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The approach used for computation of the convecting face fluxes and the cell face velocities results in different underlying numerical algorithms in finite volume collocated grid solvers for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. In this study, the effect of the following five numerical algorithms on the numerical dissipation rate and on the temporal consistency of a selection of Runge–Kutta schemes is analysed: (1) the original algorithm of Rhie and Chow (1983), (2) the standard OpenFOAM method, (3) the algorithm used by Vuorinen et al. (2014), (4) the Kazemi-Kamyab et al. (2015) method, and (5) the D’Alessandro et al. (2018) approach. The last three algorithms refer to recent implementations of low dissipative numerical methods in OpenFOAM®. No new computational methods are presented in this paper. Instead, the main scientific contributions of this paper are: (1) the systematic assessment of the effect of the considered five numerical approaches on the numerical dissipation rate and on the temporal consistency of the selected Runge–Kutta schemes within one unified framework which we have implemented in OpenFOAM, and (2) the application of the method of Komen et al. (2017) in order to quantify the numerical dissipation rate introduced by three of the five numerical methods in quasi-DNS and under-resolved DNS of fully-developed turbulent channel flow. In addition, we explain the effects of the introduced numerical dissipation on the observed trends in the corresponding numerical results. As one of the major conclusions, we found that the pressure error, which is introduced due to the application of a compact stencil in the pressure Poisson equation , causes a reduction of the order of accuracy of the temporal schemes for the test cases in this study. Consequently, application of higher order temporal schemes is not useful from an accuracy point of view, and the application of a second order temporal scheme appears to be sufficient.

This paper discusses a new procedure for calculating the conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of drill cuttings from boreholes, an important factor when designing shallow geothermal systems. The experiment in question consists of placing 55–65 kg drill cutting samples inside a container, along with a heat source (point source assumed), and arranging temperature sensors, connected to a data logger, at known distances from the source. A mathematical method for determining the conductivity and volumetric heat capacity associated with this experiment is described.

Studies of the body-build of homosexual patients have produced conflicting reports. Weil (1924), in Germany, reported that homosexuals had a narrower biacromial diameter and a wider intertrochanteric diameter than a control group had. The latter unfortunately was obtained from a different part of the country and measured by a different observer. Wortis (1937) could lind no abnormality in the body-build of homosexuals. Sheldon (1949) found there are no distinctive features of homosexual physique recognizable from a somato typing photograph. He states, however, that the majority of homosexuals are recognizable by what he terms secondary gynandromorphy?that is, "the measures of the femininity of the face, hands, skin, and skin appendages ; manner of movement and co-ordination ; voice and facial behaviour ; in short, the covert gynandromorphy that escapes the photograph." This is in agreement with the common clinical impression that the effeminate appearance that many male homosexuals show is the result of mannerisms of gait and dress affected consciously or unconsciously by the subject rather than due to any abnormality of body-build. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether homosexuals have an abnormal discriminant androgyny score?an index of body-build ?which, as is shown below, is related to the sexual development of the individual. The discriminant androgyny score (Tanner, 1951, 1955) of a patient is obtained by measuring the biacromial and bi-iliac diameters and substituting in the following formula: 3 x biacromial 1 x bi-iliac diameters (in cm.)

Aims—To assess the relation between the grade and the status of follow up cytology, the completeness of loop excision biopsies with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and the findings at follow up cytology, as well as the differences between complete and incomplete exclusion, using the odds ratio. Treatment failure was assessed. Methods—1600 women with CIN (290 CIN1, 304 CIN2, 1006 CIN3) were followed for a minimum of six months and a maximum of 10 years. A database was created and comparisons performed. The mean age of the patients was 37 years. Results—Excision was complete in over 84% of loops. Residual disease and recurrence of high grade dyskaryosis was more common in women with CIN 3 than CIN 2 or 1. No high grade dyskaryosis was seen in the fifth follow up smear in patients with CIN 1 and CIN 2. Residual, recurrent, and persistent disease was most common in patients with incompletely excised CIN at ectocervical and endocervical margins and deep margins of resection than in patients with completely excised CIN. The odds ratios were significantly higher in the women who had incomplete excision of CIN at ectocervical, endocervical, both ecto- and endocervical, and deep margins of resection compared with those with apparent complete excision of CIN lesions. One patient developed invasive squamous cell carcinoma 44 months after loop excision which showed CIN 3 invading endocervical crypts and extending to both ectocervical and endocervical margins of resection. Conclusions—At long term follow up, patients with CIN who have residual disease are at increased risk of persistent disease and should therefore be followed up regularly with cytology and colposcopy. The findings support national policy of returning women with treated CIN of any grade to normal recall after five years except for cases of CIN3 where excision was incomplete or equivocal. In these cases follow up with annual smear for 10 years is recommended. Key Words: cervical cytology • cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Extraskeletal Ewings sarcoma is a tumour of neuroectodermal origin sharing close similarities with Ewings sarcoma of bone. We report the case of a 21 year old 16 week pregnant woman presenting with vomiting and weight loss and found to have an extraskeletal Ewings sarcoma of the small bowel. In a review of the literature there are no previous reports of extraskeletal Ewings sarcoma occurring in the small bowel. The diagnosis of extraskeletal Ewings sarcoma and the complicated management of a young pregnant woman with a malignant tumour are described.

The pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the role of FNA cytology in the clinical management of patients with thyroid swelling, in a District General Hospital (DGH) setting. One hundred and eleven patients were investigated over a period of 3 years, with a total of 142 fine needle aspirations. Statistical analysis showed a sensitivity of 71%, a specificity of 91% and a false negative rate of 2.7%. These results compare very favourably with other institutions. This study therefore shows that thyroid nodule FNA cytology can be performed in a DGH with a high standard of diagnostic accuracy, the results of which play a key role in patient management.

M. Sandler: Introduction S. J. Peroutka & A. W. Schmidt: An overview of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor families D. L. Murphy: An overview of serotonin neurochemistry and neuroanatomy M. B. H. Youdim: Milacemide: a neuropsychotropic glycine prodrug that potentiates serotonergic activity P. C. Waldmeier & L. Maitre: The inactive enantiomer of a noradrenaline uptake blocker reduces 5-HT synthesis H. Y. Meltzer & R. C. Arora: Platelet serotonin studies in affective disorders: evidence for a serotonergic abnormality? V. Glover, J. Jarman, & M. Sandler: The role of 5-HT in migraine: disentangling the links with depression G. F. Oxenkrug: The acute effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on serotonin conversion to melatonin G. F. Oxenkrug, P. Requintina, I. M. McIntyre, & R. Davis: Stimulation of rat pineal melatonin synthesis by a single electroconvulsive shock G. Racagni, D. Tinelli, E. Bianchi, N. Brunello, & J. Perez: cAMP-dependent binding proteins and endogenous phosphorylation after anti-depressant treatment P. J. Cowen & I. M. Anderson: Abnormal 5-HT neuroendocrine function in depression: association or artefact? J. Deakin: Experimental tests of the 5-HT imbalance theory of affective disturbance D. S. Robinson: Antidepressant efficacy of 5-HTO 1A partial agonist drugs J. J. Lopez-Ibor Jr, J. Saiz-Ruiz, L. Moral, I. Moreno, & R. Vinas: Neuroendocrine serotonergic challenges in clinical research M. Briley & P. Chopin: Serotonin in anxiety: evidence from animal models C. Curzon, G. A. Kennett, & P. Whitton: Anxiogenic effect of the 5-HTO1C agonist m - chlorophenylpiperazine M. Palfreyman & J. H. Kehne: Does 5-hydroxytryptamine have a role in anxiety and the action of anxiolytics? T. R. Insel: Serotonin in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a casual connection or more monomania about a major monoamine? M. Linnoila: Monoamines, glucose metabolism, and impulse control G. Curzon: 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the control of feeding and its possible implications for appetite disturbance B. Guardiola-Lemaitre: d-Fenfluramine and animal models of eating disorders C. G. Gottfries: Disturbance of the 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in ageing and in Alzheimer's and vascular dementias M. G. Palfreyman, S. M. Sorenson, A. A. Carr, H. C. Cheng, & M. W. Dudley: 5-HTO3 receptor antagonists and their potential in psychiatric disorders H. Y. Meltzer: Atypical antipsychotic drugs: the 5HTO2/DAO2 ratio A. Carlsson: Closing remarks Index.

Max Hamilton: A Life Devoted to Psychiatric Science.- The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in a WHO Collaborative Program.- The Impact of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression on the Development of a Center for Clinical Psychopharmacology Research.- The Different Versions of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.- French Experiences with the Hamilton Scales in Comparison with Other Scales for Depression and Anxiety.- Use of the Hamilton Depression Scale in General Practice.- Structured Interview Guides for the Hamilton Rating Scales.- The Hamilton Depression Scale and Its Alternatives: A Comparison of Their Reliability and Validity.- Psychometric Developments of the Hamilton Scales: The Spectrum of Depression, Dysthymia, and Anxiety.- The Hamilton Depression Scale and the Numerical Description of the Symptoms of Depression.

A 4-kbit CCD memory array has been fabricated using electron-beam lithography for the high-resolution patterns and projection lithography to define the low-resolution features. The basic CCD cell size is 3.2 µm × 4.2 µm consisting of a storage area 2.4 µm × 3.6 µm with a 0.8-µm barrier and a 0.6-µm channel stop. To make these small CCD's, as well as the associated short-channel MOSFET's, we modified the conventional MOS wafer processing. The new process for two-level polysilicon gates requires six electron-beam levels with a minimum resist feature of 0.3 µm. Alignment of the electron-beam patterns uses Ta benchmarks which we found to be compatible with MOS devices. Testing of the 4-kbit array and other shift resisters showed submicrometer channel-stops and barriers are feasible while maintaining low channel-to-channel crosstalk and charge-transfer efficiency greater than 0.9995. In addition, low capacitance output circuits defined by electron-beam lithography can detect the small number of charges in the high-resolution CCD's and amplify the signal sufficiently to recirculate the data.

The third phase of the Shaugh Moor Project comprised survey and excavation work on the Saddlesborough Main reave and Wotter Common (fig. 1). Following the decision of the china clay companies not to develop the area immediately around Saddlesborough (Area Y), Watts, Blake and Bearne & Co Ltd and English China Clays Ltd embarked upon a joint tipping programme which will eventually destroy the terminal reave east of Saddlesborough and most of the monuments on Wotter Common (fig. 2).The area to the north of Saddlesborough was surveyed in 1976 and limited excavation was undertaken early in 1977 (Site 10, Wainwright et al 1979). An enclosure, 1 km to the north-east of Site 10, was totally excavated in 1977 and 1978 (Site 15, Wainwright and Smith 1980). In 1979 and 1980 the area threatened by the quarry extensions was surveyed and a programme of limited excavation was undertaken on the Saddlesborough Main reave and Wotter Common (Site 208).

Frohmanet al.(1960a, 1960b, 1961, 1962) have investigated the effect of plasma of schizophrenic patients on carbohydrate metabolism. They measured the production of lactate and pyruvate by the nucleated red cells of the chicken after incubation with patients' plasma. After incubation with plasma from schizophrenic patients, the lactate/pyruvate ratio was raised significantly above the ratio found after incubation with plasma from normal subjects. This observation was interpreted as evidence of an inhibition of aerobic metabolism induced by the plasma of schizophrenic patients. We report here an attempt to confirm these findings.

Phenyl cis-4-t-butylcyclohexanemethyl sulfoxide (4) thermolyzes to 1-t-butyl-4-methylenecyclohexane (5) at 116 and 130° about five to six times faster than its trans (equatorial) epimer 6. cis-4-t-Butylcyclo-hexanemethyl bromide (7) undergoes elimination with potassium t-butoxide in t-butyl alcohol at 100° about nine times faster than its trans (equatorial) epimer 8. The rate difference found for the sulfoxides 4 and 6 is the first clear demonstration of steric acceleration (without any contribution from any reagent repulsion effect) in the formation of an exocyclic carbon–carbon double bond in a simple anchored cyclohexane System. The faster elimination from 7 (vs. 8) is ascribed primarily to steric acceleration; the experiment neither requires nor excludes the influence of non-bonding repulsions between the substrate and the attacking base.

This article summarizes the properties of p-n and l-h junctions and the methods which have used these properties to locate them. Critical comments are made and criteria are given which must be considered when choosing a method, and some methods are recommended for the elements germanium and silicon. Lastly, an idea is given of the range of useful understanding of semiconductors which has resulted from use of these methods.

SUMMARY Studies on pituitary and ovarian function as assessed by the urinary output of total gonadotrophic activity, the three classical oestrogens, pregnanediol and, in some cases, testosterone and epitestosterone, were conducted in eight patients suffering from premenstrual tension. Major abnormalities in endocrine function were not a feature of the condition. Ovulation, as judged by pregnanediol assays, was absent in seven out of the fifteen cycles investigated. Contrary to traditional belief, the symptoms of premenstrual tension could exist in the presence of cycles with anovulatory hormonal patterns.

Practolol, propranolol, and placebo have been tested on an objective test of lithium induced tremor. Both beta-blocking agents produced significantly more tremor than the placebo. It is argued that lithium induced tremor is closer to essential than to physiological tremor.

Studies of the body-build of homosexual patients have produced conflicting reports. Weil (1924), in Germany, reported that homosexuals had a narrower biacromial diameter and a wider intertrochanteric diameter than a control group had. The latter unfortunately was obtained from a different part of the country and measured by a different observer. Wortis (1937) could lind no abnormality in the body-build of homosexuals. Sheldon (1949) found there are no distinctive features of homosexual physique recognizable from a somato typing photograph. He states, however, that the majority of homosexuals are recognizable by what he terms secondary gynandromorphy?that is, "the measures of the femininity of the face, hands, skin, and skin appendages ; manner of movement and co-ordination ; voice and facial behaviour ; in short, the covert gynandromorphy that escapes the photograph." This is in agreement with the common clinical impression that the effeminate appearance that many male homosexuals show is the result of mannerisms of gait and dress affected consciously or unconsciously by the subject rather than due to any abnormality of body-build. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether homosexuals have an abnormal discriminant androgyny score?an index of body-build ?which, as is shown below, is related to the sexual development of the individual. The discriminant androgyny score (Tanner, 1951, 1955) of a patient is obtained by measuring the biacromial and bi-iliac diameters and substituting in the following formula: 3 x biacromial 1 x bi-iliac diameters (in cm.)

The authors review the literature in an attempt to evaluate the relationship between serotonin and depression. Animal studies show that the administration of tryptophan (the precursor of serotonin) increased serotonin synthesis and influenced behavior. Low plasma tryptophan levels have been found in patients with endogeneous depression. Postmortem studies have shown an association between lowered hindbrain serotonin levels and suicide among depressed persons. The decreased serotonin levels in blood platelets during depression mirrored the neuronal changes. Tricyclic antidepressants inhibited platelet serotonin uptake and reduced imipramine binding sites on the platelets. A positive correlation between depression rating scores and platelet aggregatory response has been reported. Serotonin stimulated release of prolactin and growth hormone, although the prolactin response was less marked in depression. A marker for depressive illness is still sought, but it is likely to be related in some way to serotonin.

This study reports eight patients who underwent appendicectomy between 1978 and 1986 for apparently isolated, previously undiagnosed Crohn's disease of the appendix. All patients have since remained well with no sign of disease recurrence. This may represent a less aggressive form of Crohn's disease or be a different entity, namely granulomatous appendicitis.

Three hundred and sixty samples of blood from 230 hospital patients were examined and compared with the results of simultaneous blood culture to determine the value of buffy-coat microscopy in detecting bacteraemia. One observer found 86 positive smears, 12 of which were from patients with positive blood cultures and 74 from patients with negative blood cultures. The buffy-coat smear was negative in 274 specimens, 8 of which yielded positive blood cultures. A second observer considered that only 34 of the buffy coats were positive. Only six of these were associated with positive blood cultures. Although there was a statistically significant association between positive smears and positive blood cultures, the procedure has little practical value because of the high incidence of false positives and negatives.

Summary This study reports six patients with a diagnosis of diverticular disease with associated localized Crohn’s colitis who were all treated by segmental resection. Two patients died in the post-operative period from disease unrelated to their colonic pathology. The remaining four patients remain well, show no signs of recurrent disease and have required no further surgery. The behaviour and significance of the two conditions occurring in the same patient is discussed.

The novel tetracyclic piperazino-azepine compound Org GB 94 (Tolvon, Tolvin) in a dose of 20 mg three times daily was found to be of save markedly and significantly less side-effects. Patients with reactive depression and those with endogenous depression reponded equally well to Org GB 94. No correlation was found between plasma levels of Org GB 94 and either clinical effects or side-effects. Org GB 94 did not alter the tyramine pressor response, in contrast to amitriptyline.

Publisher Summary The biogenic amine theory of depression rests on three main groups of observations: (1) drugs that deplete the brain of monoamines cause a depressive illness in mentally normal subjects, (2) increasing the level of brain monoamines alleviates a depressive illness, and (3) biochemical investigations in depression, which suggest there is an abnormality of amine metabolism in this condition. This chapter examines these points. The risk of depression increases with the dose of the drug. A drug with similar actions to reserpine—tetrabenazine—is shown to produce depression. These drugs deplete the brain of both catecholamines and the indoleamines, and it is not possible on the basis of these observations alone to determine whether it is the depletion of the catecholamines or indoleamines, or both, which is responsible for the depression. Recovery from depression apparently induced by reserpine is observed by the administration of tryptophan and a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. A second group of observations suggesting that the biogenic amines are involved in depression is the therapeutic success of MAO inhibitors and the tricyclic drugs such as imipramine.

Taggart and Hytten1 reported results which indicated that the salivary glands can concentrate deuterium oxide above the level in serum of human subjects. They had administered deuterium oxide orally to normal pregnant women and found, 3 hr. later, saliva–serum ratios ranging from 1.05 to 1.34, and in one subject after 24 hr. they found a ratio of 1.39.

A new route to 3α,5α-acetonium ions via the 3β-acetyl sulphate derivatives of 3β-hydroxy-5α-acetoxy-compounds has been described.