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The issue of energy and its potential localizability in general relativity has challenged physicists for more than a century. Many non-invariant measures were proposed over the years but an invariant measure was never found. We discovered the invariant localized energy measure by expanding the domain of investigation from space to spacetime. We note from relativity that the finiteness of the velocity of propagation of interactions necessarily induces indefiniteness in measurements. This is because the elements of actual physical systems being measured as well as their detectors are characterized by entire four-velocity fields, which necessarily leads to information from a measured system being processed by the detector in a spread of time. General relativity adds additional indefiniteness because of the variation in proper time between elements. The uncertainty is encapsulated in a generalized uncertainty principle, in parallel with that of Heisenberg, which incorporates the localized contribution of gravity to energy. This naturally leads to a generalized uncertainty principle for momentum as well. These generalized forms and the gravitational contribution to localized energy would be expected to be of particular importance in the regimes of ultra-strong gravitational fields. We contrast our invariant spacetime energy measure with the standard 3-space energy measure which is familiar from special relativity, appreciating why general relativity demands a measure in spacetime as opposed to 3-space. We illustrate the misconceptions by certain authors of our approach.

The distributions of light and tissue oxygenation (S

Background Hyperglycemia leading to increased oxidative stress is implicated in the increased risk for the development of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods and Results A random subcohort of 349 participants was selected from the DCCT / EDIC (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications) cohort. This included 320 controls and 29 cardiovascular disease cases that were augmented with 98 additional known cases to yield a case cohort of 447 participants (320 controls, 127 cases). Biosamples from DCCT baseline, year 1, and closeout of DCCT , and 1 to 2 years post‐ DCCT ( EDIC years 1 and 2) were measured for markers of oxidative stress, including plasma myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase activity, urinary F 2α isoprostanes, and its metabolite, 2,3 dinor‐8 iso prostaglandin F 2α . Following adjustment for glycated hemoblobin and weighting the observations inversely proportional to the sampling selection probabilities, higher paraoxonase activity, reflective of antioxidant activity, and 2,3 dinor‐8 iso prostaglandin F 2α , an oxidative marker, were significantly associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (−4.5% risk for 10% higher paraoxonase, P iso prostaglandin F 2α , P =0.0092). In contrast, the oxidative markers myeloperoxidase and F 2α isoprostanes were not significantly associated with cardiovascular disease after adjustment for glycated hemoblobin. There were no significant differences between DCCT intensive and conventional treatment groups in the change in all biomarkers across time segments. Conclusions Heightened antioxidant activity (rather than diminished oxidative stress markers) is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus, but these biomarkers did not change over time with intensification of glycemic control. Clinical Trial Registration URL : https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifiers: NCT 00360815 and NCT 00360893.

Summary 1. Geographic information systems (GIS) have recently proved useful for estimating the environmental niche of species across broad geographic regions. However, the application of these niche-based GIS techniques has yet to be extensively applied to local systems. The assumptions of the methods are transferable across scales: species exist across a range of habitats, and these habitats represent a gradient of suitability that can be characterized using multivariate environmental data in association with known species occurrences. 2. Habitat availability and species’ niche characteristics are often considered to be important predictors of population density. However, seasonal habitat variability and stochastic events have been hypothesized to limit interactions among species and confound the relationship between available habitat, species niche characteristics and community structure. This research examines the relationship between environmental niche breadth and niche position and population density among species of stream fishes in a seasonally variable environment using a novel application of fine-scale GIS data. 3. Niche breadth and niche position were estimated for 11 species in a local assemblage using five fine-scale (0·5 m) GIS-based environmental data sets collected during four different times of the year (July, October, January, April). We compared niche measures to variation in population density among species to determine whether environmental niche characteristics, in the context of available habitat, explain variation in numbers of individuals among species. 4. Variation in population density among species in the October sample was predicted by niche breadth measures (R2 = 0·752), while variation in population density among species in the January sample was predicted by a model incorporating measures of both niche breadth and niche position (R2 = 0·953). Measures of niche breadth and niche position were not correlated with variation in population density in the July and April samples. 5. Species presence and local abundance are often assumed to be predictable based on the availability of suitable habitat. However, little effort has been directed at understanding the influence of both niche breadth and niche position on local abundance. Our results suggest that the amount and distribution of available habitat can be a strong predictor of interspecific variation in population density, even in seasonally variable environments.

A science education center at a university medical school had grant funding to develop a genetics curriculum unit but needed a dissemination plan. A statewide science teacher organization that provided professional development training was facing decreased funding. These two groups combined their efforts, and created a unique partnership, called BEGIN (Biotechnology, Ethics and Genetics Instructional Network) that has brought together university medical and science faculty and high school biology teachers. The main goal of this partnership is to provide high school biology teachers with new instructional tools to face the challenges of teaching genetics and bioethics in a manner that is content-rich, research and standards-based, and relevant to students' lives. This article describes the BEGIN partnership and summarizes the tiered approach used for designing, pilot-testing, and disseminating a new problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum module on the bioethics of DNA testing for Huntington's disease. The article also provides some preliminary data on the effectiveness of this approach in transforming teacher practice. BEGIN: A Unique Partnership Between University Faculty & Science Teachers BEGIN was launched in 2003 using grant funding from the National Institutes of Health's National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). This collaborative partnership brings together faculty and staff of the Life Sciences Learning Center (a hands-on science education laboratory located at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry) and science educators from the New York State Biology-Chemistry Professional Development Network. The goal of this project is to develop and disseminate PBL-based activities that introduce high school students to the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of genetic testing. BEGIN focuses on curriculum and professional development, working primarily with high school teachers who teach biology courses based on the New York State Living Environment core curriculum (NYSED). In order to increase the likelihood that teachers will adopt new curricula and instructional practices, BEGIN uses an ongoing, multi-year process of curriculum development and professional development with teachers from the New York State Biology-Chemistry Professional Development Network. The process introduces PBL and other instructional strategies that are based on current educational research on effective, best practices. The centerpiece of the BEGIN partnership is a five-part PBL curriculum module called Family Secrets (Markowitz et al., 2006). This module engages students in constructing knowledge about DNA testing, Huntington's disease, and the bioethics of genetic testing. Using PBL strategies, students access and interpret relevant scientific information and data, collaborate with other students, and develop ownership of their "solution" to a real-life problem. These skills are all key characteristics of science inquiry, and correlate with the inquiry skills found in the National Science Education Standards (NRC, 1996). Family Secrets is the result of a three-year process of curriculum development, statewide pilot-testing, dissemination, and feedback. Family Secrets was created by a Development Team of master teachers from the New York State BiologyChemistry Professional Development Network, and scientists, a pediatric geneticist, and a bioethicist from the University of Rochester. A group of ten biology Pilot Mentors from throughout New York State pilot-tested the initial version of Family Secrets in their classrooms, and provided year-long feedback to the Development Team. A revised version of Family Secrets was then introduced to 62 statewide Biology Mentors at a four-day summer institute at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Mentors field-tested the revised curriculum, and provided the Development Team with preliminary evaluation data to assess the impact of Family Secrets and the PBL process on classroom instruction and student learning. …

The University of Rochester's Graduate Experience in Science Education (GESE) course familiarizes biomedical science graduate students interested in pursuing academic career tracks with a fundamental understanding of some of the theory, principles, and concepts of science education. This one-semester elective course provides graduate students with practical teaching and communication skills to help them better relate science content to, and increase their confidence in, their own teaching abilities. The 2-h weekly sessions include an introduction to cognitive hierarchies, learning styles, and multiple intelligences; modeling and coaching some practical aspects of science education pedagogy; lesson-planning skills; an introduction to instructional methods such as case studies and problem-based learning; and use of computer-based instructional technologies. It is hoped that the early development of knowledge and skills about teaching and learning will encourage graduate students to continue their growth as educators throughout their careers. This article summarizes the GESE course and presents evidence on the effectiveness of this course in providing graduate students with information about teaching and learning that they will use throughout their careers.

OBJECTIVE. This study was a comparison of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension to oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid suspension in children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes.METHODS. This was a randomized, observer-masked, parallel-group, multicenter trial of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid suspension in 80 children aged 6 months to 12 years with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes of ≤3 weeks' duration and visible otorrhea. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 4 drops of topical ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% (Ciprodex Sterile Otic Suspension) into the affected ear(s) twice daily for 7 days or 600 mg of amoxicillin/42.9 mg of clavulanic acid oral suspension (Augmentin ES-600 Oral Suspension) every 12 hours for 10 days. Clinical signs and symptoms of acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes were evaluated on days 1 (baseline), 3, 11 (end-of-therapy), and 18 (test-of-cure), and twice-daily assessments of otorrhea were recorded in patient diaries.RESULTS. The median time to cessation of otorrhea was significantly shorter with ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension than with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid suspension (4.0 vs 7.0 days; n = 79). This resulted in significantly more clinical cures at the test-of-cure visit (85% vs 59%, respectively). Frequent adverse events (>3%) related to ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension included ear pain (5.1%) and related to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid suspension included diarrhea (19.5%), dermatitis (7.3%), and gastroenteritis (4.9%).CONCLUSIONS. Topical otic treatment with ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension is superior to treatment with oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid suspension and results in more clinical cures and earlier cessation of otorrhea with fewer adverse effects in children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes.

To compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% (CIP/DEX) otic suspension with that of neomycin 0.35%/polymyxin B 10,000 IU/mL/hydrocortisone 1.0% (N/P/H) otic suspension in patients with acute otitis externa (AOE).Randomized, observer-masked, parallel-group, multicenter study. Patients were randomized to 7 days treatment with either CIP/DEX 3-4 drops twice daily or N/P/H 3-4 drops three times daily.Patients of either sex and older than 1 year, with a clinical diagnosis of mild, moderate, or severe AOE and intact tympanic membranes were recruited to participate.Signs and symptoms of AOE, including ear inflammation, tenderness, edema and discharge (assessed on Days 3, 8 [End-of-Therapy] and 18 [Test-of-Cure]); microbiologic eradication (presumed or documented); and frequency of adverse events.Patients enrolled numbered 468. In culture-positive patients who met the inclusion criteria (N = 396), clinical cure rates at Day 18 were significantly higher with CIP/DEX than with N/P/H (90.9% vs. 83.9%; p = 0.0375), as were microbiologic eradication rates (94.7% vs. 86.0%; p = 0.0057). In addition, the clinical response was significantly better with CIP/DEX than with N/P/H at Days 3 and 18 (p = 0.0279 and p = 0.0321, respectively), as was the reduction in ear inflammation at Day 18 (p = 0.0268). Both preparations were well tolerated in pediatric and adult patients.7 days treatment with CIP/DEX otic suspension administered twice daily is clinically and microbiologically superior to N/P/H otic suspension administered 3 times daily in the treatment of mild to severe AOE, and is equally well tolerated.

Objective. To determine the efficacy and safety of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension compared with ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes (AOMT) in pediatric patients. Methods. This multicenter, prospective, randomized, observer-masked, parallel-group study was conducted at 39 sites in 599 children aged ≥6 months to 12 years with an AOMT episode of ≤3 weeks’ duration. The mean age of patients was 2.5 years (standard deviation: 2.37 years). Patients received either ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% otic suspension 4 drops twice daily for 7 days or ofloxacin 0.3% otic solution 5 drops twice daily for 10 days. Clinical signs and symptoms of AOMT were evaluated at clinic visits on days 1 (baseline), 3 (on therapy), 11 (end of therapy), and 18 (test of cure). A patient diary was used to measure time to cessation of otorrhea. Principal pretherapy pathogens included Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.7%), Haemophilus influenzae (12.4%), S epidermidis (10.2%), and Moraxella catarrhalis (4.1%). Results. Ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone is superior to ofloxacin for clinical cure (90% vs 78%) and microbiologic success (92% vs 81.8%) at the test-of-cure visit, produces fewer treatment failures (4.4% vs 14.1%), and results in a shorter median time to cessation of otorrhea (4 days vs 6 days). Ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone treatment is also superior to improvement in clinical response by visit, absence of otorrhea by visit, and reduction of otorrhea volume by visit. Both topical otic preparations are safe and well tolerated in pediatric patients. No change in speech recognition threshold or decrease in hearing from baseline, based on audiometric testing, was noted with either regimen. Conclusion. Topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone treatment is superior to topical ofloxacin in the treatment of AOMT.

This paper describes the analysis of the ν 3 and ν 6 fundamental bands of methyl chloride d 3 using a high-resolution spectrum (resolving power of the apparatus: 0.0015 cm −1 ). These bands are coupled by a weak Coriolis interaction and are then treated simultaneously. Spectroscopic constants are derived for the two isotopic species CD 3 35 Cl and CD 3 37 Cl.

This paper describes the analysis of the ν 3 and ν 6 fundamental bands of methyl chloride d 3 using a high-resolution spectrum (resolving power of the apparatus: 0.0015 cm −1 ). These bands are coupled by a weak Coriolis interaction and are then treated simultaneously. Spectroscopic constants are derived for the two isotopic species CD 3 35 Cl and CD 3 37 Cl.

To the Editor .— In his commentary, “Why Don't Those Ear Drops Work for My Patients?”1 Isaacson presented his argument against the use of ototopical fluoroquinolones alone or in combination with a steroid as the first line of defense for the treatment of acute tube otorrhea in infants. He made several points to discount the use of these agents in pediatric patients with acute otitis media with tympanostomy tubes. However, rooted in the first sentence of the commentary was the fact that seems to lie at the epicenter of his concerns: “‘Topical Ciprofloxacin/Dexamethasone Is Superior to Oral Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid in Acute Otitis Media With Otorrhea Through Tympanostomy Tubes,’ [is] the latest in a series of pharmaceutical industry–funded articles… .” Isaacson's first critique of this article2 pertains to the study population. He stated that “[i]f one were trying to design a study to demonstrate the superiority of ototopical drops over oral antibiotics, the ideal population would be older children.” This statement directly contradicted his other criticism that “more than half of their subjects were >22 months of age.” In fact, 58% of the subjects in the study were

The 378 cm-1 and 780 cm-1 bands of ClCN, have been remeasured with a resolution of about 0·002 cm-1, using a Bruker Fourier transform spectrometer. Sixteen transitions in the region of the v 2 band and twenty in the region of the v 1 and 2v 2 bands have been analysed for 35ClCN and 37ClCN. The Fermi resonance between the states |v 1, v 2, l 2, v 3> and |v 1 - 1, v 2 + 2, l 2, v 3> has been investigated. The accuracy of the calculated band origins is better than 0·0003 cm-1 for most bands. New molecular constants are obtained.

We introduce a naturally-defined totally invariant spacetime energy expression for general relativity incorporating the contribution from gravity. The extension links seamlessly to the action integral for the gravitational field. The demand that the general expression for arbitrary systems reduces to the Tolman integral in the case of stationary bounded distributions, leads to the matter-localized Ricci integral for energy-momentum in support of the energy localization hypothesis. The role of the observer is addressed and as an extension of the special relativistic case, the field of observers comoving with the matter is seen to compute the intrinsic global energy of a system. The new localized energy supports the Bonnor claim that the Szekeres collapsing dust solutions are energy-conserving. It is suggested that in the extreme of strong gravity, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle be generalized in terms of spacetime energy-momentum., 11 pages, new material added

The strengths of 87 individual lines in the v3-band and 27 individual lines in the v2-band of 12CD3 35Cl have been measured at low pressure at 296 K, using a tunable diode-laser spectrometer. Using these measurements, we find that the vibrational band strength S0v is (55.64±2.39) cm-2-atm-1 for the v3-band and (40.27±0.91) cm-2-atm-1 for the v2-band.

Allogeneic islets obtained from Lewis rats were transplanted into diabetic BB/W rats with or without cyclosporine. In addition, these islets were encapsulated in alginate-poly L-lysine membranes and then transplanted into diabetic BB/W rats with or without immunosuppressive and/or antiinflammatory agents. The agents used were cyclosporine, dexamethasone, indomethacin (Ind), or a combination of these. Our results show that islets alone survived for 7 days, with or without CsA therapy. Encapsulated islets survived for 14.2 days, and this was extended by CsA, Dex, or CsA + Ind. Loss of encapsulated graft functions was associated with formation of a dense pericapsular infiltrate, which was inhibited by CsA, Dex, CsA + Ind, or CsA + Dex. In addition, the infiltrate was reduced in animals that had diabetes for long periods of time (greater than 5 months versus less than 1 month). Empty capsules also provoked this cellular response. Thus, encapsulation of islets resulted in slightly prolonged islet survival, which was further enhanced by immunosuppression.

A tunable diode laser spectrometer was used to perform measurements of half-widths and intensities of several rotational lines in v2-band of ammonia. The intensity measurements of 16 lines of15NH3 allowed us to estimate v2-band strength of this molecule at 298 K to be Sv0=(550±10) cm−2-atm−1.

The strengths of 36 individual lines in the ν8-band of propyne have been measured at low pressure and at 298 K, using a tunable diode laser spectrometer. Fitting these measurements, we obtain the vibrational band strength S0v = (29.72 ± 1.02)10-3 cm-2-atm-1.

Accuracy in displacement calculations is required to ensure proper displacement of cement with wiper plugs and drilling fluid. With deepwater operations moving to deeper seas the effect of temperature variations and high pressure induce another difficult to model parameter: compressibility of a synthetic mud. Dynamic temperature modeling has facilitated better 3D modeling of mud compressibility with respect to pressure and temperature during the cementing process. Ultimately the theoretical modeling results are compared with actual field data from Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The comparative matrix shows the nature of the complexity of this analysis and serves as a pioneering attempt in quantifying the effect of mud compressibility in deepwater cement displacement operations.

Understanding the effects of chirp on the transmission of signals is of great importance to the system designer. Chirp can have two separate detrimental outcomes in a typical transmission system. The first is that the chirp can interact with the fiber dispersion to create a power penalty, which ultimately limits the number of channels or the distance over which the signal can propagate in today's WDM systems. The second is that chirp can broaden the transmitted spectrum limiting the channel spacing by interfering with adjacent channels even in a short-haul ultra-dense WDM environment. This paper covers time-resolved chirp measurements and the transient and adiabatic chirp properties of electro-absorption and directly modulated lasers. It also discusses methodologies to predict transmission path penalty from time-resolved chirp measurements.

Ciclosporin-induced noninsulin-receiving remissions in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are associated with enhancement of beta-cell function. Patients in remission show virtually no insulin responses to parenteral glucose, contrasting with substantial responses to mixed meals, indicating effects of nonglucose nutrients and/or enteroinsular mechanisms. Remission is associated with normal insulin sensitivity; loss of insulin sensitivity can lead to relapse. The risks of the treatment call for studies with lower doses, and it is argued that a continuing search for immunomodulatory interventions that enhance and preserve the clinical remission-phase characteristics should be pursued.

Attribution de plus de 4000 raies appartenant aux deux especes isotopiques du chlore. Determination precise des constantes moleculaires du niveau ν 4 =1. Calcul des intensites relatives pour chaque raie

We present experimental results on the variation of the SF6 dissociation rate as a function of the frequency and energy of the CO2 T.E.A. laser. We give a possible explanation of dissociation by classical absorption mechanisms involving ΔJ = ±2 transitions, and we present a process that we call “probabilities-crossing mechanism”.

A Stark pattern with hyperfine structure of CD3Cl, in thev 2 andv 5 bands region, was recorded with the 9P38 CO2 laser line. Besides the conventional one-photon transitions due tov 2 andv 5 lines, three two-photon resonance transitions, without Doppler broadening, were observed. They were assigned to the PQ(6,6) and PQ(7,6) of thev 2+v 5 band.

The absorption spectrum of trideuteromethane was recorded in the range 900–1400 cm−1 with a resolution of 0.020–0.025 cm−1. The ν5 band centered at 1292.499 cm−1 is analyzed here. A fit based on 869 observed transitions including J′ values up to 22, leads to a set of spectroscopic constants suitable for energy calculations in the upper-state v5 = 1. These constants reproduce the experimental wavenumbers with a standard deviation equal to 0.008 cm−1. The tabulated line strengths are calculated on the basis of the value S = 27.1 cm−2 atm−1 at 300 K, measured by Hiller and Straley, for the band strength of ν5. A useful comparison is made between the values now derived for some constants and the corresponding ones predicted by Gray and Robiette in their recent force field calculations of methane and isotopic species.

Infrared spectra of theV2 andV5 bands of CD3Cl have been recorded with a resolution of about 0.015 cm−1 and assigned. Moreover Stark patterns of the trideuterated methyl chloride for two CO2 laser lines with saturated Lamb dips have been analysed. Many new strong coincidences showing hyperfine structure are observed and assigned.