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The rat shoulder animal model has been used previously to study the role of intrinsic injury (modeled as an acute insult to the tendon), extrinsic injury (modeled as external subacromial impingement), and overuse factors on rotator cuff tendinosis. These studies demonstrated that it is possible to produce rotator cuff tendinosis with any one of these factors in isolation. The current study uses the rat shoulder model to study the roles of extrinsic compression, overuse, and overuse in combination with extrinsic compression, on the development of rotator cuff tendinosis. The results of this study demonstrate that the injury created by overuse plus extrinsic compression is greater than the injuries created by overuse or extrinsic compression alone, particularly when important biomechanical variables are considered. While ineffective in causing a change in supraspinatus tendon properties in animals with normal cage activity, extrinsic compression had a significant and dramatic effect when it was combined with overuse activity. Without an additional factor, such as overhead activity, the extrinsic compression alone may be insufficient to cause tendinosis. The results of the present study support the role of multiple factors in the etiology of some rotator cuff injuries. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2002: 8719Rr, 8719St

Intuitive judgments about covariations of length, weight, and width were assessed in two experiments using a series of prepositional statements. In Exp. 1, only a priori judgments were rendered, whereas in Exp. 2 blindfolded participants physically manipulated and described a series of objects varying on these dimensions before rendering their judgments. Analyses indicated participants judged weight and width as positively correlated, length and weight as uncorrelated and, to some extent, length and width as negatively correlated. If judgments are rendered after the haptic exploradon phase, weight and width are (again) judged as positively correlated, and length and weight were still judged as uncorrelated. However, after the database intervention, length and width were judged as positively correlated. Results are discussed relative to research on reasoning about covariation and belief perseveration as well as perceived covariations between height, weight, and body fat.

College students' intuitive judgments about covariations between height, weight, and body fat were assessed in three experiments using responses to a series of prepositional statements as the dependent variable. In Exp. 1, judgments were rendered without explicit exposure to a prior database. In Exps. 2 and 3, however, databases were studied prior to these judgments. Remarkable consistencies in judgments of weight and body fat height and weight as well as of height and body fat were obtained across experiments At best, there was little evidence that the databases influenced the judged covariations among these variables. Whereas judgments about weight and body fat were unambiguous and consistent with the actual positive correlation between weight and body fat, judgments about height and weight as well as height and body fat were less clearcut. What was clear, however, was that these judgments were highly similar. Implications of these findings from previous research that suggest the presence of a perceived negative correlation between height and body fat are discussed.

In a complete between-subjects design, 576 respondents judged covariations of problems framed around height, weight, and body fat. A verbal measure was used, consisting of propositional statements representing relationships between two of the variables, as well as two types of response options: true or false, and a 7-point, bipolar, Likert-type scale. Consistent with previous findings, weight and body fat were unambiguously judged as if positively correlated; there were indications of a perceived negative correlation of height and body fat; and there was no evidence that participants regarded height and weight as positively correlated. Furthermore, there was no reliable evidence in support of framing effects. However, there were indications of influence for conditional format. These findings are discussed relative to previous and ongoing research efforts, and it is concluded that it may be inappropriate to regard variations in conditional format as parallel items. Measures involving all possible variations are considered fundamentally unbiased and consistent with I. Ajzen's (1988) principle of aggregation.

Correlations between selected scales of the Tennessee Self-concept Scales, Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others and Chance Locus of Control Scales, and GPA were explored for 129 university students. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the Internal Scale and most self-concept scores and significant negative correlations between Powerful Others and Chance Scales and most self-concept scores, respectively. GPA correlated significantly with self-satisfaction scores but not with locus of control scores. When men were considered separately, significant negative correlations were found between most self-concept scores and scores on the Powerful Others and Chance Scales. This was not the case for women.

Differences in self-concepts of 19 men and 69 women, all university students, were investigated. Nine subscales and the total self-concept of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale were analyzed by t tests and omega-squared. Women scored significantly higher on 7 of the 9 subscales and the total self-concept. Men accounted for from 9 to 16% of the variance in scores on the Identity, Self-satisfaction, Behavior, Moral-Ethical Self, Family Self subscales and the total self-concept score. Other studies with a larger sample of men are needed.

Correlations between scores on the Deep Processing Scale of the Inventory of Learning Processes, the CAI Study Skills Test scales and academic achievement as GPA were assessed. Also, differences between deep and shallow processors on study skills were examined for 132 undergraduates from psychology classes. Knowledge of certain study skills is related to a student's facility in deep processing, while knowledge of other study-skills strategies is largely unrelated to deep or shallow processing styles of learning. Deep and shallow processors did not differ significantly on study skills, although mean scores for deep processors were consistently higher.

Correlations between mathematics course grades and scores on the Mathematics Attitudes Scale were analyzed for 56 students enrolled in the College of Arts and Sciences, 52 students in the College of Business and Technology, and 69 students in the College of Education. Significant correlations were found for students enrolled in the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Education, with one exception (the Importance of Mathematics for the College of Arts and Sciences). None of the correlations were significant for the College of Business and Technology. Further study was suggested.

This study investigated the relationships among the scales of the Inventory of Learning Processes, differences between high and low academic achievers, and differences between deep and shallow processors on learning strategies and academic achievement for 158 undergraduate college students. Significant correlations among the scales were noted, significant differences between high and low academic achievers appeared on Deep Processing and Fact Retention scales, and differences between deep and shallow processors were noted on Elaborative Processing, Fact Retention, Methodical Study scales, and GPA. Suggestion was made for offering strategy-training programs for students.

The Deep Processes scale of the Inventory of Learning Processes was used to identify the deep and shallow processors and selected Tennesse Self-concept subscales were used to assess 143 undergraduate college students' self-concepts. Analysis showed that deep processors had significantly higher scores than shallow processors on Identity, Self-satisfaction, Behavior, Moral-Ethical Self, Personal Self, and Social Self and the total self-concept scales.