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Abstract Background Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) is a proteolytic fragment of MUC-16 that is increased in heart failure (HF) and associated with inflammation, fluid overload, and worse adverse events. Our main objective was to study the expression of CA125 on epicardium and its association with inflammation, adipogenesis, and fibrosis. Methods Epicardial fat biopsies and blood were obtained from 151 non-selected patients undergoing open heart surgery. Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, or real-time PCR were used for analyzing protein or mRNA expression levels of CA125 and markers of inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. Epithelial or stromal cells from epicardium were isolated and cultured to identify CA125 and its association with the adipogenesis and fibrosis pathways, respectively. Results The median age was 71 (63–74) years, 106 patients (70%) were male, and 62 (41%) had an established diagnosis of HF before surgery. The slice of epicardial fat biopsy determined a positive and colorimetric staining on the epithelial layer after incubating with the CA125 M11 antibody, providing the first description of CA125 expression in the human epicardium. Epicardial CA125 showed a strong and positive correlation with markers of inflammation and fibrosis in the epicardial fat tissue while exhibiting a negative correlation with markers of the adipogenesis pathway. This relationship remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders such as a prior HF diagnosis and plasma CA125 levels. Conclusion Epicardial cells express CA125, which is positively associated with inflammatory and fibroblast markers in epicardial adipose tissue. These results suggest that CA125 may be biologically involved in HF progression (transition from adipogenesis to fibrosis). Graphical Abstract

Tectonically active coasts are dynamic environments characterized by the presence of multiple marine terraces formed by the combined effects of wave erosion, tectonic uplift, and sea-level oscillations at glacial-cycle timescales. Well-preserved erosional terraces from the last interglacial sea-level highstand are ideal marker horizons for reconstructing past sea-level positions and calculating vertical displacement rates. We carried out an almost continuous mapping of the last interglacial marine terrace along ∼ 5000 km of the western coast of South America between 1∘ N and 40∘ S. We used quantitatively replicable approaches constrained by published terrace-age estimates to ultimately compare elevations and patterns of uplifted terraces with tectonic and climatic parameters in order to evaluate the controlling mechanisms for the formation and preservation of marine terraces and crustal deformation. Uncertainties were estimated on the basis of measurement errors and the distance from referencing points. Overall, our results indicate a median elevation of 30.1 m, which would imply a median uplift rate of 0.22 m kyr−1 averaged over the past ∼ 125 kyr. The patterns of terrace elevation and uplift rate display high-amplitude (∼ 100–200 m) and long-wavelength (∼ 102 km) structures at the Manta Peninsula (Ecuador), the San Juan de Marcona area (central Peru), and the Arauco Peninsula (south-central Chile). Medium-wavelength structures occur at the Mejillones Peninsula and Topocalma in Chile, while short-wavelength (< 10 km) features are for instance located near Los Vilos, Valparaíso, and Carranza, Chile. We interpret the long-wavelength deformation to be controlled by deep-seated processes at the plate interface such as the subduction of major bathymetric anomalies like the Nazca and Carnegie ridges. In contrast, short-wavelength deformation may be primarily controlled by sources in the upper plate such as crustal faulting, which, however, may also be associated with the subduction of topographically less pronounced bathymetric anomalies. Latitudinal differences in climate additionally control the formation and preservation of marine terraces. Based on our synopsis we propose that increasing wave height and tidal range result in enhanced erosion and morphologically well-defined marine terraces in south-central Chile. Our study emphasizes the importance of using systematic measurements and uniform, quantitative methodologies to characterize and correctly interpret marine terraces at regional scales, especially if they are used to unravel the tectonic and climatic forcing mechanisms of their formation. This database is an integral part of the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines (WALIS), published online at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4309748 (Freisleben et al., 2020).

Abstract First-order reversal curve diagrams, or FORC diagrams, have been studied to determine if the widths of their distributions along the interaction and coercivity axes can be related to the mean-field magnetization dependent interaction field (MDIF). Arrays of nanowires with diameters ranging from 18 up to 100 nm and packing fractions varying from 0.4 to 12% have been analyzed. The mean-field MDIF has been measured using the remanence curves and used as a measuring scale on the FORC diagrams. Based on these measurements, the full width of the interaction field distribution and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the FORC distribution profile along the interaction field direction are shown to be proportional to the MDIF, and the relation between them is found. Moreover, by interpreting the full width of the coercive field distribution in terms of the dipolar induced shearing, a simple relation is found between the width of this distribution and the MDIF. Furthermore, we show that the width of the FORC distribution along the coercive field axis is equal to the width of the switching field distribution obtained by the derivation of the DC remanence curve. This was further verified with the switching field distribution determined using in-field magnetic force microscopy (MFM) for very low density nanowires. The results are further supported by the good agreement found between the experiments and the values calculated using the mean-field model, which provides analytical expressions for both FORC distributions.

Se da a conocer la presencia de este taxón endémico del este de la península ibérica en la provincia de Cuenca y en Castilla-La Mancha, del cual no había referencias previas debidamente documentadas. Además se dan apuntes sobre su posición taxonómica y se comenta su hábitat. Por último, se muestra su grado de amenaza en el territorio, según los criterios de la UICN.

Currently, climate change is a major concern around the world, especially because of the uncertainty associated with its possible consequences for society. Among them, fluvial alterations can be highlighted in basins whose flows depend on groundwater discharges and snowmelt. This is the case of the headwaters of the Tagus River basin, whose water resources, besides being essential for water uses within this basin, are susceptible to being transferred to the Segura River basin (both basins are in the Iberian Peninsula). This work studies the possible effects that the latest climate change scenarios may have on this transfer, one of the most important ones in southern Europe. In the first place, the possible alterations of the water cycle of the donor basin were estimated. To do this, a hydrological model was calibrated. Then, with this model, three climatic scenarios were simulated, one without climate change and two projections under climate change (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 (RCP 4.5) and 8.5 (RCP 8.5)). The results of these three hydrological modelling scenarios were used to determine the possible flows that could be transferred from the Tagus River basin to the Segura River basin, by simulating the water resource exploitation system of the Tagus headwaters. The calibrated hydrological model predicts, for the simulated climate change scenarios, important reductions in the snowfalls and snow covers, the recharge of aquifers, and the available water resources. So, the headwaters of the Tagus River basin would lose part of its natural capacity for regulation. These changes in the water cycle for the climate change scenarios used would imply a reduction of around 70 %–79 % in the possible flows that could be transferred to the Segura basin, with respect to a scenario without climate change. The loss of water resources for the Segura River basin would mean, if no alternative measures were taken, an economic loss of EUR 380–425 million per year, due principally to decreased agricultural production.

Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have revealed that a diet enriched in olive oil can have a beneficial effect on blood pressure. This systematic review includes the effects of olive oil on blood pressure in individuals without previous cardiovascular events. Liquid oil shows a decrease in blood pressure, while capsules have not produced any effect. Diastolic blood pressure decreased after the consumption of olive oil, -0.73 mm Hg, 95% CI (-1.07, -0.40); p < 0.001, I2 = 86.9%, with high heterogeneity among the included studies. This reduction was mainly due to extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) from 10 ml to 50 ml/day: -1.44 mm Hg, 95% CI (-1.89, -1.00); p < 0.001. Regarding systolic blood pressure the observed decrease is not statistically significant. Further studies on the consumption of EVOO are needed to confirm these results.

Introduction: Super obese patients behave different from simple and morbid obese patients when they reach final changes of body composition (BC) after bariatric surgery. This has led us to tailor One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (BAGUA) to achieve better results in this group of patients. Patients and Methods: We studied 83 (37 diabetic and 46 nondiabetic BMI 30 and up) patients who completed all evaluation appointment (preoperative, 10 days, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months) after tailored BAGUA for diabesity. We used the Tanita body composition analyzer BC-420 MA by the method of single frequency impedance to analyze the evolution of BC in patients classified by BMI 30 - 34,9, 35 - 50, and >50. Results: While preoperative excess weight presented dramatic decreases after tailored BAGUA in all the groups, super obese have different final BC. Diabetics retained more fat mass and visceral fat, where super obese have double (14 kg) that simple obese patients (6 kg), they lost more muscle mass, and have higher basal metabolism. The final BC is altered in all parameters if diabetes is added. Conclusions: The reduction of the preoperative excess weight is motivated largely by the tailored effect of BAGUA. Patients BMI 30-50 behaved homogeneous in BC after surgery while patients BMI >50 behave different. Super obese lose less weight, retained more fat mass, visceral fat, bone mass, and total water. This effect should be treated by more aggressive surgery by measuring the entire small intestine to make a proper exclusion (tailored) to achieve homogeneous effects.

Background: Top athletes are subjected to intense training to achieve high performance. There are factors such as diet and strenuous exercise that affects body composition and can modify the performance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a personalized plan of diet and training on body composition. Methods: We studied the body composition of 18 professional rugby players using Kinanthropometry parameters. The study was conducted from the preseason to the end of the season taking into account the position of the player for measuring exercise intensity, and developing a personalized nutritional and training plan to each player. Results: At baseline the players were away from the internationally recommended body composition, with high percentages of body fat. Appropriate and personalized diet plans and training custom achieved fat percentages close to those recommended. Conclusions: The personalized program of diet and training directed has adequate leverage to improve all parameters studied them bringing them as close to the ideal.

T2DM involves at least two primary pathogenic mechanisms: (a) a progressive decline in pancreatic islet cell function resulting in reduced insulin secretion and (b) peripheral insulin resistance resulting in a decrease in the metabolic responses to insulin. This dynamic interaction between insulin secretion and insulin resistance is essential to the maintenance of normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The transition from the normal control of glucose metabolism to type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs through the intermediate states of altered metabolism that worsen over time. The first state of the disease is known as prediabetes, and consists of a set of metabolic disorder characterized by a great hyperglycemia, enough to increase of retinopathies, nephropathies and neuropathies incidence. If we advance in the T2DM temporal sequence we found a remarkable change in the pancreatic cells population that form the Langerhans islets, mainly caused by amylin fibers accumulation over these cells from polypeptide hormone called amyloid polypeptide or IAPP. The IAPP hypersecretion and amylin fibers deposition attached to the endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by excessive workload due to biosynthesis overproduction of insulin and IAPP result in β-cell apoptosis. In addition to these alterations, we must also consider the changes observed in incretins profiles like GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) directly related to glucose homeostasis maintenance. Risk factors that predispose to a healthy individual to develop T2DM are several, but the most important is the obesity. The body mass index (BMI) has been used in numerous epidemiological studies as a powerful indicator of T2DM risk. Lipotoxicity caused by circulating free fatty acids increased, changes in lipoprotein profiles, body fat distribution and glucotoxicity caused by cells over-stimulation are other risk factors to consider in T2DM developing.

In diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2), malfunction and apoptosis of β-cell provoke a deficient insulin secretion. Generally, has been sustained that β-cell function is severely compromised in type 2 diabetes before the disease appears and then continues to decrease linearly with time. Diversionary bariatric procedures such as gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion, one anastomosis gastric by-pass (BAGUA) and others that bypasses the foregut, induce a rapid non-weight-loss-associated improvement in glycemic control, especially if treated early before irreparable β-cell damage has occurred. The antidiabetic effect of bariatric operations is likely due to the improvement in the hormonal dysregulation associated with the development of diabetes. Now we know that the bariatric surgery through the reorganization of the gastrointestinal tract can affect to β-cells mass homeostasis, stopped apoptosis and stimulate the replication and neogenesis. These effects are caused mainly by three stimuli: caloric restriction, rapid transit of food to the ileum and the exclusion of an intestinal portion including the stomach, duodenum and part of the jejunum. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this exciting effect that may provide key insights into the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes. All of these mechanisms include from gut hormones such as ghrelin to second messengers such as AKT system or protein kinase B. Although not all the processes involved in the homeostasis of β-cells are clear, we can explain some of the effects of bariatric surgery exerted on this important set of endocrine cells, which are essential in diabetes control.

Background: Although bariatric surgery proved to be a very effective method in the treatment of patients in whose pancreas still produce insulin (type 2 diabetes), the accompanied metabolic syndrome and their diabetes complications, there is no information on the effect of this type of surgery in BMI24-34 patients when pancreas do not produce insulin at all (type 1, LADA and long term evolution type 2 diabetes among others). Patients and methods: We report preliminary data of a serie of 11 patients all with a C-peptide values below 0.0 ng/ml. They were followed for 6 to 60 months (mean 19 months) after surgery. We studied the changes in glycemic control, evolution of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes complications after one anastomosis gastric bypass (BAGUA). Results: All values relative to glycemic control were improved HbA1c (from 8.9 ± 0.6 to 6.7 ± 0.2%), FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) [from 222.36 ± 16.87 to 94 ± 5 (mg/dl)] as well as the daily insulin requirement of rapid (from 40.6 ± 12.8 to 0 (U/d) and long-lasting insulin (from 41.27 ± 7.3 U/day to 15.2 ± 3.3 U/day). It resolved 100% of the metabolic syndrome diseases as well as severe hypoglycaemia episodes present before surgery and improved some serious complications from diabetes like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, peripheral vasculopathy and cardiopathy. Conclusions: Tailored one anastomosis gastric bypass in BMI 24-34 C peptide zero diabetic patients eliminated the use of rapid insulin, reduced to only one injection per day long-lasting insulin and improved the glycemic control. After surgery disappear metabolic syndrome and severe hypoglycaemia episodes and improves significantly retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, peripheral vasculopathy and cardiopathy.

Introducción: La práctica del voleibol requiere repetidos impactos en brazos y pies provocados por saltos verticales, caídas, remates, cambios bruscos y rápidos de dirección, por lo que se nos podría plantear problemas en el metabolismo del hierro (Fe) y la ingesta recomendada de Fe de 18 mg/día (en el colectivo femenino a nivel general), no sea suficiente para cubrir las necesidades de Fe de las jugadoras de voleibol femenino (JVF). Objetivo: Evaluar el estado de los depósitos de Fe mediante los cambios producidos en la ferritina sérica (FS) e índice de saturación de transferrina (IST) y evaluar la ingesta de Fe tras 11 semanas de entrenamiento. Métodos: Se analizó la FS e IST de 10 JVF de un equipo de la Superliga española (26,6 ± 5,9 años y talla 178,05 ± 8,7 cm) en dos momentos de la temporada: Semana 0 (previo al inicio de los entrenamientos de pretemporada) y semana 11 (tras 11 semanas de entrenamiento y 6 partidos de la liga regular). Así mismo se calculó el consumo de Fe en este periodo a partir de cuestionarios de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos elaborados y comprobados a partir de registros dietéticos de 7 días. Resultados: Se observó que una ingesta de 25,8 mg/día de Fe dietario no es suficiente para prevenir que un 30% de las JVF sufran déficit de Fe pre-latente y el 20% déficit latente (pre-anemia). Conclusión: Sería recomendable la realización de analíticas periódicas y una educación alimentaria, enseñando que alimentos contienen un alto contenido en Fe de tipo hemo, así como los factores que pueden interferir en su absorción.Introduction: Volleyball practice requires repeated impacts on arms and feet caused by vertical jumps, falls, auctions, sudden and rapid changes of direction, which is why might raise us problems in the metabolism of iron (Fe) and the recommended intake of 18 mg/day (in the women in general), is not sufficient to meet the needs of the players of volleyball female (JVF). Objective: We analyzed the FS and IST of 10 JVF a team of Spanish SuperLeague (26.6 ± 5.9 years and height 178.05 ± 8.7 cm) in two moments of the season: Week 0 (pre-start of preseason) and week 11 (after 11 weeks of training and 6 games of the regular season). Also calculated Fe intake in this period with consumption frequency questionnaire developed and tested with food dietary records of 7 days. Results: We observed that an intake of 25.8 mg/day of dietary Fe is not sufficient to prevent 30% of the JVF suffer pre-latent iron deficiency and 20% latent deficit (pre-anemia). Conclusion: It could be recommended conducting periodic blood analytical and a food education, teaching which foods containing a high content of Fe-type heme, and the factors that can interfere with absorption.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is a major cause of death in the world. The medical therapy for this disease has had enormous progress, but it still leaves many patients exposed to the complications developed from the disease. It is well known the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery in obese diabetic patients, however it is important to investigate if the same principles of bariatric surgery that improve diabetes in obese patients, could be applied to non obese normal weight diabetics. Material and methods: Thirteen diabetic patients operated by One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (BAGUA), were evaluated in the preoperative period and 1,3 and 6 months after surgery. Body weight and composition, Fasting Plasma Glucose, HbA1c levels, blood pressure and serum lipids levels were analyzed, as well as the monitoring of the immediate postoperative treatment necessities for Diabetes and other metabolic syndrome comorbidities. Results: After the surgery the 77% of the patients resolves its T2DM, 46% from surgery, and rest noted an significant improvement of the disease in spite of having a C peptide level near to zero some of the patients. The comorbidities, mainly hypertension and lipid abnormalities experience improvement early. All patients reduce their weight and the amount of fat mass until values consistent with their age and height. Conclusions: The One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass leads to resolution or improvement of T2DM in non obese normal weight patients. The best results are obtained in patients with few years of diabetes, without or short term use of insulin treatment and high C-peptide levels.Introducción: La diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DMT2) es una causa principal de muerte a escala mundial. El tratamiento médico de esta enfermedad ha progresado tremendamente pero sigue dejando a muchos pacientes expuestos a las complicaciones derivadas de la enfermedad. Son bien conocidos los efectos beneficiosos de la cirugía bariátrica en los pacientes diabéticos obesos, sin embargo es importante investigar si se podrían aplicar los mismos principios de la cirugía bariátrica que mejoran la diabetes en los pacientes obesos podrían aplicarse a los pacientes diabéticos no obsesos, con un peso normal. Material y métodos: Se evaluó a 13 pacientes operados mediante una derivación gástrica de un sola anastomosis (BAGUA) durante el período preoperatorio y a los 1, 3 y 6 meses después de la cirugía. Se analizó el peso corporal y su composición, la glucemia en ayunas, las concentraciones de HbA1c, la presión sanguínea y las concentraciones séricas de lípidos, así como las necesidades de tratamiento en el posoperatorio inmediato para la diabetes y otros comorbilidades del síndrome metabólico. Resultados: Después de la cirugía, el 77% de los pacientes resuelve su DMT2, el 46% desde la cirugía, y en el resto se vio una mejoría significativa de la enfermedad a pesar de que algunos pacientes tenían una concentración del péptido C cercana a cero. Las comorbilidades, principalmente la hipertensión y las anomalías lipídicas, mostraron una mejoría de forma temprana. En todos los pacientes se redujo el peso y la cantidad de grasa hasta cifras correspondientes con su edad y talla. Conclusiones: la derivación gástrica con una única anastomosis conlleva una resolución o una mejoría de la DMT2 en los pacientes no obesos con peso normal. Los mejores resultados se obtienen en los pacientes con una corta evolución de la diabetes, sin uso de insulina, o por poco tiempo, y con concentraciones elevadas del péptido C.

Introduction: Diabetes surgery in obese and slim patients seems to be a superior alternative to the current medical treatment. Gastric bypass is an alternative treatment for diabetes. Nevertheless, there are still doubts whether diabetes can recur if you gain weight or if the effects are maintained over time. Other questions refer to the type of surgery to make the bypass limb length or reservoir size for the resolution of the Diabetes Mellitus. Presentation of case: Male patient 69-year-old came to us in order to perform tailored One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (BAGUA) to treat his type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. He has a history of peptic ulcer treated with subtotal gastrectomy and Billroth II reconstruction 49 years ago. He currently is not obese and developed diabetes 31 years after surgery. Discussion: Globally there are no reports of patients with normal BMI that after performing gastric bypass developed diabetes mellitus. There are cases where obese diabetic patients after gastric bypass improve or remits the T2DM, but it relapses due to insufficient weight loss or gain it. The patient with gastric bypass Billroth II type, should not developed diabetes. He is normal weight and not had weight gain that could be linked to the development of diabetes. Conclusions: The results generated by bariatric surgery are encouraging, but still do not clarify the precise way how surgery produces rapid improvement of systemic metabolism as in diabetes, but in our patient, the effect was quite different because the gastric bypass had no protective effect against diabetes.

Introducción: En la prevención del sobrepeso y la obesidad se presta mucha atención a la influencia de factores dietéticos siendo necesaria su valoración con otros factores modificables. Objetivos: Estudiar la asociación entre factores modificables (actividad física, sedentarismo, y hábitos dietéticos) con la existencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en población infantojuvenil. Métodos: Estudio transversal de 1283 escolares de 3 a 16 años con medición del IMC, hábitos dietéticos, actividad física, sedentarismo y antecedentes familiares de sobrecarga ponderal. La actividad física medida en MET se clasifico según los criterios de Pate. Resultados: El 22,4% de los niños y el 32,9% de las niñas presentaron sobrecarga ponderal. La presencia de IMC>25 en los padres multiplico por 2,4 el riesgo de sobrecarga ponderal en los hijos (IC95% 1,5-3,7). Cumplen con las recomendaciones de actividad física el 63,6% de los niños con sobrecarga ponderal frente al 52,2% en la niñas, aunque en estas resulto ser superior a la media (45%). El tiempo de sedentarismo fue de 141 minutos en niños y 128 en la mujer, el mayor sedentarismo se asocia a sobrecarga ponderal, especialmente en niñas a partir de los 12 años (66.7%). El consumo de cereales (OR 0,8) y realizar cinco comidas al día (OR 0,5) actuan como protectores. Conclusiones: En los niños con sobrecarga ponderal, los niveles de actividad física estan próximos a los recomendados, por lo que los valores de sedentarismo junto con los hábitos alimentarios, especialmente si los padres presentan sobrecarga ponderal, adquieren una mayor relevancia en las estrategias de intervención.Introduction: In the prevention for being overweight and for obesity, much attention is given to the influence of dietary factors, making the joint evaluation with other modifiable factors necessary. Objetives: The aim of this project is to study the association between modifiable factors (physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and dietary habits) with the prevalence of being overweight or obesess in the youth population. Methods: Cross-Sectional study of 1283 school children between the ages of 3 and 16 years old, with measurements of the MBI, dietary habits, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and family history of being overweight. Physical activity measured in MET was classified according to Pate criteria. Results: 22.4% of the boys and 32.9% of the girls were overweight. The presence of a BMI>25 in parents multiplied by 2.4 the risk of being overweight in children (OR CI 95% 1.5-3.7). 63.6% of overweight boys meet physical activity recommendations compared with 52.2% of girls, although in their case, it was greater than the average (45%). Sedentary time was 141 minutes for men and 128 minutes for women, with more sedentary behaviors associated with being overweight, especially in girls over 12 years of age (66.7%). Consuming cereal (OR 0.8) and having five meals per day (OR 0.5) act as protective factors. Conclusions: In subjects with overweight, the levels of physical activity are close to those recommended levels, so which the values of a sedentary lifestyle together with dietary habits (if the parents have overweight) acquire a new relevance in intervention strategies of this problem.

Objectives: To assess the relationship between life styles and eating habits with the overweight and obesity prevalencein a Spanish adult population. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study conducted on 2640 subjects older than 15 years, in Cádiz (Spain). Surveys were conducted in subjects' homes to obtain life styles, eating habits, and anthropometric data. Logistic regression has been used to study the associationbetween the life style variables and overweight and obesity. Results: Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Cadiz is 37% and 17%, respectively; higher in males and increases with age. BMI has an inverse relationship with educational level (PR = 2.3, 1.57-2.38). The highest levels of obesity are associated with daily alcohol consumption (PR = 1.39, 1.29-1.50), greater consumption of television,and sedentary pursuit (PR 1.5, 1.07-1.24). A lower prevalence of obesity is observed among those with active physical activity (10.9% vs 21.6%), with differences between sex. Following a slimming diet is more frequent in the obese and in women but dedicate more hours than men to passive activities. In men is greater the consumption of alcohol, high energy foods and snacks. Overweight and obesity is associated with the male sex (OR = 3.35 2.75-4.07), high consumption of alcohol (OR = 1.38 1.03-1.86) and watching television (OR = 1.52 1.11-2.07), and foods likes bread and cereals (OR = 1.47 1.13-1.91). Exercise activities is a protective factor (OR = 0.76 0.63-0.98). Conclusions: Life styles factors associated with overweight and obesity present different patterns in men and women and is necessary to understand them to identify areas for behavioural intervention in overweight and obesity patients.Objetivo: Valorar la relación existente entre estilos de vida y hábitos alimentarios con la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en una población adulta española. Método: Estudio transversal de base poblacional realizado en 2.640 adultos mayores de 15 años en Cádiz (España). El estudio se llevó a cabo en el domicilio de los sujetos, recogiéndose mediante una encuesta los hábitos alimentarios y características de los estilos de vida. Resultados: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en Cádiz es de 37% y 17% respectivamente, mayor en varones e incrementándose con la edad. El IMC muestra una relación inversa con el nivel educativo (RP = 2,3, 1,57-2,38). Los mayores niveles de obesidad se asocian al consumo diario de alcohol (RP = 1,39, 1,29-1,50), mayor consumo de televisión y hábitos sedentarios (RP = 1,5, 1,07-1,24). Las menores cifras de prevalencia de obesidad se observan en los sujetos con una mayor actividad física (10,9% frente a 21,6%), aunque con diferencias entre sexos. Las mujeres dedican más horas que los hombres a actividades pasivas. Seguir dietas de adelgazamientos es mas frecuente en sujetos obesos y en mujeres. En hombres es mayor el consumo de alcohol, alimentos con elevado contenido calórico y comer entre horas. La presencia de sobrepeso y la obesidad se asocia con el sexo masculino (OR = 3,35 2,75-4,07), elevado consumo de alcohol (OR = 1,38 1,03-1,86) y televisión (OR = 1,52 1,11- 2,07), y con mayores consumos de alimentos del grupo de cereales y pan (OR = 1,47 1,13-1,91). La actividad física se comporta como factor protector (OR = 0,76 0,63-0,98). Conclusiones: Los estilos de vida asociados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan diferentes patrones en hombres y mujeres. Es necesario estudiarlos para identificar áreas de intervención en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad.

Objetivos: Conocer las características antropométricas y clínicas de una muestra de población infantil, estudiar la prevalencia y concurrencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en dicha muestra de niños y definir la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en esta población teniendo en cuenta los valores de presión arterial, colesterol HDL, glucemia en ayunas y medidas antropométricas. Ámbito: Área Sanitaria de Toledo. Sujetos: Niños de 4 años incluidos en el estudio Área de Toledo. Intervenciones: Se realiza un estudio prospectivo de factores de riesgo cardiovascular, relacionados con el síndrome metabólico, en una muestra de 58 niños del estudio Área de Toledo. De estos niños se tenían datos tanto antropométricos como del perfil lipoproteico al nacimiento. Los datos antropométricos, lipoproteicos y bioquímicos se comparan con los de otras poblaciones; así como se buscan las posibles diferencias entre niños y niñas. A su vez se analiza la asociación de varios factores de riesgo cardiovascular en dicha población (modelo de regresión logística), y se marcan niveles de corte para definir en la población infantil posibles candidatos a síndrome metabólico. Estos límites son adaptados de otras publicaciones similares realizadas en poblaciones de adolescentes. Resultados: Entre los factores de riesgo destaca la mayor presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en las niñas (93,93 - niños-vs 98,41 -niñas- p = 0,058; 52,32 -niños- vs 57,27 -niñas- p = 0,026, respectivamente), así como la concurrencia de tensión arterial e hipercolesterolemia en los niños (casi un 7%). La prevalencia global de candidatos para SM fue del 10,9% (5 niñas -9,1%- y 1 niño -1,8%-). Un porcentaje elevado de niños (< 50%) presentó una dieta incorrecta bajo el punto de vista de marcadores de dietéticos de riesgo cardiovascular. La única variable estadísticamente significativa al 10% (p < 0,10) en el modelo de regresión es la Apo AI. Conclusiones: Es relevante que la prevalencia de SM sea mayor en niñas y en aquellos infantes que tuvieron un perfil dislipémico no hipercolesterolémico al nacimiento, lo que da énfasis a la utilidad de la prospección de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en edades muy tempranas.Objectives: To know the anthropometric and clinical characteristics of a children population sample, to study the prevalence and concurrence of cardiovascular risk factors in that sample, and to define the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in that population considering the blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and fasting glycemia values, as well as the anthropometrical measurements. Setting: The health care area of Toledo. Subjects: Children aged 4 years included in the Toledo Area Study. Interventions: A prospective study is performed on the metabolic syndrome-related cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of 58 children from the Toledo Area Study. Data on anthropometrical and lipoprotein profile at birth were obtained. The anthropometrical, lipoprotein, and biochemical data were compared with those from other populations; we also looked for possible differences between boys and girls. At the same time, we analyzed the association between several cardiovascular risk factors in that population (logistic regression model) and we set up the cut-off levels to define in the children population possible candidates to metabolic syndrome. These levels are in agreement with those from similar adolescent populations. Results: Among the risk factors, higher systolic and diastolic pressure values stand up in girls (93.93 -boys- vs 98.41 -girls- p = 0.058; 52.32 -boys- vs 57.27 -girls- p = 0.026, respectively), as well as the concurrence of high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia in boys (almost 7%). The whole prevalence of candidates to MS was 10.9% (5 girls -9.1%- and 1 boy -1.8%-). A high percentage of boys (< 50%) presented a wrong diet from the perspective of dietary cardiovascular risk markers. The only statistically significant variable at 10% (p < 0.10) in the regression model was Apo AI. Conclusions: It is relevant that the presence of MS is higher in girls and in those infants with a dyslipemic nonhypercholesterolemic profile at birth, which emphasizes the usefulness of cardiovascular risk factors prospection from early ages.

La búsqueda de nuevas alternativas terapéuticas es una alta prioridad en la lucha por el control de la malaria. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar extractos preparados a partir de plantas seleccionadas en base a información etnobotánica obtenida de la Medicina Tradicional Cubana. Extractos de seis plantas (Bambusa vulgaris, Parthenium hysterophorus, Melaleuca leucadendron, Indigofera suffruticosa, Artemisia absinthium, Simarouba glauca), fueron evaluados in vitro frente a la cepa F32/Tanzania de Plasmodium falciparum, S. glauca, P. hysterophorus, M. leucadendron y A. absinthium mostraron valores de Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria en el rango de 3,1 a 50 µg/mL, mientras B. vulgaris e I. suffruticosa presentaron valores negativos contra esta cepa. Al evaluar estas cuatro especies in vivo frente a Plasmodium berghei NK65, mostraron mayor actividad inhibidora A. absinthium con un 65,9% de reducción de la parasitemia a la dosis de 500 mg/kg, M. leucadendron con un 50% de reducción a la dosis de 250 mg/kg y S. glauca con una reducción del 43,2% a la dosis de 100 mg/kg. Los extractos que mostraron menor toxicidad fueron A. absinthium, y M. leucadendron. Estos resultados muestran las potencialidades antimaláricas de algunas plantas medicinales utilizadas en Cuba y trazan el camino para estudios posteriores de sus constituyentes químicos activos. Palabras-claves: Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium berghei; plantas antimaláricas; etnobotánico.

In meteorological and oceanological studies the classical approach for finding the numerical solution of the regional model consists in formulating and solving a Cauchy-Dirichlet problem. The boundary conditions are obtained by linear interpolation of coarse-grid data provided by a global model. Errors in boundary conditions due to interpolation may cause large deviations from the correct regional solution. The methods developed to reduce these errors deal with continuous dynamic assimilation of known global data available inside the regional domain. One of the approaches of this assimilation procedure performs a nudging of large-scale components of regional model solution to large-scale global data components by introducing relaxation forcing terms into the regional model equations. As a result, the obtained solution is not a valid numerical solution to the original regional model. Another approach is the use a four-dimensional variational data assimilation procedure which is free from the above-mentioned shortcoming. In this work we formulate the joint problem of finding the regional model solution and data assimilation as a PDE-constrained optimization problem. Three simple model examples (ODE Burgers equation, Rossby-Oboukhov equation, Korteweg-de Vries equation) are considered in this paper. Numerical experiments indicate that the optimization approach can significantly improve the precision of the regional solution.

Objetivo: en el cáncer colorrectal son poco conocidas las causas del frecuente desarrollo de lesiones neoplásicas sincrónicas. Pretendemos identificar posibles factores que pudieran influir en la multicentricidad lesional. Su conocimiento sería útil para, tras el tratamiento de las lesiones iniciales, optimizar el seguimiento en los pacientes que los presentaran. Pacientes y métodos: estudiamos retrospectivamente 382 cánceres colorrectales diagnosticados mediante colonoscopia completa y estudio de la pieza quirúrgica. Comparamos una serie de parámetros referentes a los antecedentes personales y familiares, hábitos, datos clínicos y del tumor entre los grupos con y sin lesiones neoplásicas sincrónicas, mediante análisis estadístico univariable y multivariable. Resultados: doscientos ocho (54,5%) pacientes presentaron adenomas sincrónicos y 28 (7,3%) carcinoma sincrónico. En el análisis multivariable el sexo masculino: OR = 1,97; IC = 1,13-3,45, p = 0,017; la edad superior a 59 años: OR = 2,57; IC = 1,54-4,29, p < 0,001; el antecedente personal de pólipo colónico: OR = 3,04, IC = 1,04-8,85, p = 0,042 y el carácter obstructivo del cáncer: OR = 0,48; IC = 0,27-0,85, p = 0,012 se asocian significativamente con la multicentricidad lesional. Conclusión: en los enfermos con cáncer colorrectal, nuestro estudio muestra una serie de parámetros, de fácil determinación, que podrían comportarse como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de multicentricidad lesional. Estos factores deberán confirmarse mediante un estudio de seguimiento, analizando su comportamiento entre los pacientes que presenten o no lesiones metacrónicas tras la limpieza quirúrgico-endoscópica inicial.Aim: few data have been published regarding the causes of synchronous lesions in patients with colorectal cancer. The aim of our study was to identify potential factors that might be implicated in the development of multicentric lesions, since this knowledge could be useful for tailored follow-up once initial synchronous lesions have been removed. Methods: we retrospectively reviewed 382 colorectal cancer cases diagnosed by total colonoscopy and histological study of surgical specimens. We divided our population into 2 groups, based on whether they had synchronous lesions or otherwise. Several data related to personal and family history, habits, symptoms, and tumor characteristics were assessed. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Results: 208 (54.5%) patients had synchronous adenomas and 28 (7.3%) had synchronous cancer. A multivariate analysis showed that the following parameters were consistently related to the presence of multicentric lesions -male gender: OR = 1.97; CI = 1.13-3.45; p = 0.017; age ≥ 59 years: OR = 2.57; CI = 1.54-4.29; p < 0.001; personal history of colonic adenomas: OR = 3.04; CI = 1.04-8.85; p = 0.042; and obstructive tumors: OR = 0.48; CI = 0.27-0.85; p = 0.012. Conclusion: our results show that several parameters that are easy to measure could be considered risk factors for the development of multicentric lesions. These factors need to be confirmed with follow-up studies analyzing their role in patients with and without metachronic lesions once all synchronous lesions have been removed.

Las especies de Lupinus colonizan áreas incendiadas y fijan N. En otros países las especies de este género se emplean en plantaciones forestales y sistemas agroforestales. Sus semillas presentan latencia física. En el presente estudio se realizó el análisis de semillas y se evaluó la germinación de Lupinus bilineatus Benth. considerando los siguientes factores y niveles: escarificación (natural: fuego, humo; artificial: inmersión en ácido sulfúrico durante 10, 20, 30 y 40 min y control), régimen de temperatura día/noche en cámaras de ambiente controlado (15/10, 20/15, 25/20, 30/25 °C) y luz (con y sin). El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, con los bloques anidados dentro del factor temperatura. Se realizó un análisis de varianza mixto (con el procedimiento mixto de SAS) y la prueba de Tukey. La pureza fue 97.1 %, el peso 66,666.7 semillas·kg-1, el contenido de humedad (base anhidra) 7.1 % y la viabilidad 98 % (prueba de tetrazolio). Para la germinación, resultó significativa (P=0.0101) la interacción entre tratamiento escarificatorio, temperatura y luz. La máxima germinación (82.5 %) se registró para semilla escarificada químicamente durante 30 o 40 min, a 25/20 °C y con luz. A mayor tiempo de escarificación química, mayor porcentaje de germinación. A 20/15 °C y con luz, la germinación posterior a la escarificación con fuego (38.5 %) superó al control (18.5 %). Generalmente el control mostró valores de germinación menores a 30 % en los diferentes tratamientos, denotando latencia física con diferentes intensidades en el lote. Destaca la eficiencia de la escarificación química para cesar la latencia.

The general purpose of the present paper is to summarize the state-of-the-art of historical earthquake knowledge and research in the Iberian Peninsula, giving an account of the main references, the historical developments and the present situation of earthquake catalogues. The most representative historical works for compiling earthquake data (catalogues) up to 1985 are referred together with those of more recent investigations carried out in Spain and Portugal for the period 1985-2003. Existing databases on historical seismicity are presented, mentioning the most important achievements in relation to quality of information.

En las Unidades Nevado-Filábrides de Sierra Nevada Oriental, la estructura principal es una foliación milonítica con una lineación de estiramiento muy pronunciada. La dirección de esta lineación muestra una orientación bimodal, como resultado de dos fases de deformación sucesivas (D2, N80E y D3, NI45E). Se hace un estudio comparativo de las estructuras y microestructuras desarrolladas en ambas fases. Se consideran también las relaciones metamorfismo-deformación. Se incluye un análisis cinemático de las traslaciones Nevado-Filábrides partir de fábricas de ejes «c» de cuarzo. Las microestructuras y las orientaciones cristalográficas preferentes del cuarzo indican que las cuarcitas se han deformado por plasticidad intracristalina con movimiento de dislocación. Se concluye que la pila de materiales Nevado-Filábrides se consigue en dos etapas de cabalgamiento principales. Una de escala cortical, en la que se superponen las rocas del Manto del Mulhacén (metamorfismo de alta presión y temperatura moderada) sobre las del Manto del Veleta (metamorfismo de baja presión y temperatura). Y otra posterior, en la que se modifica la pila anterior y tienen lugar las repeticiones de unidades en la parte alta del Complejo.

Current medical treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires special attention to different comor-bidities that often are associated with hyperglycemia, such as overweight or obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, microvascular or macrovascular complications, etc... The control of these factors risk to health is as important as the glucose control in diabetes type 2, it is essential for the antidiabetes drugs consider these risk factors. The consensus statement published by the ADA/EASD and AACE emphasizes that the potential effects of antidiabetes medications on CV risk factors besides hyperglycemia (ie, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) should be considered in pharmacotherapy selection. Since T2DM is a progressive disease with worsening HbA1C values over time, monotherapy, even with different agents, will eventually fail to maintain the glycemic target. Because insulin resistance occurs in a variety of organs and tissues, many patients may achieve fasting glycemic control but develop postprandial hyperglycemia. Other issues include the risk for hypoglycaemia or weight gain with traditional glucose-lowering medications. The AACE/ACE algorithm for glycemic control is structured according to categories of HbA1C and suggests an HbA1C goal of ≤6.5%, although that may not be appropriate for all patients.42 The algorithm recommends monotherapy, dual therapy, or triple therapy based on initial HbA1C level of 6.5% to 7.5%, 7.6% to 9%, and >9% and reserves initiation of insulin therapy until treatment with oral or other injectable agents has failed. GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors are novel options to improve glycemic control and reduce the incidence of weight gain. Combination therapy with newer and traditional agents improves glycemic control with a low incidence of hypoglycemia.

AbstractIn this work, new equations for first-order shear deformation plates are deduced taking into account the kinematic assumptions of the Bolle-Reissner theory but considering the equilibrium equations in the deformed configuration for the plate. The system of differential equations deduced is applicable to the calculation of the stresses in isotropic plates and is valid for thin and moderately thick plates. Analytical solutions are also presented in this work which are compared, when possible, with the ones obtained with other refined shear deformation plate theories.