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Background: Imaging is crucial for diagnosing head and neck pathologies, particularly those involving lymph nodes (LNs). Ultrasound can detect nodes even smaller than 2 mm in diameter. Objectives: The objectives were to assess the accuracy of the ultrasonography (USG) findings in differentiating malignant and non-malignant LNs. Materials and Methods: Forty patients with clinically palpable LNs in the head and neck region were assigned to either of the two groups based on the inclusion criteria. All the patients were subjected to greyscale sonography, then USG Doppler and USG elastography, and finally, USG-guided FNAB. All the data were tabulated for statistical analysis. A Chi-square test was used. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated. Results: In this study, sensitivity for greyscale USG was 82.8%, whereas sensitivity for USG doppler and USG elastography was 72.2% and specificity for greyscale USG, doppler, and elastography was 88.8%. Conclusion: USG Doppler and USG elastography can be used in conjunction with greyscale USG with high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose soft tissue pathology, particularly in the LNs of the head and neck regions.

Aim: The current study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the retention protocol followed by orthodontists in India. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional web-based questionnaire survey was carried out to evaluate the retention protocol. To determine the sample size, a pilot study was carried out, and the final sample arrived was 250 subjects. The current study's inclusion criteria took into account those who had finished their BDS&MDS (Orthodontist). Results: The data were statistically examined when the surveys were received and completed. The choice for fixed retainers was 67.4%. Retainer wear time preferences ranged widely, with 60% preferring 12-18 hours. The initial post-retention check appointment was planned by the majority of orthodontists (47.6%) within the next three months. Recall appointments for retention checks were only planned by the majority of orthodontists (56.3%) once every three months. Regular involvement by patients at their retention check appointments was (38%). Conclusion: The most commonly used and preferred type of retainer is fixed retainer, and dentist preferences range around 12-18 hours of wear time. Furthermore, the duration of the retainer wear preferred by most orthodontists/dentists is 10 months to 2 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The current study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the retention protocol followed by orthodontists in India., Material and Methods: A cross-sectional web-based questionnaire survey was carried out to evaluate the retention protocol. To determine the sample size, a pilot study was carried out, and the final sample arrived was 250 subjects. The current study's inclusion criteria took into account those who had finished their BDS&MDS (Orthodontist)., Results: The data were statistically examined when the surveys were received and completed. The choice for fixed retainers was 67.4%. Retainer wear time preferences ranged widely, with 60% preferring 12-18 hours. The initial post-retention check appointment was planned by the majority of orthodontists (47.6%) within the next three months. Recall appointments for retention checks were only planned by the majority of orthodontists (56.3%) once every three months. Regular involvement by patients at their retention check appointments was (38%)., Conclusion: The most commonly used and preferred type of retainer is fixed retainer, and dentist preferences range around 12-18 hours of wear time. Furthermore, the duration of the retainer wear preferred by most orthodontists/dentists is 10 months to 2 years., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes an infection affecting immunity-providing white blood cells. The HIV pandemic is far from over and is a major socio-economical burden. As there is no cure yet, prevention of new infections is the major path to control the infection. There is a low chance of orthodontic procedures carrying a risk of HIV infection transmission. It is important to have knowledge about the disease to effectively and safely treat known or unknown patients with HIV., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Madham et al.)