemples divers tireds de l'experience quotidienne, quelles sont les conditions qui doivent ětre remplies pour qu'on puisse qualifier une conduite de rationnelle ou d'irrationnelle. L'imputation d'irrationalite concerne-t-elle les moyens ou les buts? Se fonde-t-elle sur une estimation globale des couts? L'heroisme est-il irrationnel? Ce qui est irrationnel pour l'un ne peut-il pas ětre rationnel pour un autre? Enfin, il aborde par ce biais le probleme de l'induction (quand est-il raisonnable d'accepter une generalisation?) et celui de la liberte morale. Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser untersucht aufgrund verschiedener aus dem Alltag gezogenen Beispiele die Frage, welches die Bedingungen sind, die erfullt sein mussen, damit man ein Verhalten als rational bezeichnen kann. Bezieht sich das Zuschreiben von Irrationalitat auf Mittel oder auf Ziele? Ist es auf der Einschatzung des Aufwandes begrundet? Ist Heldentum irrational? Kann das, was dem einen als irrational gilt, einem andern nicht als rational gelten? Schliesslich wird uber das Induktionsproblem (wann ist es vernunftig, eine Verallgemeinerung zu akzeptieren?) das Problem der moralischen Freiheit angegangen.

Let us see how there comes to be a problem about one’s knowledge of other minds. Consider the following propositions: (1) When someone, other than myself, says that he is thinking about a philosophical problem, or that he has a headache, or that he has seen a ghost, what he is saying about himself is the same as what I should be saying about myself if I were to say that I was thinking about a philosophical problem, or that I had a headache, or that I had seen a ghost. (2) When I say of someone other than myself that he is thinking about a philosophical problem, or that he has a headache, or that he has seen a ghost, what I am saying about him is the same as what I should be saying about myself if I were to say that I was thinking about a philosophical problem, or that I had a headache, or that I had seen a ghost. (3) When I say that I am thinking about a philosophical problem, or that I have a headache, or that I have seen a ghost, my statement is not equivalent to any statement, or set of statements, however complicated, about my overt behaviour.

Acne is one of the most prevalent skin conditions affecting teenagers. It is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Blockage of sebaceous glands and colonisation with Proionobacterium acnes leads to acne. Grading the severity of acne helps to determine the appropriate treatment. Treatment of acne should be started as early as possible to minimise the risk of scarring and adverse psychological effects. It should be tailored to the individual patient, the type of acne, its severity, the patient's ability to use the treatment, and the psychological state. Topical agents are the mainstay for treatment of mild acne. Moderate acne is treated with oral antibiotics. Resistance to antibiotics may be reduced by subsequent use of non-antibiotic topical medications. Severe acne is treated with isotretinoin, and this can lead to permanent remission. With better education and care given by medical profession, acne treatment could be significantly improved.

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to prepare and process digital geoscience data in a variety of ways for producing gold prospectivity maps of the Swayze greenstone belt, Ontario, Canada. Data used to produce these maps include geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and remotely sensed (Landsat). A number of modeling methods are used and are grouped into data-driven (weights of evidence, logistic regression) and knowledge-driven (index and Boolean overlay) methods. The weights of evidence (WofE) technique compares the spatial association of known gold prospects with various indicators (evidence maps) of gold mineralization, to derive a set of weights used to produce the final gold prospectivity map. Logistic regression derives statistical information from evidence maps over each known gold prospect and the coefficients derived from regression analysis are used to weight each evidence map. The gold prospectivity map produced from the index overlay process uses a weighting scheme that is derived from input by the geologist, whereas the Boolean method uses equally weighted binary evidence maps. The resultant gold prospectivity maps are somewhat different in this study as the data comprising the evidence maps were processed purposely differently for each modeling method. Several areas of high gold potential, some of which are coincident with known gold prospects, are evident on the gold prospectivity maps produced using all modeling methods. The majority of these occur in mafic rocks within high strain zones, which is typical of many Archean greenstone belts.

In January 1993, the Geological Survey of Canada, in conjunction with the Ontario Geological Survey, initiated a three-year project involving the compilation and analysis of a wide range of digital data over the Swayze greenstone belt using GIS technology. As part of the geochemical compilation process, a large lithogeochemical database was assembled which included proprietary (provided by Falconbridge Ltd.) and non-proprietary (provided by Ontario Geological Survey and Geological Survey of Canada) geochemical data. This paper presents results from the development and comparison of methodologies for detecting altered versus un-altered lithogeochemical samples, and results from the identification of anomalous lithogeochemical populations (selected oxides) from background. Out of a total of 3395 samples, 1606 were flagged as altered, representing approximately 47% of the total number of samples. Trends between the altered and non-altered samples include elevated SiO2, K2O and MgO values, and lowered CaO, FeO and TiO2 values for altered samples. SiO2, K2O and MgO enrichment reflects silicic, potassic, and chloritic alteration. Zones of intense alteration, representing potential areas of mineralization, have been identified using a variety of univariate and multivariate techniques. Based on these analyses, several key alteration zones have been identified that are worthy of exploration follow-up.

I am very much honoured to have been asked to make the closing speech at this Conference. Since this is the first time for over fifty years that a philosophical congress of this scope has been held in England, I hope that you will think it suitable for me to devote my lecture to the revival of the empiricist tradition in British philosophy during this century. I shall begin by examining the contribution of the Cambridge philosopher G. E. Moore. Though he first owed his fame to his book Principia Ethica (Moore, 1903) regarded as a work of genius by the Cambridge Apostles and their associates in Bloomsbury, who did not venture to question Moore's mistaken view of ‘good’ as an unanalysable non-natural quality, his reputation now chiefly rests on his subsequent defence of common sense.

The concepts of coordinate systems required to identify points in space and represent them on maps uses mathematical methods of assigning numbers, called coordinates to each point in space. There are different coordinate systems the commonest being the system of latitudes, longitudes and ellipsoidal heights. The situation is complicated because the latitudes and longitudes of the same point differ slightly depending on the geodetic coordinate system of a country, the result being that different systems of latitude and longitude in use for the same point can disagree in coordinates by more than 200 metres. The GPS for instance uses a WGS84 system and gives latitude and longitude values which can not be integrated directly into the mapping system of a country without suitable mathematical conversions. Similarly, it is not possible to just measure distances from a graticule map without appropriate projection conversions. In order to use data obtained from GPS measurements correctly and effectively in Ghana, we need to use appropriate transformation parameters that relate our Ghana National Survey Mapping coordinate system to that used for the Global Positioning System (GPS). Datum transformation parameters define functional relationship between two reference frames. This paper looked at geodetic coordinate systems and transformations between the WGS84 and the coordinate systems used in Ghana (the Ghana war office system and also the Clarke1880 system) using the Bursa-Wolf model. Particular attention was given to the derivation of ellipsoidal heights through the use of the Abridged Molodensky formulas. Keywords: Coordinate Systems, ellipsoidal heights, Global positioning System, WGS84, Transformation parameters Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 28 (1) 2008 pp. 116-127

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been reported as an adjunctive treatment for various corneal conditions.1,2 We report a case of contact-lens associated Pseudomonas keratitis which we treated adjunctively with hyperbaric oxygen. A 30-year-old female presented with pain and progressive blurring in the left eye. She was wearing daily disposable contact lenses when she was splashed with muddy water in the face whilst mountain-biking. Left visual acuity on presentation was 6/12. A 4 mm × 4 mm superior corneal ulcer with underlying infiltrate was noted. Corneal scrapings were obtained before commencing hourly topical gentamicin 0.9% and cephalothin 5%. A heavy growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitive to ceftazidime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin, ticarcillin and tobramycin was cultured. On the second day of admission, visual acuity deteriorated to …

In an essay which is due to appear in a volume of which I am the subject in The Library of Living Philosophers,1 Professor O’Connor defends a form of determinism which he takes to be inconsistent with the freedom of the will. As he first presents it, this form of determinism is said by him not to be scientific; it does not entail that any event is precisely predictable. It clearly cannot be the case that every event is actually predicted, and while we know enough to dismiss the possibility of our predicting every microscopic event, we do not know enough to be able to claim that we could predict every macroscopic event, if we took enough trouble. To say that every macroscopic event is predictable in principle, or, in other words, that we could predict it if we knew enough is a mere tautology, since ‘knowing enough’ in this context means ‘knowing enough to predict’. On this point O’Connor and I are agreed. He adds the further argument, that ‘any scientific prediction requires measurements; and measurements can only be made within certain specifiable limits of accuracy’. I should prefer to say that scientific measurements of a particular quality covered a range of values, rather than imply that they are bound to be inaccurate, but, however one phrases it, the argument does show that precise prediction even of macroscopic events, is not attainable.

My excuse for initiating a fresh discussion of what many regard as the stale topic of the causal theory of perception is that I do not believe that the various questions which it raises have been sufficiently distentangled or that satisfactory answers to all of them have yet been found. The background to the theory, in all its forms, is the scientific account of the ways in which physical objects come to be perceived by us. To take a simple example, it is accepted that at least part of the causal explanation of my seeing what I identify as this piece of paper is that light proceeding from a physical object of the appropriate sort irradiates my eyes and that certain processes consequently take place in my brain. It may be disputed whether a set of sufficient conditions for the perception to occur would need also to include an irreducibly mental factor, but it is agreed that such physical conditions are necessary. The truth of the scientific account is nowadays not put in question. What comes up for discussion is its philosophical implications. Let us begin then by considering what these implications have been thought to be. I distinguish eight different theses which have either been taken for the causal theory of perception or thought to be comprised in it. Some of them may be held in combination but not all of them are mutually compatible. i. It has been asserted that what we must mean by saying that someone perceives a physical object of such and such a sort is that he is undergoing some sense-experience which the object in question causes. This is the thesis which Professor Price, for example, takes the causal theory to consist in when he discusses the theory in his book Perception. He expresses it in his own terms by making the causal theorist maintain that the relation of 'belonging to' which obtains between a 'sense-datum' and the physical object which the sense-datum 'presents' is the relation of 'being caused by'.' A variant of this

Wittgenstein's book On Certainty which was first published in 1969, eighteen years after his death, is a collection of notes which he composed during the last eighteen months of his life. As his editors explain in their preface, these notes, which were written at four different periods, are all in the form of a first draft. They are more repetitive than they no doubt would have been if Wittgenstein had been able to revise them. Even so, they are characteristically succinct and penetrating, and the argument which they develop is easier to follow than that of the general run of Wittgenstein's later work.