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Summary: Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is an important risk factor for multiple chronic diseases, increasing mortality and reducing life expectancy. The associations between emerging surrogates for IR, triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and TyG-related indicators, with all-cause mortality and life expectancy in middle-aged and older patients in primary care are unclear. Methods: This study originated from the Polish primary care cohort LIPIDOGRAM2015, including patients aged ≥45 years. Baseline fasting triglycerides and fasting glucose were used to derive TyG. Other TyG-related indicators included TyG-adjusted body mass index (TyG-BMI), TyG-adjusted waist circumference (TyG-WC), TyG-adjusted waist-to-hip, and TyG-adjusted waist-to-height. In this longitudinal analysis, we assessed associations between TyG-related indicators with total all-cause mortality, premature (age at death ≤75 years) all-cause mortality and years of life lost (YLL). Findings: We included 10,688 patients (mean age 61.8 ± 9.3 years; 63.5% female). Cumulative total and premature all-cause mortality were 7.2% and 4.6%, respectively, during 5.7 years (IQR 5.6–5.7) of follow-up. Lowest (Q1) and highest quartile (Q4) of TyG-BMI and TyG-WC were associated with total all-cause mortality (second quartile [Q2]: reference; TyG-BMI: Q1: aHR 1.33, 95% CI 1.07–1.65, Q4: aHR 1.28, 95% CI 1.03–1.58; TyG-WC: Q1: aHR 1.44, 95% CI 1.14–1.82, Q4: aHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04–1.59), similar results for premature all-cause mortality. Within age 45–80 years, compared with Q2 and third quartile, YLL were 4.49 and 5.46 years for TyG-BMI Q1 and Q4, respectively, 3.24 and 5.31 years for TyG-WC Q1 and Q4, respectively. Interpretation: TyG-BMI and TyG-WC demonstrated a U-shaped association with total and premature all-cause mortality. Low and high levels of TyG-BMI and TyG-WC were associated with reduced life expectancy. Despite the relatively short follow-up period, significant associations were still observed, but longer follow-up studies are required to further explore these relationships. Funding: Polish Lipid Association, College of Family Physician in Poland, Valeant in Poland.

Interactions of graphene oxide (GO) with an ex vivo rat heart and its coronary vessels have not been studied yet. Moreover, the conflicting data on the "structure-properties" relationships do not allow for biomedical applications of GO. Herein, we study the impact of GO on the ex vivo isolated rat heart, normotensive and hypertensive, under the working heart and the constant-pressure perfusion (Langendorff) regimes. Four structural GO variants of the following initial morphology were used: few-layer (below 10-layer) GO1, O < 49%; predominantly single-layer GO2, O = 41-50%; 15-20-layer GO3, O < 11%; and few-layer (below 10-layer) NH 4 + -functionalized GO4, O < 44%, N = 3-6%. The aqueous GO dispersions, sonicated and stabilized with bovine serum albumin in Krebs-Henseleit-like solution-uniformized in terms of the particle size-were eventually size-monodisperse as revealed by dynamic light scattering. To study the cardiotoxicity mechanisms of GO, histopathology, Raman spectroscopy, analysis of cardiac parameters (coronary and aortic flows, heart rate, aortic pressure), and nitric oxide (NO-)-dependent coronary flow response to bradykinin (blood-vessel-vasodilator) were used. GO1 (10 mg/L) exerted no effects on cardiac function and preserved an increase in coronary flow in response to bradykinin. GO2 (10 mg/L) reduced coronary flow, aortic pressure in normotensive hearts, and coronary flow in hypertensive hearts, and intensified the response to bradykinin in normal hearts. GO3 (10 mg/L) reduced all parameters in hypertensive hearts and coronary response to bradykinin in normal hearts. At higher concentrations (normotensive hearts, 30 mg/L), the coronary response to bradykinin was blocked. GO4 (10 mg/L) reduced the coronary flow in normal hearts, while for hypertensive hearts, all parameters, except the coronary flow, were reduced and the coronary response to bradykinin was blocked. The results showed that a low number of GO layers and high O-content were safer for normal and hypertensive rat hearts. Hypertensive hearts deteriorated easier upon perfusion with low-O-content GOs. Our findings support the necessity of strict control over the GO structure during organ perfusion and indicate the urgent need for personalized medicine in biomedical applications of GO., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Objectives: This study aims to explore characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) in the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS)., Methods: This is a retrospective study of EUROMACS participants receiving MCS as bridge-to-transplant, possible bridge-to-transplant, or rescue therapy/bridge-to-recovery from 2011 to 2023 (n = 5340). Adult and paediatric cohorts were analysed separately. The primary outcome was mortality on MCS; secondary outcomes included recovery, transplant and complications including bleeding, cerebrovascular events, and sepsis., Results: Among adult patients, mortality at 1-year was 33.3% among the CHD cohort vs 22.1% in the non-CHD cohort. Adult CHD patients had higher hazards of mortality within the first year after MCS implantation [hazard ratios 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35-2.91, P < 0.001] and bleeding events (subdistribution hazard ratios 2.10, 95% CI 1.40-3.16, P < 0.001) compared with non-CHD patients. Both associations remained significant after accounting for multiple mediators. Among paediatric patients, mortality at 1 year was 22.1% in the CHD cohort vs 17.3% in the non-CHD cohort (hazard ratios 1.39, 95% CI 0.83-2.32, P = 0.213)., Conclusions: Adult and paediatric patients with CHD on MCS have higher adverse event risk compared with non-CHD MCS patients, though children did not have greater risk of mortality. As the number of CHD patients requiring advanced heart failure management continues to grow, these findings can enhance informed decision-making., Clinical Trial Registration Number: Registry name: EUROMACS., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of late blight in potato. The occurrence of P. infestans with both A1 and A2 mating types in the field may result in sexual reproduction and the generation of recombinant strains. Such strains with new combinations of traits can be highly aggressive, resistant to fungicides, and can make the disease difficult to control in the field. Metalaxyl-resistant isolates are now more prevalent in potato fields. Understanding the genetic structure and rapid identification of mating types and metalaxyl response of P. infestans in the field is a prerequisite for effective late blight disease monitoring and management. Molecular and phenotypic assays involving molecular and phenotypic markers such as mating types and metalaxyl response are typically conducted separately in the studies of the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of P. infestans . As a result, there is a pressing need to reduce the experimental workload and more efficiently assess the aggressiveness of different strains. We think that employing genetic markers to not only estimate genotypic diversity but also to identify the mating type and fungicide response using machine learning techniques can guide and speed up the decision-making process in late blight disease management, especially when the mating type and metalaxyl resistance data are not available. This technique can also be applied to determine these phenotypic traits for dead isolates. In this study, over 600 P. infestans isolates from different populations-Estonia, Pskov region, and Poland-were classified for mating types and metalaxyl response using machine learning techniques based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. For both traits, random forest and the support vector machine demonstrated good accuracy of over 70%, compared to the decision tree and artificial neural network models whose accuracy was lower. There were also associations ( p < 0.05) between the traits and some of the alleles detected, but machine learning prediction techniques based on multilocus SSR genotypes offered better prediction accuracy.

Background: Potato virus Y (PVY) is among the economically most damaging viral pathogen in production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) worldwide. The gene Ry sto derived from the wild potato relative Solanum stoloniferum confers extreme resistance to PVY., Results: The presence and diversity of Ry sto were investigated in wild relatives of potato (298 genotypes representing 29 accessions of 26 tuber-bearing Solanum species) using PacBio amplicon sequencing. A total of 55 unique Rysto-like sequences were identified in 72 genotypes representing 12 accessions of 10 Solanum species and six resistant controls (potato cultivars Alicja, Bzura, Hinga, Nimfy, White Lady and breeding line PW363). The 55 Rysto-like sequences showed 89.87 to 99.98% nucleotide identity to the Ry sto reference gene, and these encoded in total 45 unique protein sequences. While Rysto-like26 identified in Alicja, Bzura, White Lady and Rysto-like16 in PW363 encode a protein identical to the Ry sto reference, the remaining 44 predicted Rysto-like proteins were 65.93 to 99.92% identical to the reference. Higher levels of diversity of the Rysto-like sequences were found in the wild relatives of potato than in the resistant control cultivars. The TIR and NB-ARC domains were the most conserved within the Rysto-like proteins, while the LRR and C-JID domains were more variable. Several Solanum species, including S. antipoviczii and S. hougasii, showed resistance to PVY. This study demonstrated Hyoscyamus niger, a Solanaceae species distantly related to Solanum, as a host of PVY., Conclusions: The new Rysto-like variants and the identified PVY resistant potato genotypes are potential resistance sources against PVY in potato breeding. Identification of H. niger as a host for PVY is important for cultivation of this plant, studies on the PVY management, its ecology, and migrations. The amplicon sequencing based on PacBio SMRT and the following data analysis pipeline described in our work may be applied to obtain the nucleotide sequences and analyze any full-length genes from any, even polyploid, organisms., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To evaluate the impact of heart donors and recipients parameters on the outcomes after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT)., Methodology: Two hundred fifteen patients who underwent OHT from 2020 to 2023 were analyzed., Results: Average donors age 36.3 (±13.1) years, 74 women (34.42%), BMI 25.3 (±4.99), Na+ concentration 153.7 (±11.8) mmol/L. Mean intraventricular septum thickness 10.0 (±2.2) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter 44.3 (±6) mm, ejection fraction 60.3 (±7.92) %. Median procalcitonin was 0.6 ng/mL. Levonor was used in 75.8%, Empressin in 4.2%, Dopamine in 5.1%, Dobutamine in 3.7%, and Adrenaline in 3.7% of donors. The most common cause of death: intracranial injury (34.42%). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation occurred in 34%, alcoholism in 20.9%, nicotinism in 16.3%, and drug addiction in 7.4% of donors. Mean aortic cross-clamping time was 200.3 (±48.8) minutes. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) after OHT required 6.1%, extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 6.1%, and renal dialysis 36% of recipients. The 1-year mortality rate was 19.1%. Death after OHT correlated with: longer aortic cross-clamping time (207.6 vs 198.59 minutes, P = .292), longer extracorporeal circulation time (196.3 vs 186.47 minutes, P = .335), lower Empressin dose (median 0.01 vs 0.02 j.m/min, P = .03) in donors, longer postoperative mechanical ventilation (mean 101.46 vs 23.09 hours, P = .001), more frequent dialysis, IABP or ECMO (P = .001) and older age of the recipient (51.2 vs 44.8 years, P = .014). Previous cardiac surgery or any surgical intervention after transplantation significantly influenced mortality. The remaining donor factors had no impact on the OHT result., Conclusions: Identification of risk factors in the donor and recipient may improve treatment outcomes after OHT., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Graft vasculopathy is a leading cause of death after heart transplantation (HTx). Diagnosing cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) within this patient group poses significant challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) in patients after HTx., Methods: We enrolled 107 consecutive HTx recipients (26 women, mean age 50 ± 17 years); all were ≥3 years post-HTx with minimal or no evidence of CAV in a prior coronary angiography performed a minimum of 2 years before the current examination. The inclusion criteria comprised an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥30, absence of new heart failure symptoms, and no contraindications to iodine contrast or CT scans. All patients underwent a 64-slice CCTA. In cases of minimal or no changes, noninvasive follow-up examinations were conducted. Significant changes in CT prompted additional coronary angiography., Results: Of the enrolled participants, 9 exhibited minimal changes; 98 displayed no changes in coronary angiography. The median time since transplant was 7 years, with IQR of 4 to 11.25 years. Significant changes were excluded in 98 patients. Among the 9 patients with suspected significant CAV, significant changes were confirmed in 8 patients, resulting in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) performed in 6. One patient from this group died shortly after PTCA. No cardiovascular incidents were observed within the remaining group. The median follow-up period was 539 (IQR = 289-654 days). The mean left ventricular ejection fraction at follow-up was 58% ± 5% compared with 58% ± 4% at baseline. At follow-up, the mean eGFR was 64 ± 18 mL/kg/1.73 m 2 compared with the baseline value of 67.2 mL/kg/1.73 m 2 ., Conclusions: CCTA appears to offer a secure and efficient means of assessment in HTx recipients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All the authors declare no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the principles of qualification and the range of organ transplantation in a patient with diagnosis of system sclerosis with pulmonary manifestation and severe myocardial insufficiency., Methods: We present the case of a 43-year-old patient with confirmed systemic sclerosis with pulmonary manifestations and biventricular heart insufficiency after disease exacerbation and sudden cardiac arrest in the pulseless electrical activity (PEA) mechanism with effective resuscitation, with increasing shortness of breath and the need for inotropes and levosimendan infusion without a significant improvement in his general status. Owing to the diagnosis of a systemic disease with no option for pharmacologic or any other treatment for heart failure, he was reevaluated and put on an urgent waiting list for isolated heart transplantation. After 7 days, heart transplantation was performed. Given the risk of disease progression and the possibility of future lung transplantation, the pleural cavities were untouched. The standard immunosuppression protocol was followed with the use of rabbit antithymocyte globulin., Results: The patient was extubated at 24 hours after heart transplantation. The results of endomyocardial biopsies performed during the hospital stay and at a 6-month follow-up were negative. The patient was discharged to home after 22 days of an uneventful hospital stay., Conclusions: Scleroderma as an autoimmunologic disease remains a challenge for the transplantation team as a possible progressive multiorgan insufficiency requiring qualification for organ transplantation. The course of the disease varies depending on the form of systemic sclerosis. Careful assessment, qualification, and determination of appropriate preprocedure and postprocedure immunosuppressive treatment are essential to an uncomplicated course of treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All the authors declare no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study is to analyze the feasibility of performing an isolated heart transplant in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension as a result of restrictive cardiomyopathy. The results present the clinical course from the diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy at the age of 2 until the heart transplant at 8 years old. Initially, the patient was considered for multiorgan transplantation, heart and lungs, due to extremely high pulmonary resistance. However, due to the prolonged waiting period for a donor and the worsening condition of the child, a decision was made to perforate the atrial septum with the implantation of an atrial flow regulator system. After conducting control hemodynamic measurements, the qualification was changed to an isolated heart transplant, accepting the high operative risk associated with the still elevated pulmonary resistance index of 4.9 Wood units. This study describes the medical problems that occurred during postoperative treatment. The patient underwent an orthotopic heart transplant in her eighth year of life. Postsurgery, complications were observed, including generalized seizures and heart transplant rejection reaction. Immunosuppressive therapies were applied, and efforts were made to combat anemia and electrolyte disorders. While the cardiovascular system and heart parameters improved, there were some difficulties in controlling heart rhythm and stabilizing electrolyte levels., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The study aimed to determine the influence of induction therapy on the acute cellular rejection (ACR) index in adult heart transplant recipients during the one-year observation. The study population consisted of 256 consecutive adult patients (pts), aged 51.5 (±11.9) years, 199 (77%) men treated with orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) in the period between 2015 and 2020 in a single high-volume heart transplant center. The endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) were performed according to the protocol consisting of 7 protocolary EMBs for up to 3 months and 10 EMBs for up to one year after OHT. The rejection index (ACRI) was calculated as the number of scheduled EMBs with the ACR ≥ 2 divided by the total number of protocolary EMBs. The study population was divided into two groups according to the application of basiliximab. The total number of pts. who received basiliximab was 10 (3.9%). The main indications for the usage of the induction therapy were heart retransplantation, mechanical circulatory support (MCS), severe renal insufficiency (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2), and a panel of reactive antibody (PRA) > 10%. In the group with induction, the mean age was 49 (±14) years; 3 (30%) patients had the MCS prior to OHT, and 3 (30%) patients had heart retransplantation. Four (40%) patients had diabetes mellitus, and 4 (40%) patients had severe renal insufficiency. As maintenance therapy during the observation period, tacrolimus was given to 10 (100%) patients, everolimus to 2 (20%) patients, and MPA to 9 (90%) patients. In the group with no induction, the mean age was 51.8 (±12) years, MCS was used in 56 (23%) patients, 2 (0.8%) patients were retransplanted; 10 (4%) patients had eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 58 (24%) patients had diabetes. Tacrolimus was administered to 243 (99%) patients, cyclosporine to 3 (1%), everolimus to 40 (16%), and mycophenolate to 245 (99.6%) heart recipients. The median one-year ACRI was 0.0, IQR:0.0-0.08 in the group with induction vs. 0.077, IQR: 0.0-0.154 with no induction; p = 0.11. ACRI up to three months was significantly higher in the entire cohort in comparison to up to one year (P < 0.01). The multivariate analysis showed that only everolimus implementation and younger age at the time of transplant influenced patients' mortality rate (P < 0.01). Significant graft rejections (≥ 2R ISHLT) are most common in the first three months after OHT. Patients who are initially at high risk of significant cellular rejection may benefit from induction therapy., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Invasive fungal infections are uncommon in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Risk and mortality are highest in the first 6 months post-transplant, especially in patients with previous surgery and those requiring mechanical support. There is a possibility that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause a more severe course of pulmonary aspergillosis, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. This report describes a female patient, eight years of age, who was admitted to the pediatric cardiac surgery department with symptoms of end-stage heart failure in urgent need of mechanical circulatory support (MCS). A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was implanted as a bridge to transplantation. During over a year on the waiting list, LVAD was replaced twice due to the presence of fibrin on the inlet valve. While staying in the ward, the patient underwent SARS-CoV-2 infection. An orthotopic heart transplant was successfully performed after 372 days of MCS with LVAD. One month after transplantation, the girl developed severe pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by sudden cardiac arrest and implantation of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) used for 25 days. Unfortunately, a few days after weaning from VV ECMO, the patient died due to intracerebral bleeding., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Heart failure (HF) is characterized by significant mortality in both adults and children. Characteristics of pediatric HF are feeding problems, poor weight gain, exercise intolerance, or dyspnea. These changes are often accompanied by endocrine disorders. The main causes of HF are congenital heart defects (CHD), cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias, myocarditis, or heart failure secondary to oncological treatment. Heart transplantation (HTx) is the method of choice for treatment of end-stage HF in pediatric patients., Aims: This article aimed to summarize the single-center experience in heart transplantation in children., Methods: Between 1988 and 2021 in the Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, 122 pediatric cardiac transplantations were performed. In the group of recipients with failing Fontan circulation, HTx was performed in 5 children. The study group was evaluated for the postoperative course: rejection episodes depending on the medical treatment scheme, coinfections, and mortality., Results: One-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates between 1988 and 2001 were 53%, 53%, and 50%, respectively. One-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates between 2002 and 2011 were 97%, 90%, and 87%, respectively; between 2012 and 2021 (1-year of follow-up), the survival rate was 92%. The main cause of mortality both in early and late periods after transplantation was graft failure., Conclusions: Cardiac transplantation in children remains the main method of treatment for endstage heart failure. Our results at both early and long-term posttransplant periods are comparable to those obtained in the most experienced foreign centers.

Main Conclusion: Using late blight resistance genes targeting conservative effectors of Phytophthora infestans and the constructing gene pyramids may lead to durable, broad-spectrum resistance, which could be accelerated through genetic engineering. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide. In 2020, potato production was estimated to be more than 359 million tons according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Potato is affected by many pathogens, among which Phytophthora infestans, causing late blight, is of the most economic importance. Crop protection against late blight requires intensive use of fungicides, which has an impact on the environment and humans. Therefore, new potato cultivars have been bred using resistance genes against P. infestans (Rpi genes) that originate from wild relatives of potato. Such programmes were initiated 100 years ago, but the process is complex and long. The development of genetic engineering techniques has enabled the direct transfer of resistance genes from potato wild species to cultivars and easier pyramiding of multiple Rpi genes, which potentially increases the durability and spectrum of potato resistance to rapidly evolving P. infestans strains. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning Rpi genes. We also discuss the use of Rpi genes in breeding as well as their detection in existing potato cultivars. Last, we review new sources of Rpi genes and new methods used to identify them and discuss interactions between P. infestans and host., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation have improved survival and quality of live. Some of them are women of childbearing age and have a wish to be pregnant. If the decision to have a child is made, the patient needs a multidisciplinary approach., Material and Methods: We analyzed the whole cohort of patients after orthotopic heart transplantation. From the whole group we extracted women of childbearing age between 16 and 45 years and at least 1 year after transplantation (85 patients). From this group, 8 patients gave birth to children., Results: No cardiocirculatory problems were observed in the mothers during pregnancy and in follow-ups. Strong changes in immunosuppressive drug levels were observed during and directly after the pregnancies. Two children were born prematurely (at 31 and in 34 weeks of gestation). Two children developed cardiomyopathy (the same as in mother)., Conclusion: The decision of childbearing should be made individually considering each patient's medical history and potential risks connected with the pregnancy. Pregnancy after heart transplantation is relatively safe for the mother. Risk of transmitting cardiomyopathies to the children, especially hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is high. The patients should be aware of this fact and be carefully counseled preconceptionally., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The COVID-19 pandemic that has been ongoing since the beginning of 2020 has forced health care into a difficult struggle for wellness and the lives of patients. International data and our observations show that the course of the disease in these patients is different than in the general population. Symptoms depend on the immunosuppression and severity of viremia. The period of viral replication is much longer. Our observations include 4 pediatric patients post heart transplant who became infected with the coronavirus. One patient was infected in the hospital during perioperative period. Two others required hospitalization because of the severity of symptoms, and 1 was treated on an outpatient basis. The applied treatment included the reduction of immunosuppression, low-molecular-weight heparin, amantadine or remdesivir, steroids, and supplementation with zinc and vitamins C and D. Based on the antigenic tests performed, we determined the period of active replication to be 3 to 8 weeks from the onset of the first symptoms., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Several reviews have shown that COVID-19 in children is a relatively mild disease. However, a rare complication affecting children and adolescents after COVID-19 has been identified. Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (PIMS-TS), which in some cases manifests itself as a hyperinflammatory syndrome with a multiorgan failure, may lead to death. We report a case of a 17-year-old patient who was admitted to the hospital with cardiogenic shock of unknown etiology. The disease was life-threatening, thus necessitating mechanical ventilation, circulatory support, and extracorporeal therapy due to renal and liver dysfunction. The patient tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. Other infectious causes of illness were excluded. However, the patient had a positive IgG antibody test result and high levels of interleukin-6, which helped to diagnose PIMS-TS. Intravenous immunoglobulin and steroid therapies were initiated, unfortunately, with poor outcome. The patient's critical condition, particularly end-stage heart failure, led to mechanical circulatory support implantation and finally orthotopic heart transplantation. After the surgery, the patient's condition improved gradually. PIMS-TS manifests itself with different clinical images and as a state of varying severity, ultimately causing multiorgan dysfunction with shock resembling toxic shock syndrome. Ultimately, myocardial complications of PIMS-TS necessitated heart transplantation in the described patient., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a destructive potato pathogen. Changing weather conditions are among the factors that influence the pathogen population structure. In this study, 237 P. infestans isolates were collected from a single unprotected experimental field in an area with high late-blight pressure located in Boguchwała in the southeastern part of Poland during 15 growing seasons (2000-2014). The isolates were assessed for mating type, mitochondrial haplotype, resistance to metalaxyl, virulence, and polymorphism of 14 single-sequence repeat markers (SSRs). The results revealed 89 unique genotypes among the 237 P. infestans isolates. Eighty-seven isolates belonged to genotype 34&#95;A1, which was detected in all the years of research except 2012. Isolates of P. infestans from individual years were very similar to each other, as shown by Nei's genetic identity based on 14 SSR markers. The obtained results on isolate characteristics were analyzed in terms of meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) and indicated that frost, long winters, and hot, dry summers did not directly affect the P. infestans population structure. We described the variability in metalaxyl resistance and virulence among isolates of the P. infestans genotype 34&#95;A1.

Tuber starch content (TSC) is a very important trait in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). This study is the first to use expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping of transcript-derived markers for TSC in potato. Thirty-four differentially expressed genes were selected by comparing the RNA-seq data of contrasting bulked segregants. For the 11 candidate genes, we determined their relative expression levels across the segregating diploid potato population using RT-qPCR. We detected 36 eQTL as candidate genes distributed on all twelve potato chromosomes, and nine of them overlapped with QTL for TSC. Peaks for two eQTL, eAGPaseS-a and ePGRCRURSE5, were close to the corresponding loci of the large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPaseS-a) and the 12S globulin cruciferin gene (PGCRURSE5), respectively. The eQTL peaks for AGPaseS-a and PGRCRURSE5 explained 41.0 and 28.3% of the phenotypic variation at the transcript level. We showed the association of the DNA markers for AGPaseS-a and PGRCRURSE5 with QTL for TSC, and significant correlation between the expression level of PGRCRURSE5 and TSC. We did not observe a significant correlation between the expression level of AGPaseS-a and TSC. We concluded that the cruciferin gene PGRCRURSE5 is a novel candidate involved in the regulation of starch content in potato tubers.

Among different types of potato cytoplasmic genomes, some are associated with male sterility or affect agronomic traits. The goal of this study was to analyze types of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of selected potato relatives originating from collection of the Institute of Plant Industry, Saint Petersburg, Russia, and preserved in Poland. Using chloroplast and mitochondrial markers the cytoplasm types were determined for 401 genotypes belonging to 43 seed accessions of 28 Solanum species. Among characterized genotypes, 201 (50.1%), 156 (38.9%) and 44 (11%) had cytoplasm types W, D, M, respectively. No accessions with the T, P or A cytoplasm were found. Within cytoplasm W, genotypes with the subtypes: W/α and W/β were identified, but not with W/γ. In S. famatinae, we detected unusual product of the T marker with 65 bp insertion earlier seen exclusively in S. vernei. Among the genotypes of S. leptophyes, two profiles of the ALM&#95;4/ALM&#95;5 marker were observed. S. famatinae and S. vernei come from Argentina, provinces Catamarca and Tucumán. Possibly the insertion in marker T occurred independently in two species, or the accessions were misidentified. Segregation of the ALM&#95;4/ALM&#95;5 marker within S. leptophyes indicates that potato seed accessions are heterogeneous not only due to nuclear DNA polymorphisms but have diversified cytoplasm, too. Our findings are important for exploitation of the tested material in potato breeding. Male-fertile cytoplasm types give a chance of avoiding fertility problems and widening the range of crosses in future generations of breeding materials.

A conversion of amyloplasts into chloroplasts in the potato tuber after light exposure is known as tuber greening and is one of the major causes of tuber loss. We report here the first mapping of the factors affecting tuber greening in potato. We used an F1 mapping population of diploid potatoes and DArTseq™ markers to construct a genetic map. The individuals of the mapping population, parents and standards were phenotyped for two tuber greening parameters: external tuber greening and internal greening depth on 0-5 scales in three years 2015, 2016 and 2018. The results were used for the analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) by an interval QTL mapping. Two most important QTLs were covering large regions of chromosomes VII and X and had the strongest effect on both greening parameters in data sets obtained in particular years and in the mean data set. Variance observed in the mean tuber greening could be ascribed in 16.9% to the QTL on chromosome VII and in 23.4% to the QTL on chromosome X. The QTL on chromosome VII explained 13.1%, while the QTL on chromosome X explained up to 17.7% of the variance in the mean tuber greening depth. Additional, minor QTLs were year- and/or trait-specific. The QTLs on chromosomes VII and X determine big parts of the observed tuber greening variation and should be investigated further in order to identify the genes underlying their effects but also should be taken into account when selecting non-greening potato lines in the breeding process.

The objective of this study was to map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for chip color after harvest (AH), cold storage (CS) and after reconditioning (RC) in diploid potato and compare them with QTLs for starch-corrected chip color. Chip color traits AH, CS, and RC significantly correlated with tuber starch content (TSC). To limit the effect of starch content, the chip color was corrected for TSC. The QTLs for chip color (AH, CS, and RC) and the starch-corrected chip color determined with the starch content after harvest (SCAH), after cold storage (SCCS) and after reconditioning (SCRC) were compared to assess the extent of the effect of starch and the location of genetic factors underlying this effect on chip color. We detected QTLs for the AH, CS, RC and starch-corrected traits on ten potato chromosomes, confirming the polygenic nature of the traits. The QTLs with the strongest effects were detected on chromosomes I (AH, 0 cM, 11.5% of variance explained), IV (CS, 43.9 cM, 12.7%) and I (RC, 49.7 cM, 14.1%). When starch correction was applied, the QTLs with the strongest effects were revealed on chromosomes VIII (SCAH, 39.3 cM, 10.8% of variance explained), XI (SCCS, 79.5 cM, 10.9%) and IV (SCRC, 43.9 cM, 10.8%). Applying the starch correction changed the landscape of QTLs for chip color, as some QTLs became statistically insignificant, shifted or were refined, and new QTLs were detected for SCAH. The QTLs on chromosomes I and IV were significant for all traits with and without starch correction.

Key message Sen2 gene for potato wart resistance, located on chromosome XI in a locus distinct from Sen1 , provides resistance against eight wart pathotypes, including the virulent ones important in Europe. Synchytrium endobioticum causes potato wart disease imposing severe losses in potato production, and as a quarantine pathogen in many countries, it results in lost trade markets and land for potato cultivation. The resistance to S. endobioticum pathotype 1(D1) is widespread in potato cultivars but new virulent pathotypes appear and the problem re-emerges. To characterize and map a new gene for resistance to potato wart, we used diploid F1 potato population from a cross of potato clone resistant to S. endobioticum pathotype 1(D1) and virulent pathotypes: 2(G1), 6(O1), 8(F1), 18(T1), 2(Ch1), 3(M1) and 39(P1) with a potato clone resistant to pathotype 1(D1) only. The 176 progeny clones were tested for resistance to eight wart pathotypes with a modified Glynne-Lemmerzahl method. Bimodal distributions and co-segregation of resistance in the population show that a single resistance gene, Sen2, underlies the resistance to eight pathotypes. Resistance to pathotype 1(D1) was additionally conferred by the locus Sen1 inherited from both parents. Sen2 was mapped to chromosome XI using DArTseq markers. The genetic and physical distances between Sen1 and Sen2 loci were indirectly estimated at 63 cM and 32 Mbp, respectively. We developed PCR markers co-segregating with the Sen2 locus that can be applied in marker-assisted selection of potatoes resistant to eight important pathotypes of S. endobioticum. Wide spectrum of the Sen2 resistance may be an indication of durability which can be enhanced by the pyramiding of the Sen2 and Sen1 loci as in 61 clones selected within this study.

Objectives: Mechanical circulatory support for pediatric heart failure patients with the Berlin Heart EXCOR ventricular assist system is the only approved and established bridging strategy for recovery or heart transplantation. In recent years, the burden of thromboembolic events has led to modifications of the recommended antithrombotic therapy. Therefore, we aimed to assess modifications of antithrombotic practice among the European EXCOR Pediatric Investigator Group members., Methods: We sent a questionnaire assessing seven aspects of antithrombotic therapy to 18 European hospitals using the EXCOR device for children. Returned questionnaires were analyzed and identified antithrombotic strategies were descriptively compared to "Edmonton protocol" recommendations developed for the US EXCOR pediatric approval study., Results: Analysis of 18 received surveys revealed substantial deviations from the Edmonton protocol, including earlier start of heparin therapy at 6-12 h postoperatively and in 50% of surveyed centers, monitoring of heparin effectiveness with aPTT assay, administering vitamin K antagonists before 12 months of age. About 39% of centers use higher international normalized ratio targets, and platelet inhibition is changed in 56% including the use of clopidogrel instead of dipyridamole. Significant inter-center variability with multiple deviations from the Edmonton protocol was discovered with only one center following the Edmonton protocol completely., Conclusion: Current antithrombotic practice among European EXCOR users representing the treatment of more than 600 pediatric patients has changed over time with a trend toward a more aggressive therapy. There is a need for systematic evidence-based evaluation and harmonization of developmentally adjusted antithrombotic management practices in prospective studies toward revised recommendations.

A diploid, potato mapping population consisting of 149 individuals was assessed in three consecutive years for important agronomic and quality traits: tuber shape, regularity of tuber shape, eye depth, mean tuber weight, and tuber flesh color. Analysis of variance showed that the genotype had the largest influence on the phenotypic scores but effect of the genotype × year interactions was also strong. Using this data and an existing genetic map, a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted. From four to seven QTL were detected for each trait except tuber flesh color, which was determined by a major QTL on chromosome III explaining 76.8% of the trait variance. Additionally, a minor QTL for flesh color was localized on chromosome II. For the other traits, significant QTL were detected: for tuber shape on chromosome X, for regularity of tuber shape on chromosome III, for eye depth on chromosome IV, and for tuber weight on chromosome I. Some detected QTL confirmed previous studies, but new ones were also identified.

Tuber tissue discolorations caused by impact (blackspot bruising) and enzymatic discoloration (ED) after tuber cutting are crucial quality traits of the cultivated potato. To understand the complex genetics of the traits, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using diploid mapping population and diversity array technology (DArT) markers was performed. The phenotypic assessment included the complex evaluation of blackspot bruising susceptibility through two methods: rotating drum (B RD ) and falling bolt (B FB ) in combination with the evaluation of enzymatic discoloration. Because of observed in-practice relationship between bruising susceptibility and tuber starch content (TSC), analysis of starch content-corrected bruising susceptibility (SCB) was performed. QTLs for bruising were detected on chromosomes I, V with both test methods. The rotating drum method enabled the detection of additional QTLs on chromosomes VIII and XII. Analysis of SCB enabled the identification of the major QTL on chromosome V and two weaker QTLs on chromosomes VIII and XII, independently of starch content. The QTL for bruising detected on chromosome I overlapped with the most significant QTL for tuber starch content. This QTL was not significant for starch content-corrected bruising susceptibility, and the effect of the QTL on chromosome V was enhanced for this trait. The QTL analysis of ED revealed the contribution of seven QTLs for the trait, located on six chromosomes, including these detected for the first time: a major locus on chromosome V and minor QTLs on chromosomes VII and X, which were specific for the trait. The QTL for ED on chromosome VIII was co-localized with the marker for polyphenol oxidase (POT32). The phenotypic correlation between bruising and ED was confirmed in QTL analyses of both traits, and the QTLs detected for these traits overlapped on chromosomes I, V, and VIII. Our results should provide a basis for further studies on candidate genes affecting blackspot bruise susceptibility and enzymatic discoloration.

Background: The treatment of advanced heart failure (HF) in children and infants poses a serious management problem. Heart failure in that patient group is usually of congenital aetiology. The treatment schedules for paediatric patients are in most cases adapted from the guidelines for treatment of adults. Up to 2009, the treatment of that extremely difficult group of patients was limited to pharmacological therapy and occasional heart transplantations. Constantly increasing problems with recruiting donors, especially for the paediatric group, contribute to the fact that mechanical support with the use of ventricular assist devices is for many children the only chance of surviving the period of waiting for a heart donor., Aim: The aim of the study was to analyse the outcomes of circulatory support in Poland and to assess the advisability of this method for treatment of children with severe HF., Methods: This treatment of paediatric patients is currently used in three Polish centres. From December 28, 2009 to August 1, 2015, 27 implantations of BerlinHeart EXCOR® mechanical circulatory support system were performed in children aged from one month to 16 years (10 patients below one year of age; 37%). Left ventricular assist devices were implanted to 21 patients, whereas the remaining children received biventricular support. The most common reason for using this method was HF developed in the course of cardiomyopathy. In one case, HF after Fontan operation was the indication., Results: The duration of the circulatory support period ranged from six to 1215 days. It was followed by successful heart transplantations in 10 (37%) patients, in five (18.1%) it resulted in regeneration of the heart, enabling explantation of the device, whereas three children are still waiting for transplantations. Nine (33%) children died during the therapy because of thromboembolic complications., Conclusions: As follows from our data, circulatory support utilising the BerlinHeart EXCOR® system is an effective and promising method used as a bridge to cardiac transplantation, or for regeneration of the myocardium in paediatric patients. In the group of the youngest and the most difficult patients, the method requires close cooperation of the medical and nursing personnel.

This study describes late blight resistance of potato breeding lines resulting from crosses between cultivar 'Sárpo Mira' and Rpi-phu1 gene donors. The progeny is investigated for the presence of Rpi-Smira1 and Rpi-phu1 resistance (R) genes. Interestingly, in detached-leaflet tests, plants with both R genes withstood the infection of the Phytophthora infestans isolate virulent to each gene separately, due to either interaction of these genes or the presence of additional resistance loci. The interaction was studied further in three chosen breeding lines on the transcriptional level. The Rpi-phu1 expression, measured over 5 days, revealed different patterns depending on the outcome of the interaction with P. infestans: it increased in infected plants whereas it remained low and stable when infection was unsuccessful. The expression patterns of P. infestans effectors Avr-vnt1, AvrSmira1, and Avr8, recognized by the Rpi-phu1, Rpi-Smira1, and Rpi-Smira2 genes, respectively, were evaluated in the same experimental setup. This is the first report that the Avr-vnt1 effector expression is not switched off permanently in virulent isolates to avoid recognition by an R protein but can reappear in a postbiotrophic phase and is present constantly when infecting plants without the corresponding R gene. Both a plant and a pathogen can react to the other interacting side by changing the transcript accumulation of R genes or effectors.

Initial experience of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) or replacement (TAVR) has ap-peared as a promising minimally invasive technology for patients disqualified from surgical treatment (SAVR). Safety and efficacy of TAVI has been analyzed and assessed through numerous registries and trials. Furthermore, results obtained from comparative TAVI vs. SAVR trials proved that both treat¬ments can be considered equal in terms of post-procedural mortality and morbidity in high-risk, as well as lower risk patients. However, there are still some issues that have to be addressed, such as higher chance of paravalvular leakage, vascular injuries, conduction disturbances, malpositioning and the yet unmet problem of insufficient biological valves durability. Recent technological developments along with the learning curve of operators prove a great potential for improvement of TAVI and a chance of surpassing SAVR in various groups of patients in the near future. In pursuit of finding new solutions, the CardValve Consortium consisting of leading scientific and research institutions in Poland has been created. Under the name of InFlow and financial support from the National Center for Research and Development, they have started a project with the aim to design, create and implement into clinical practice the first, Polish, low-profile TAVI valve system, utilizing not only biological but also artificial, polymeric-based prosthesis. This review focuses on current developments in TAVI technologies including the InFlow project.

Aims: The aim of the present study was to isolate mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) with CD105+CD34- phenotype from human hearts, and to investigate their therapeutic potential in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia and myocardial infarction (MI). The study aimed also to investigate the feasibility of xenogeneic MSCs implantation., Methods and Results: MSC isolated from human hearts were multipotent cells. Separation of MSC with CD105+CD34- phenotype limited the heterogeneity of the originally isolated cell population. MSC secreted a number of anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines (mainly IL-6, IL-8, and GRO). Human MSC were transplanted into C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Using the mouse model of hindlimb ischemia it was shown that human MSC treated mice demonstrated a higher capillary density 14 days after injury. It was also presented that MSC administrated into the ischemic muscle facilitated fast wound healing (functional recovery by ischemic limb). MSC transplanted into an infarcted myocardium reduced the post-infarction scar, fibrosis, and increased the number of blood vessels both in the border area, and within the post-infarction scar. The improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction was also observed., Conclusion: In two murine models (hindlimb ischemia and MI) we did not observe the xenotransplant rejection. Indeed, we have shown that human cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells with CD105+CD34- phenotype exhibit therapeutic potential. It seems that M2 macrophages are essential for healing and repair of the post-infarcted heart.

Key Message: Using DArT analysis, we demonstrated that all Solanum × michoacanum (+) S. tuberosum somatic hybrids contained all parental chromosomes. However, from 13.9 to 29.6 % of the markers from both parents were lost in the hybrids. Somatic hybrids are an interesting material for research of nucleus-cytoplasm interaction and sources of new nuclear and cytoplasmic combinations. Analyses of genomes of somatic hybrids are essential for studies on genome compatibility between species, its evolution and are important for their efficient exploitation. Diversity array technology (DArT) permits analysis of the composition of nuclear DNA of somatic hybrids. The nuclear genome compositions of 97 Solanum × michoacanum (+) S. tuberosum [mch (+) tbr] somatic hybrids from five fusion combinations and 11 autofused 4x mch were analyzed for the first time based on DArT markers. Out of 5358 DArT markers generated in a single assay, greater than 2000 markers were polymorphic between parents, of which more than 1500 have a known chromosomal location on potato genetic or physical map. DArT markers were distributed along the entire length of 12 chromosomes. We noticed elimination of markers of wild and tbr fusion components. The nuclear genome of individual somatic hybrids was diversified. Mch is a source of resistance to Phytophthora infestans. From 97 mch (+) tbr somatic hybrids, two hybrids and all 11 autofused 4x mch were resistant to P. infestans. The analysis of the structure of particular hybrids' chromosomes indicated the presence of markers from both parental genomes as well as missing markers spread along the full length of the chromosome. Markers specific to chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA were used for analysis of changes within the organellar genomes of somatic hybrids. Random and non-random segregations of organellar DNA were noted.

Drought tolerance in plants is a complex trait involving morphological, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms. Hundreds of genes underlie the response of plants to the stress. For crops, selecting cultivars that can produce economically significant yields under drought is a priority. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is considered as drought sensitive crop, although cultivar-dependent differences in tolerance have been described. Cultivar 'Katahdin' possesses many appropriate characteristics and is widely used for breeding purposes worldwide; it also has enhanced tolerance to drought stress. In this study, we evaluated cv. 'Katahdin' and a half-sib family of 17 Katahdin-derived cultivars for leaf relative water content (RWC) and tuber yield under drought stress. The yields of cultivars 'Wauseon', 'Katahdin', 'Magura', 'Calrose', and 'Cayuga' did not significantly decline under drought stress. Among these five, Wauseon exhibited the lowest reduction in both tuber yield and relative water content under water shortage. The data showed that 'Wauseon' is the most attractive cultivar for studies of molecular and physiological processes under drought and for potato breeding due to low yield losses that correspond with high RWC values. This cultivar can serve as a reservoir of potentially useful genes to develop cultivars with enhanced tolerance to this abiotic stress.

Key Message: Most QTL for leaf sucrose content map to positions that are similar to positions of QTL for tuber starch content in diploid potato. In the present study, using a diploid potato mapping population and Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers, we identified twelve quantitative trait loci (QTL) for tuber starch content on seven potato chromosomes: I, II, III, VIII, X, XI, and XII. The most important QTL spanned a wide region of chromosome I (42.0–104.6 cM) with peaks at 63 and 84 cM which explained 17.6 and 19.2% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is the key enzyme for starch biosynthesis. The gene encoding the large subunit of this enzyme, AGPaseS-a, was localized to chromosome I at 102.3 cM and accounted for 15.2% of the variance in tuber starch content. A more than 100-fold higher expression of this gene was observed in RT-qPCR assay in plants with the marker allele AGPaseS-a1334. This study is the first to report QTL for sucrose content in potato leaves. QTL for sucrose content in leaves were located on eight potato chromosomes: I, II, III, V, VIII, IX, X and XII. In 5-week-old plants, only one QTL for leaf sucrose content was detected after 8 h of darkness; four QTL were detected after 8 h of illumination. In 11-week-old plants, 6 and 3 QTL were identified after dark and light phases, respectively. Of fourteen QTL for leaf sucrose content, eleven mapped to positions that were similar to QTL for tuber starch content. These results provide genetic information for further research examining the relationships between metabolic carbon molecule sources and sinks in potato plants.

In Poland, influenza vaccination coverage among both the general population and healthcare workers is low. The aim of the study was to evaluate attitudes towards influenza vaccination among final-year medical students compared with first-year students at medical schools in Poland. Students were asked about the last season's influenza vaccination and what the reasons were for having, or not having, the vaccination. The knowledge of influenza was assessed using a 10-point visual analog scale. The study group consisted of 712 medical students, 404 in the first year and 308 in the final year (35 % and 31 % of all students in those years, respectively). Final-year students believed they had a better knowledge of influenza (OR = 3.33; CI95 %: 2.54-4.39). They answered questions about influenza immunizations (OR = 0.59; CI95 %: 0.44-0.78) and vaccination recommendations in pregnant women correctly more frequently (OR = 0.21; CI95 %: 0.16-0.28). The influenza vaccination rate among students in the 2014/2015 season was similar (17.1 % in the first vs. 15.9 % in the final year, NS). Among the final-year students, the reason for not having the vaccination was mainly financial and not any other. We conclude that although medical students' knowledge about influenza increases in the course of study, it did not much affect their unwilling attitude toward vaccination.

Introduction: The proportion of valve repair procedures is increasing in experienced centers. The aim of the study was to assess the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after aortic valve reconstruction with a novel surgical technique., Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 30 patients (23 male and 7 female) at a mean age of 35 ± 14 years. In patients with aortic root aneurysm the reimplantation or Florida sleeve technique was used. A sub-commissural annuloplasty, plication of the free edge of the cusp, shaving, and commissurotomy were performed. At this stage of surgery aortic repair was then attempted by cusp extension. Since 2013 the strips have been tailored from extracellular matrix., Results: The mean aortic cross-clamp time was 90 ± 32 min. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 126 ± 38 min. There was no in-hospital death. Re-exploration for bleeding was required in 1 patient. During follow-up, 1 patient needed reoperation at 1 year due to endocarditis. All patients remained alive in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I. The echocardiographic findings remained unchanged in all cases during follow-up., Conclusions: Our modification of aortic valve repair results in a good outcome.

Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers exhibit significant variation in reducing sugar content directly after harvest, cold storage and reconditioning. Here, we performed QTL analysis for chip color, which is strongly influenced by reducing sugar content, in a diploid potato mapping population. Two QTL on chromosomes I and VI were detected for chip color after harvest and reconditioning. Only one region on chromosome VI was linked with cold-induced sweetening. Using the RT-PCR technique, we showed differential expression of the auxin - regulated protein ( AuxRP ) gene. The AuxRP transcript was presented in light chip color parental clone DG 97-952 and the RNA progeny of the bulk sample consisting of light chip color phenotypes after cold storage. This amplicon was absent in dark chip parental clone DG 08-26/39 and the RNA bulk sample of dark chip progeny. Genetic variation of AuxRP explained up to 16.6 and 15.2 % of the phenotypic variance after harvest and 3 months of storage at 4 °C, respectively. Using an alternative approach, the RDA-cDNA method was used to recognize 25 gene sequences, of which 11 could be assigned to potato chromosome VI. One of these genes, Heat-shock protein 90 ( Hsp90 ), demonstrated higher mRNA and protein expression in RT-qPCR and western blotting assays in the dark chip color progeny bulk sample compared with the light chip color progeny bulk sample. Our study, for the first time, suggests that the AuxRP and Hsp90 genes are novel candidate genes capable of influencing the chip color of potato tubers.

The interspecific somatic hybrids 4x S. villosum (+) 2x S. tuberosum clone DG 81-68 (VT hybrids) were obtained and characterized molecularly and cytogenetically. The morphology of fusion-derived plants was intermediate in relation to the parental species. The expected ploidy level of the regenerants was 6x for the VT hybrids, but the real ploidy of the hybrids varied, with some of them being euploids, and others - aneuploids. The hybridity of the regenerants was verified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Despite the variation in ploidy, the RAPD patterns of the hybrids were mostly uniform, suggesting similarity of the genotypes of the VT clones. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis discriminated between the chromosomes of both parental genomes in VT somatic hybrids and also confirmed their hybridity. The resistance of VT somatic hybrids to Phytophthora infestans was evaluated and all of the hybrids proved to be highly resistant. In search of the mechanisms involved in resistance of the Solanum species to P. infestans, the biochemical reactions occurring early after elicitor treatment were studied. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as one of the earliest reactions induced by pathogens or their elicitors, was examined in the resistant wild species S. villosum, susceptible S. tuberosum clone DG 81-68 and in the VT hybrid, resistant to P. infestans. After treatment of the leaves with elicitor, the relative increase in ROS production was higher in leaves of the susceptible potato clone than in the resistant plants of S. villosum and the somatic hybrid., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)