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Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, los autores pertenecientes a la UAM y el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si lo hubiere, The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) lightcurve repository (LCR) is a publicly available, continually updated library of gamma-ray lightcurves of variable Fermi-LAT sources generated over multiple timescales. The Fermi-LAT LCR aims to provide publication-quality lightcurves binned on timescales of 3, 7, and 30 days for 1525 sources deemed variable in the source catalog of the first 10 yr of Fermi-LAT observations. The repository consists of lightcurves generated through full likelihood analyses that model the sources and the surrounding region, providing fluxes and photon indices for each time bin. The LCR is intended as a resource for the time-domain and multimessenger communities by allowing users to search LAT data quickly to identify correlated variability and flaring emission episodes from gamma-ray sources. We describe the sample selection and analysis employed by the LCR and provide an overview of the associated data access portal, M.N. and J.V. acknowledge that the material is based upon work supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. D.K. and M.N. acknowledge support to this work from NASA Fermi GI Program under grant number 80NSSC23K0242. A.B. is supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities. INFN and ASI personnel performed in part under ASI-INFN Agreements No. 2021-43-HH.0. Work at NRL is supported by NASA. The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515

In the last two decades, very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy has reached maturity: over 200 sources have been detected, both Galactic and extragalactic, by ground-based experiments. At present, Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) make up about 40% of the more than 200 sources detected at very high energies with ground-based telescopes, the majority of which are blazars, i.e. their jets are closely aligned with the line of sight to Earth and three quarters of which are classified as high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects. One challenge to studies of the cosmological evolution of BL Lacs is the difficulty of obtaining redshifts from their nearly featureless, continuum- dominated spectra. It is expected that a significant fraction of the AGN to be detected with the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observatory will have no spectroscopic redshifts, compromising the reliability of BL Lac population studies, particularly of their cosmic evolution. We started an effort in 2019 to measure the redshifts of a large fraction of the AGN that are likely to be detected with CTA, using the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). In this contribution, we present two results from an on-going SALT program focused on the determination of BL Lac object redshifts that will be relevant for the CTA observatory., 15 pages, 4 figures, 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference

Context. Blazars are the most numerous class of High Energy (HE; E about 50 MeV - few 100 GeV) and Very High Energy (VHE; E about 100 GeV - 10 TeV) gamma-ray emitters. As of today, a measured spectroscopic redshift is available for only about 50% of gamma-ray BL Lacs, mainly due to the difficulty of measuring reliable redshifts from their nearly featureless, continuum-dominated optical spectra. The knowledge of the redshift is fundamental for understanding the emission from blazars, for population studies and also for indirect studies of the extragalactic background light and searches for Lorentz invariance violation and axion-like particles using blazars. Aims. This paper is the first of a series of papers which aim to measure the redshift of a sample of blazars likely to be detected with the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), a ground based gamma-ray observatory. Methods. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to select those hard spectrum gamma-ray blazars detected with the Fermi-LAT telescope still lacking redshift measurements but likely to be detected by CTA in 30 hours of observing time or less. Optical observing campaigns involving deep imaging and spectroscopic observations were organised to efficiently constrain their redshifts. We performed deep medium to high resolution spectroscopy of nineteen blazar optical counterparts using the ESI spectrograph at Keck, the RSS spectrograph at the SALT telescope, and the EFOSC2 spectrograph at the ESO NTT. We searched systematically for spectral features and, when possible, we estimated the contribution of the host galaxy to the total flux. Results. We measured eleven firm spectroscopic redshifts with values ranging from 0.1116 to 0.482. one tentative redshift, three redshift lower limits including one at z > 0.449 and another at z > 0.868. There were four objects found to have featureless spectra., Accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics

The search for gravitational wave (GW) signals has been very successful in the first two observing runs (O1 and O2) of the LIGO and Virgo interferometers. In total, eleven GW events were detected [1]: ten from the coalescence of binary black hole systems and one from a binary neutron star system (GW170817) [2]. The latter in particular is the perfect example of the multi-messenger approach in astrophysics, thanks to the detection of an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart as a short gamma-ray burst, GRB170817A [3]. The EM follow-up performed by instruments at different wavelengths is crucial to identify the counterpart, the host galaxy, the nature of the remnant and the properties of its environment. Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) join the follow-up effort searching for very-high energy emission (E>100 GeV). The relatively narrow field of view, few square degrees, of IACTs poses a challenge in the detection of the counterpart in the large uncertainty region provided by the interferometers. A well designed and optimised observational strategy is therefore needed to maximize the probability to select the region hosting the counterpart. Among the IACT experiments, the MAGIC collaboration joined the EM follow-up community in 2014, performing the first follow-up of a GW candidate event (GW151226 [4]) by a Cherenkov Telescope. For the current observing run (O3), MAGIC is optimising the GW follow-up strategy taking into account the information provided with the GW alert, the observational constraints, and taking advantage of its fast repositioning system adopted for Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). In this contribution we will present the MAGIC follow-up strategy of GW events, showing different observational approaches depending on the information available from interferometers and EM instruments.

The blazar QSO B0218+357 is the most distant AGN (z=0.944) detected so far in the TeV range. It is gravitationally lensed by the galaxy B0218+357G (z=0.68). Very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission from QSO B0218+357 was detected in July 2014 with the MAGIC telescopes, by measuring the time-delayed image of the flare, detected earlier by FERMI in the GeV range. Its emission enables the study of the EBL properties when the Universe was only half of its present age. In addition, some features in the observed gamma-ray light curves hint that on the top of the time-delay caused by the mass of the lens galaxy, the gravitational microlensing effect may have occurred as well in the case of this system. The gravitational microlensing effect is very sensitive on the sizes of emitting regions at different wavelenghts. Ideas for future MWL observations of B0218+357 and similar systems will be discussed.

The detection of Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs) in the Very High Energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) range is challenging, mainly because of their steep soft spectra. Often neither the emission nor the variability features of recently discovered VHE-FSRQs can be explained with the models developed so far for BL Lacs. Here we present the latest MAGIC results for all the three FSRQs known to be VHE emitters. We start with the 2010 discovery of PKS 1222+21 (z = 0.432), whose fast variability challenges simple one-zone emission models, requiring a more complicated scenario. Second, we present the latest results on 3C 279, the most distant AGN (z = 0.536) and first FSRQ detected in very high energies. It was observed in 2011, first during a monitoring campaign and later observations were triggered by a flare detected with Fermi-LAT. Finally, we report the 2012 detection of PKS 1510-089 (z = 0.36). This summary of VHE observations is the first step for a forthcoming study of multiwavelength spectral properties of these sources aimed at identifying the physical processes responsible for their emission and at explaining their observed variability.

We present the results of the 2011 multi-wavelength campaign on the BL Lac object 1ES 1215+303. Observations were triggered by an optical outburst and resulted in the first detection of the very high energy (VHE, > 100GeV) gamma-ray emission from this source. We performspectral modeling of the simultaneous and quasi-simultaneous radio, optical, X-ray, HE and VHE emission and compare it with the spectra obtained from a low emission state observed in 2010. The optical photo-polarimetric data seem to suggest that the high state could be caused by a shock traveling down the jet and colliding with a standing shock with different magnetic field orientation. The spectral energy distribution obtained with the 2011 data can be modeled with a simple one zone SSC model, but it requires extreme values for the Doppler factor or the electron energy distribution. This suggests a more complicated scenario than a simple SSC one to occur in this source.

The flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 1222+216 was detected in the very high energy gamma-ray band by MAGIC during a highly active gamma-ray phase following an alert by the LAT onboard Fermi. Its relatively hard spectrum without a cut off, together with the observed variability on timescale of ~10 min challenges standard emission models. If the emission originates in a portion of the relativistic jet located inside the BLR, severe absorption of gamma rays above few tens of GeV is expected due to the pair production process. These observations imply the existence of a very compact (R_b ~5 x 10^{14} cm) and very fast blob located far beyond the BLR radius, responsible for the rapidly varying high energy flux. However the long term (days-weeks) coherent evolution of the GeV flux recorded by LAT indicates that there could be also the substantial contribution from another larger emission region. We model the spectral energy distribution of PKS 1222+216 during the epoch of the MAGIC detection assuming three different scenarios,: (1) a one-zone model considering only the emission from a compact blob outside the BLR; (2) a two-zone model considering the compact blob plus an emitting region filling the whole jet cross-section located outside the BLR and (3) a two zone model with the jet emitting region inside the BLR. We find that in all cases the high-energy emission from the compact blob is dominated by the inverse Compton scattering of the IR thermal radiation of the dusty torus. Both regions are matter dominated, with a negligible Poynting flux. These results disfavor models in which the compact blob is the result of reconnection events inside the jet or "needles" of high-energy electrons. Instead, the observational framework and our radiative models could be compatible with scenarios in which the jet is re-collimated and focussed at large distances from the central BH., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted by A&A after substantial revision

The MAGIC telescopes discovered very high energy (VHE, E>100 GeV) gamma-ray emission coming from the distant Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ) PKS 1222+21 (4C +21.35, z = 0.432). It is the second most distant VHE gamma-ray source, with well measured redshift, detected until now. The observation was performed on 2010 June 17 (MJD 55364.9) using the two 17 m diameter imaging Cherenkov telescopes on La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). The MAGIC detection coincides with high energy MeV/GeV gamma-ray activity measured by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi satellite. The averaged integral flux above 100 GeV is equivalent to 1 Crab Nebula flux. The VHE flux measured by MAGIC varies significantly within the 30 minutes of exposure implying a flux doubling time of about 10 minutes. The VHE and MeV/GeV spectra, corrected for the absorption by the extragalactic background light, can be described by a single power law with photon index 2.72±0.34 between 3 GeV and 400 GeV, consistent with gamma-ray emission belonging to a single component in the jet. The absence of a spectral cut-off constrains the gamma-ray emission region to lie outside the broad line region, which would otherwise absorb the VHE gamma-rays. Together with the detected fast variability, this challenges present emission models from jets in FSRQs.