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The goal of reducing energy consumption (EC), losses and waste (FL) in the food processing is a challenges in the worldwide. The use of active solar greenhouse dryers (GHD) for EC and FL reductions has increased due to its capacity, and low operating costs. In this work the effective diffusivity (Deff) and the moisture content modeling were analized for basil (Ocimum basilicum) and blackberry pulp (Rubus rosoideae) dried in a conventional stove (CD) and an GHD coupled to an additional air solar heating system (SCHa). The loss of water and the drying rate in food materials dehydrated in the GHD is consistent with the increment or decrement of temperature during the solar day. The Deff values for basil and blackberry pulp was ranged between -1.1044x10-7 and -3.9167x10-9. The solar energy obtained in the GHD supplied the heating requirements. In general, the Page’s model was the best fit for the drying kinetics for basil and blackberry pulp. Keywords: Solar Collector for air heating, solar energy, variable conditions

A statistical association was found between PM10 concentration and wind direction in London and Rochester. Results indicate that PM10 levels were 10.4 µg/m3 (30.7%) above the average when air came from the ESE sector. The possible impact on particle loading due to changes in wind direction is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society

Practical cooling rings could lead to lower cost or improved performance in neutrino factory or muon collider designs. The ring modeled here uses realistic 3‐dimensional fields and includes such “real‐world” effects as windows on the absorbers and RF cavities and leaving empty lattice cells for injection and extraction. The ring increases the density of muons in a fixed acceptance volume by a factor of 4.2.

Ionization cooling is the preferred method for reducing the emittance of muon beams in a muon collider. The method described here uses passive liquid hydrogen absorbers and rf acceleration in an alternating lattice of solenoids. We consider the basic principles of ionization cooling, indicating our reasons for selecting various parameters. Tracking simulations are used to make detailed examinations of effects on the beam, such as transmission losses, transverse cooling, bunch lengthening, and introduction of energy spread. The system reduces the overall 6-dimensional emittance to 44% of its initial value.

The muon beams in a high luminosity muon collider are produced with a very large emittance. The process of ionization cooling offers a method for reducing the 6-dimensional normalized emittance of the beam by a factor of {approx} 10{sup 6}. A simple analytic theory has been developed that demonstrates the dependence of the net cooling on various experimental parameters. The simple theory has been checked and realistic arrangements have been examined using Monte Carlo simulations. Transverse cooling of the initial beam can be achieved using passive Li absorbers in a FOFO lattice. The last factor of 10 in transverse cooling probably requires the use of current-carrying Li lenses. Efficient longitudinal cooling requires the use of wedge shaped absorbers in a dispersive section of the beam line. An example, multi-stage cooling scenario has been developed that meets the requirements of the muon collider. Preliminary designs have been made of solenoids for use in the FOFO lattice and of solenoids and dipoles for use in the emittance exchange sections. Detailed simulation work, farther optimization, and preparations for experimental demonstrations of critical components are currently in progress.

We examine the validity of the differential equations used to describe ionization cooling. We find that the simple heating term due to multiple scattering given by D. Neuffer is a good approximation to the expression obtained from a more rigorous derivation.

Beam aberrations are a special 3‐dimensional dynamic problem for the Cluster Klystron. Since the multiple‐beam section is immersed in a single focusing solenoid, electron beams have to travel off the axis of the solenoid and so they encounter non‐uniform and non‐axisymmetric electric and magnetic fields. Those external fields and space charge forces can cause beam aberrations. Some calculations and simplified simulations are presented in this paper. The results give a guideline for the mechanical design for the Cluster Klystron and show that the current design for a 3‐beam klystron is practical.

In this paper we show that the transverse mode evolution of a FEL operating with short pulses can be treated, in the small-signal and low-gain regime, using a relatively simple mathematical technique leading to a potentially fast numerical algorithm. We also point out that analytical solutions can be obtained for the cases where the slippage length is small compared to the longitudinal bunch length.

Time‐ordering techniques based on the Magnus expansion and the Wei–Norman algebraic procedure are discussed and their relevance and usefulness to quantum optics are stressed.

The dynamical localization problem of an electron in a ID crystal under the action of a uniform de electric field E is solved. Starting with a determined state at t = 0, it is solved for the Wannier amplitudes (propagator) and shown that they oscillate in time with the Bloch frequency. Moreover, it is shown the behaviour of the optical absorption coefficient as a function of the photon frequency ω which shows jumps whenever the photon energies equal multiples of eEa. Es wird das dynamische Lokalisierungsproblem eines Elektrons in einem ID-Kristall unter der Einwirkung eines elektrischen Gleichfeldes E gelost. Beginnend mit einem bei t = 0 bestimmten Zustand wird es fur die Wannier-Amplituden (Propagator) gelost und gezeigt, das sie zeitlich mit der Blochfrequenz oszillieren. Daruber hinaus wird das Verhalten des optischen Absorptionskoeffizienten als Funktion der Photonenfrequenz ω angegeben, der Sprunge zeigt, wenn die Photonenenergien Vielfache von eEa betragen.

In this paper we discuss the quantum coherence properties of the FEL within the framework of the single electron non-relativistic Hamiltonian picture. We analyse both single and multimode problems.

Using the statistical formalism of dual models, the inclusive cross sections are calculated in the triple Regge limit. This approach allows us to compute the multiparticle inclusive cross section applying the well-known rules used in the construction of tree graphs within the harmonic oscillator formalism. Extrapolating our results to the pionization region (ϱ ⪅ 1) we compute the average multiplicity ln( S )〉 finding the experimentally well established ln s behaviour.

A general three-resonance dual vertex with one of the legs being a normal-parity spin-j particle (leading trajectory) is constructed assuming a local coupling with the current carried by the constituents, quarks, of a hadron. This leads to results similar to those obtained by factorization of theN-point dual amplitude. This vertex is used to study the total widths of resonances along the leading trajectory. We have carried out an explicit numerical computation of the first four widths. We cannot make yet any statement about the asymptotic behavior of the widths but our results are not in disagreement with experimental indications, namely they slowly decrease as a function ofM2 in the energy region considered.

In a recent paper of Lee [Phys. Rev. A 31, 1213 (1985)], it was stated that the photon-number distribution in a free-electron laser is always sub-Poissonian. This statement is clearly in contradiction with well-known published results. We show that in the recoilless approximation the photon statistics is Poissonian. However, for electron recoil different from zero, the photon-number distribution presents bunching (antibunching) for positive (negative) detuning parameter.

An alternative method to get exact solutions of the single‐band time‐dependent Schrodinger equation for an electron in a spatially periodic one‐dimensional potential in the presence of a uniform electric field is presented.