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Resumen del trabajo presentado al 3th TechnoHeritage International Congress, celebrado en Cadiz (España) del 21 al 24 de mayo de 2017., Application of instrumental analytical techniques has become essential when approaching the study of archaeological materials, as they provide information which can help to answer certain questions that are still unknown. Thus, this article presents the results of an interdisciplinary research conducted on a painted ceramic, whose fine and unusual decoration, of red and yellow colors raised doubts about the technological features and raw materials. The ceramic appeared incomplete and fragmented in the Tartesic site Cerro Borreguero, in Zalamea de la Serena (Badajoz, Spain). It is a burial mound from the beginning of the 6th century BC, which was closed and sealed by its own inhabitants when it was abandoned. Non-destructive and micro-destructive analytical and examination techniques were employed: reflected-light optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy for microstructural characterization of ceramic paste and painted layer, energy dispersive spectroscopy to determine elemental composition of materials and polycrystalline X-ray diffraction to identify the main crystalline compounds. The obtained data reveal the use of non-calcareous clay, with moderate content of iron in the form of osides. This and an oxidizing atmosphere during firing would explain the reddish color of the paste. And, regarding the decoration, the study confirms the application of a post-firing polychromy (employing natural ochres of iron oxides and hydroxides), which is uncommon in archaeological contexts, due to its difficult conservation. In addition, analyses performed with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy on rocks found in the same site prove the presence of natural ochres in the zone. Therefore, the pigments utilized to decorate the ceramic could come from a nearby area where the piece was found.

The thermal behaviour, mineralogy, texture and micro-structure of the original rocks used as raw materials in the manufacture of ceramics of the potter community in Fran Ali (Oued Laou, Tetouan, Morocco) were studied. The original rocks of the alteration deposit are metapelites and altered philites from the Units Malaguide-Gomáride in the Baetic-Rifian mountain system. The techniques used by local potters and the water used to prepare the ceramic bodies were also studied. Original rocks are metapelites or filadios and raw materials belong to levels caused by exogenous or supergene alteration (quartz-illite and chlorite type clays). The ceramics studied by microscopy exhibit anisotropy.Se ha estudiado el comportamiento térmico, la mineralogía, la textura y la microestructura de las materias primas empleadas en la elaboración de las cerámicas de la comunidad alfarera de Fran Ali (Oued Laou, Tetuán, Marruecos). Las rocas originarias de los distintos afloramientos proceden de Unidades Malaguide-Gomárides de la cadena alpina Bético-Rifeña también se estudiaron. Se detalla la técnica empleada por los ceramistas de esta zona para la elaboración de las piezas. Se analizó el agua empleada para la preparación de la pasta. Las rocas originarias son metapelitas o filadios y las materias primas pertenecen a niveles originados por alteración supergénica o exógena (arcillas de tipo cuarzo-illiticas y cloríticas). Las cerámicas estudiadas al microscopio presentan anisotropía.

This paper is part of research project on the ceramics of Ategua, a village located in the Guadalquivir depression near Cordoba (S. Spain). Ategua is a major archaeological deposit with pre-Roman (pre-colonial, Tartessian and Iberian) ruins that are highly rich in ceramic pieces. This work was conducted on 20 selected pieces found in various archaeological layers spanning the following phases in the period from 900 to 350 B.C. ( i.e. the beginning of the Roman republic): (a) Phase I: pre-colonial Bronze age, from 900 to 859 B.C. in a pre-colonial necropolis. (b) Phases II–IV: western-style and Final Bronze age, from 750 to 550 B.C. In order to identify the origin of ceramics and the different types of materials used to produce the ceramic pieces studied, we used various techniques including: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with EDS microanalysis and petrographic microscopy (thin section). The materials identified in most of the ceramic pieces from the archaeological phases studied were similar and also present in the geological environment, which supports an autochthonous origin. The presence of metamorphic rock clase, amphiboles and small content of TiO 2 in some of the ceramic simples could suggest its allocthonous origenorigin. This paper reports the first mineral and petrographic data on pre-Roman ceramics from Ategua.

This work discusses the use of LAear Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (LAIRS) analysis with the object of studying the degree of degradation of stone material and other elements in cultural heritage monuments, as an alternative to traditional laboratory methods, with the advantage of being a fast non-destructive process that requires little or no sample preparation, thereby reducing the amount of time required and the expense. LAIRS is a spectroscopic method which uses the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 800 nm to 2500 nm). The technique can help to identify a chemical component starting from their different LAear IR absorption spectrum. It has been widely applied over the last forty years in food and agricultural science and in many other fields such as pharmatheutics, medicine, forestry and petrochemical. However, it has rarely been applied with the purpose mentioned in this paper. The study was conducted on the Church of "Santa Marina de Aguas Santas", situated in the historical centre of the city of Cordoba (Spain). This paper presents the first stage of the research. Samples taken in situ are analyzed by a LAIR spectrometer in laboratory. The object is to obtain models for the quantification of majority components of stone material (calcium and quartz) as well as indexes of alteration, from LAIR response of the samples. After this, it will be necessary to study if these models would have a correct behaviour being applied with data taken in situ, with a portable LAIR. The results obtained prove that this technique can be efficiently applied saving both time and money.

En este trabajo se estudian los diferentes tipos de materiales de construcción en monumentos de Córdoba durante distintas épocas y culturas. Se han utilizado las técnicas habituales para la determinación mineralógica, química , petroestructural, etc. Los materiales más empleados son las biocalcarenitas del Mioceno. También se han empleado calizas cámbricas, calizas del Titónico, mármoles, granitos, esquistos, ladrillos, tierra prensada, etc. Se citan algunos monumentos realizados en las épocas: romana, árabe, s. XIII al XIX y s. XX. This work studies the different types of construction materials in monuments in Cordova during different eras and cultures. Usual techniques have been used to determine mineralogical, chemical and petrostructural elements, etc. The most used materials are biocalcarenites from the Miocene period. Other materials include Cambrian limestone, Tithonian limestone, marble, granite, slate, bricks, pressed earth, etc. Monuments are cited from Roman and Arabic eras, and from the 8th to the 19th and 20th century.