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OBJECTIVE: This analysis was undertaken to evaluate the results of persistent atrial fibrillation (pAF) ablation procedures concomitant to coronary surgery and to identify the risk factors for pAF recurrence. METHODS: Since 2001, a total of 126 consecutive patients with pAF (duration: 0.5-33 years) underwent ablation concomitant to coronary surgery (isolated or in combination with valve surgery), whereby two encircling isolation lesions around the left and the right pulmonary veins and a connecting lesion between both was created using radiofrequency ablation. Patients were reevaluated at discharge, 3 months and 3 years after surgery. RESULTS: Survivals at the time of reexamination were 96.8, 95.1 and 94.7 %, respectively. Stable sinus rhythm (SR) could be documented in 66.4, 75.1 and 75.9 % of surviving patients. Long-term pAF before surgery and a larger left atrium (LA) were predictive of postoperative pAF return ( P < 0.01). Statistical analysis demonstrated a cut-off point of 5 years for pAF and 50 mm for LA diameter: 89.1 % of patients with pAF duration of < 5 years and 86.2 % of patients with LA size of ≤ 50 mm were in stable SR at late follow-up. Cardiac rhythm at 3 months was predictive for long-term rhythm prognosis ( P < 0.01). Age, gender and concomitant diseases (e.g. arterial hypertension, diabetes, renal insufficiency), and the underlying cause of heart disease did not significantly influence the postoperative cardiac rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: The duration of pAF and the LA size are the most reliable preoperative variables to predict the success rate of ablation in patients undergoing coronary surgery. The probability of re-establishing stable SR is excellent when pAF duration is short and LA size is small.

ObjectiveThis analysis was undertaken to evaluate the results of persistent atrial fibrillation ablation procedures concomitant to open surgery and to identify risk factors for persistent atrial fibrillation recurrence.MethodsSince 2001, a total of 325 consecutive patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (duration, 0.5–33 years) have undergone persistent atrial fibrillation ablation concomitant to open surgery by creating 2 encircling isolation lesions around the left and right pulmonary veins and a connecting lesion between both with the use of radiofrequency ablation procedures. Patients were restudied at discharge, 3 months, and 3 years after surgery.ResultsSurvivals at the time of reexamination at discharge, 3 months, and 3 years were 97.8%, 96.2%, and 94.4%, respectively. Stable sinus rhythm could be documented in 72.1%, 73.9%, and 75.6% of surviving patients, respectively. Long-term persistent atrial fibrillation before surgery and a larger left atrium were predictive of postoperative persistent atrial fibrillation return (P

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine rontgenologische, in vitro an Rinder-, Kalber- und Schafsherzen erprobte und beliebig reproduzierbare Methode zur Visualisation linksventrikularer Anteile des Reizleitungssystems vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen werden anhand von Makro- und Mikrophotogrammen dokumentiert. Summary Radiographic visualisation of parts of the ventricular excitation system of the mammalian heart A radiographic method for the in vitro visualisation of the left ventricular portion of the conducting system using cow, calf and sheep hearts which can be repeatedly reproduced is presented. The results of the experiments are attested by macro- and microphotograms. Resume Visualisation radiographique de parties du systeme d'excitation ventriculaire du coeur chez des mammiferes On a essaye de representer par visualisation une methode radiologique reproductible des parties du systeme d'excitation ventriculaire gauche in vitro dans des coeurs de bovins, de veaux et de moutons. Les resultats des recherches sont etayes par des macro- et microphotogrammes. Resumen Visualizacion roentgenologica de partes del sistema excitoconductor ventricular en corazones de mamiferos Se presenta una tecnica roentgenologica, contrastada in vitro en corazones de vacunos, terneros y ovejas, y reproducible cuantas veces se quiera, para visualizar las partes sinistroventriculares del sistema excitoconductor. Los resultados de las experiencias se documentan con ayuda de macro y microfotogramas.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigates the early and late results of permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation surgery concomitant to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or aortic valve (AV) surgery. METHODS: Between February 2001 and April 2006, a selective group of 80 patients with permanent AF (median: 48 months [Perc 25/75 24/110; range: 6 - 360 months]) underwent either bipolar (n = 60) or monopolar (n = 20) radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedures concomitant to CABG and/or AV surgery (CABG: n = 39; AV: n = 30; AV + CABG: n = 11). All patients were restudied to assess survival, conversion rate to stable sinus rhythm (SR) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class early (3 ± 1 months) and late after surgery (30 ± 15 months). Data were analyzed exploratively. RESULTS: Survival at 3 and 30 months was 98 % and 96 %, respectively. Stable SR could be documented in 73 % and 77 % of patients. Long-term AF before surgery and larger LA size were predictive for AF return after surgery ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.032, respectively). Neither age, gender, the application modus of the RF energy nor the underlying cardiac disease influenced the postoperative cardiac rhythm significantly. NYHA class improved significantly after surgery ( P < 0.0005), particularly when stable SR was achieved ( P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Preoperative permanent AF duration time and larger LA size are useful variables to predict the success rate of concomitant ablation surgery in CABG and/or AV patients. Further it could be demonstrated that established SR remained stable over time.

This study investigated the results of restrictive mitral annuloplasty with the semirigid Carpentier-Edwards Physio ring in patients with moderately severe to severe chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) and advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM).From 2003 to 2007, 100 consecutive patients (mean age +/- SD, 69 +/- 10 years) with chronic IMR of grades 3 to 4 (3.6 +/- 0.5) and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 31% +/- 9% (range, 12%-45%) underwent standardized restrictive prosthetic ring annuloplasty (ie, downsizing of 2.7 +/- 1.0 [range, 2-4] ring sizes) and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. All surviving patients were restudied 8 +/- 1 days, 3 +/- 1 months, and 2.5 +/- 1.0 years after surgery to assess survival, residual MR, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, and LV function (end-systolic and end-diastolic dimension/volume indices and LVEF). Data were analyzed exploratatively.Survival rates at the postoperative reexamination times were 98%, 97%, and 94%, respectively (1 noncardiac and 5 cardiac deaths). NYHA class improved from 3.5 +/- 0.5 to 1.4 +/- 0.5 (P.0005). The residual MR grades at discharge, early follow-up, and late follow-up were 0.4 +/- 0.5, 0.5 +/- 0.5, and 0.4 +/- 0.6, respectively (P.0005). Post-operative recurrence of significant IMR (grade 2) was absent in all patients. The leaflet coaptation height was 8 +/- 1 mm and did not decrease significantly over time. All LV dimension and volume indices and the LVEF (41% +/- 9% at 2.5 years) improved significantly after surgery (P.0005), even in patients with initially severely reduced myocardial function and a preoperative LVEF of30% (n = 42; LVEF, 22% +/- 5% versus 33% +/- 6% at late follow-up; P.0005).Restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty using the semirigid Physio ring corrected chronic IMR in ICM patients with very low mortality and improved contractility. Surgery also prevented recurrence of significant IMR in parallel with the phenomenon of postoperative continuous reverse myocardial remodeling.

BACKGROUND This study analyzed 7 years of results for monopolar endocardial radiofrequency (RF) ablation of permanent atrial fibrillation (pAF) concomitant to mitral valve (MV) surgery. METHODS Between 2001 and 2007, 152 patients who had experienced pAF for a median of 4.0 years (interquartile range, 1.5-8.0 years; range, 0.5-33 years) underwent monopolar endocardial RF ablation procedures (pulmonary vein isolation plus a connecting lesion) concomitant to MV surgery. All patients were reexamined to assess survival, conversion rate to stable sinus rhythm (SR), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class at 8 +/- 1 days after surgery and follow-ups at 3 +/- 1 months and 41 +/- 24 months postoperatively. Data were analyzed exploratatively. RESULTS The survival rates at the 3 reexamination times were 97%, 95%, and 92%, respectively (6 cardiac and 6 noncardiac deaths), and the corresponding SR rates were 74%, 75%, and 73%. The NYHA class of the patients improved significantly after surgery (P = .006), particularly when a stable SR had been achieved (P = .039). Long-term pAF prior to surgery and a larger left atrium (LA) preoperatively were predictive of the return of postoperative AF (P = .0002, and P = .0003, respectively). Ninety-one percent of the patients with a preoperative pAF duration of

Es war das Ziel dieser Untersuchung, die langerfristigen Resultate der Ablationschirurgie von permanentem Vorhofflimmern (permanent Atrial Fibrillation=pAF) im Rahmen von Eingriffen an der Mitralklappe (MK) zu evaluieren. Bei 109 Patienten mit pAF (0.5–33 Jahre) und einem hochgradigen MK-Vitium wurde ein Kombinationseingriff aus MK-Chirurgie und monopolarer endokardialer Radiofrequenzablation durchgefuhrt. Zur Ermittlung der Uberlebensrate, des postoperativen Funktionsstatus (New York Heart Association=NYHA) und der Konversionsrate zum stabilen Sinusrhythmus (SR) wurden die Patienten 36±19 Monate postoperativ nachuntersucht. Die Uberlebensrate betrug 91% (99 von 109 Patienten; Todesfalle: n=10). Als Risikofaktoren fur ein pAF-Rezidiv wurden neben einer praoperativen linksatrialen Vergroserung auch ein Langzeitbestehen des Vorhofflimmerns zum Zeitpunkt der Operation, ein bereits fortgeschrittenes Lebensalter und eine nennenswerte sekundare Tricuspidalklappeninsuffizienz identifiziert. Patienten mit pAF und fur eine Ablationschirurgie gunstigen Ausgangsbefunden wiesen hingegen im postoperativen Langzeitverlauf in 80–90% der Falle einen stabilen SR auf. Die NYHA-Klasse verbesserte sich signifikant, insbesondere bei Patienten mit postoperativem SR.

Gegenwartig existieren nur wenig Daten zu Veranderungen der Myokardfunktion nach koronarchirurgischem Eingriff und einem sog. Downsizing der Mitralklappe (MK) bei Patienten mit relevanter chronisch ischamischer Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (Ischemic Mitral Valve Regurgitation=IMR) und eingeschrankter linksventrikularer (LV) Funktion. Bei 63 Patienten (Alter: 71±9 Jahre) mit koronarer Herzkrankheit (KHK), chronischer IMR Grad 3-4 und ischamischer Kardiomyopathie (LV-Ejektionsfraktion (LVEF): 30±9%) erfolgte ein chirurgisches Vorgehen aus MK-Downsizing um 2–4 (2,7±0,7) Annuloplastie-Ringgrosen und Koronarrevaskularisation. Zur Ermittlung der Uberlebensrate, des postoperativen Funktionsstatus (New York Heart Association=NYHA), dem MK-Insuffizienzgrad und Veranderungen der Myokardfunktion wurden klinische und echokardiographische Untersuchungen mit Bestimmung der linksventrikularen und linksatrialen (LA) Dimensionen, Volumina und Volumenindexe (LVESD, -EDD; LVESV, -EDV; LVESVI, -EDVI) sowie von Verkurzungsfraktion (FS) und LVEF durchgefuhrt. Die postoperative 30-Tage-Letalitat betrug 1,6%, die Uberlebensrate nach 3±1 Monaten 95% und nach 2±1 Jahren 83%. Postoperativ kam es zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der NYHA-Klasse von 3,4±0,6 auf 1,5±0,6 (p

Erythropoeitin ist ein Glycoprotein, das auf Vorlauferzellen der erythrozytaren Reihe stimulierend wirkt. In jungster Zeit wurden pleiotrope Effekte in Form von angiogenetischer, neuro- und kardioprotektiver Wirkung beschrieben. An 13 Hausschweinen wurden nach Platzierung eines RCX-Ameroid-Konstriktors randomisiert in Woche 2 ein elektromechanisches endokardiales NOGA™-Mapping mit Injektion von entweder rekombinantem Erythropoitin (rhEPO) oder Placebo-Losung in das ischamische Areal vorgenommen. In der sechsten Woche wurden erneut NOGA™-Mapping, Herzechokardiografie und nach Obduktion eine histologische Analyse (HE-, Giemsa- und Elastica-van-Gieson-Farbung) des Herzgewebes angefertigt. Apoptose wurde mittels des terminalen Deoxynucleotidyl-Tranferase Nick-End-labeling (TUNEL) Assays ermittelt. Das endokardiale linksventrikulare Mappping ergab 4 Wochen nach Injektion eine signifikant geringere ischamische Flache in der EPO-Gruppe (19,4 vs. 41%). Auch die lokale unipolare Voltage (UV) im ischamischen Areal war in der EPO-Gruppe hoher (8,5 mV vor und 10,6 mV nach EPO Injektion) im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Entsprechend zeigte die morphometrisch-histomorphologische Analyse in der EPO-Grupppe eine signifikant geringere myokardiale Fibrose im ischamischen Bereich im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (8 vs. 27%). In der semiquantitativen histomorphologischen Untersuchung war eine signifikante Reduktion ischamischer Schaden in der EPO-Gruppe zu verzeichnen. Die Echokardiografie zeigte in der lateralen Herzwand 3,3 hypokinetische Segmente (Kontrollgruppe) vs. 2,2 hypokinetische Segmente (EPO-Gruppe). Die mittlere Ejektionsfraktion betrug 64% in der EPO-Gruppe und 55% in der Kontroll-Gruppe. Die intramyokardiale Injektion von Erythropoitin kann die Progression der ischamischen Reaktion im Ameroid-Konstriktor-Modell reduzieren.

Jede Art von Thoraxverletzung kann zu einer Mitbeteiligung des Herzens fuhren. Bei einem penetrierenden kardialen Trauma mit instabiler Kreislaufsituation ist von einer akuten Lebensgefahr des Patienten auszugehen. Nach stumpfem Thoraxtrauma ist bei Vorliegen von pathologischen Befunden der Bild gebenden Diagnostik und erhohten Enzymbewegungen die Uberwachung auf einer Intensivstation unerlasslich. In einer dringlichen bzw. notfallmasigen Situation sollte die Operation sofort durchgefuhrt werden, ein Zeitverlust durch Verlegung des Patienten in ein Spezialzentrum muss in vielen Fallen vermieden werden. Auch Herzkontusionen konnen zunachst im erstaufnehmenden Krankenhaus behandelt werden. Soweit es die Zeit erlaubt, sollten unklare Befunde durch weitere diagnostische Masnahmen abgeklart werden. In einem Teil der Falle ist eine adaquate Versorgung des Patienten nur in einem Herzzentrum moglich.

In our population, permanent atrial fibrillation (pAF) is a serious concomitant problem in patients scheduled for open heart surgery. The high incidence necessitates reliable methods of treating pAF efficiently. We report our 3-year experience with a safe concept of using monopolar and bipolar radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedures.Ninety patients (mitral, n = 56; aortic, n = 22; aortic and mitral, n = 1; coronary artery bypass grafting, n = 11) underwent either monopolar (n = 77) or, recently, bipolar (n = 13) RF ablation procedures that produced encircling isolation lesions around the left and the right pulmonary veins (PVs) and a connection line between the two. Amiodarone was given for 3 months after surgery.Hospital mortality was 2.2%. At follow-up, 75% of the patients were in stable sinus rhythm (SR). Preoperative pAF duration, etiology of heart disease, and type of RF energy application were not predictive of the risk of persisting pAF after surgery. Whereas patients (50 of 90) with small preoperative left atrial (LA) diameters (56 mm) had SR in almost 90% of cases, large preoperative LA diameters (or=56 mm; 40 of 90 patients) were associated with a significant risk of persisting pAF (P.05).Particularly in cases of small preoperative LA diameters, isolation of the PVs using either monopolar or bipolar RF ablation procedures in combination with amiodarone therapy represents a safe and efficient option for curing pAF in patients undergoing open heart surgery.

Objective Surgical intervention is an option for treating the remodeled and dilated left ventricles of patients with heart failure. Providing end-diastolic support with an innovative mesh-like cardiac support device reduces mechanical stress, improves function, and reverses cardiac remodeling in animal models without safety issues. The objective of this study was to review the global clinical safety and feasibility experience of this device. Methods The Acorn CorCap cardiac support device (Acorn Cardiovascular, Inc, St Paul, Minn) has been implanted worldwide in more than 130 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with or without concomitant cardiac surgery. The device is positioned around the ventricles and given a custom fit. A series of 48 patients were implanted with the device in initial safety and feasibility studies, of whom 33 also received concomitant cardiac surgery. Results At implantation, 11 patients were in New York Heart Association class II, 33 were in class III, and 4 were in class IV. The average CorCap implantation time was 27 minutes. The mean intraoperative reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was 4.6% ± 1%. There were no device-related intraoperative complications. Eight early and 9 late deaths occurred during follow-up extending to 24 months. Actuarial survival was 73% at 12 months and 68% at 24 months. There were no device-related adverse events or evidence of constrictive disease, and coronary artery flow reserve was maintained. Ventricular chamber dimensions decreased, whereas ejection fraction and New York Heart Association class were improved in patients overall and in those patients implanted with the CorCap device without concomitant operations. Conclusions The CorCap device appears safe for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Randomized clinical trials are underway in Europe, Australia, and North America.

Bei 0,6% aller elektiv durchgefuhrten Aortenklappenersatz-Operationen entwickeln sich proximale Dissektionen der Aorta, und bei 15% aller Typ-A-Dissektionen wurde zuvor ein Aortenklappenersatz durchgefuhrt. Die retrospektive Analyse von 33 Patienten ergab, dass 49±55 Monate nach elektivem Aortenklappenersatz eine Typ-A-Dissektion vorlag. Um Pradiktoren einer spateren Aortendissektion zu identifizieren, wurde eine Kontrollgruppe von 101 Patienten untersucht, bei denen uber einen komplikationslosen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von wenigstens sechs Jahren eine Progredienz des Aortendurchmessers mittels tomographischer Bildgebung ausgeschlossen wurde. Eine Aortenklappeninsuffizienz zum Zeitpunkt des Klappenersatzes (P

The incidence of abdominal complications after cardiopulmonary bypass is low but associated with a high mortality. From January 1991 to October 1996, 4288 patients, of a mean age of 62.5 years, underwent open-heart surgery. Fifty-nine (1 of 4) of these patients developed early abdominal complications. These included 36% with a paralytic ileus, 21% with erosive gastritis, 18% with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, 12% with intestinal ischaemia, 5% with pseudo-obstruction of the colon, 6% with acute cholecystitis and 2% with acute pancreatitis. After coronary artery bypass grafting mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 94.4 min. There were abdominal complications in 1.0% and one hospital death. After valve surgery and combined surgery the mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 129 min. There were abdominal complications in 2.4% (alpha = 0.01) and seven deaths. Fourteen patients (24%) underwent abdominal operations: three had caecostomies for pseudo-obstruction of the colon, seven had a hemicolectomy, two had a cholecystectomy and two had resection of the ventricle. The hospital mortality rate was 13.5%. Abdominal complications were significantly more frequent after valve or combined operations of the coronaries and valves in comparison with isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Cardiac operations with extended cardiovascular bypass time were more likely to produce abdominal complications.

To investigate possible influence of aprotinin on graft patency, a randomized, double-blind group comparative study was carried out in male patients selected for primary bypass surgery. One hundred and ten patients received either placebo treatment or aprotinin according to the Hammersmith Hospital regimen(n = 55 per group). Graft patency was evaluated by angiography in 44 aprotinin and 35 placebo patients between the 18th and 35th day postoperatively. There was no difference in overall graft occlusion. Among the aprotinin patients, 73% (32/44) hsd grafts patent compared with 71% (25/35) of the placebo group. Graft occlusion was not accompanied by signs of myocardial infarction in any case. Blood loss within 6 h postoperatively was reduced by 58.5% in the aprotinin group (P0.001). of these patients 51% (26/51) did not need donor blood compared with 21% (10/47) of the placebo patients (P = 0.003). Mean transfusion requirements per patient were 1.1 and 2.7 units in the aprotinin and placebo groups, respectively.

We prospectively evaluated 49 consecutive hospital survivors of the arterial switch operation for complete transposition and intact ventricular septum by clinical examination, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, 12-lead and 24-h Holter ECG. The mean length of follow-up was 40 +/- 18 months. Forty-six children are clinically asymptomatic without medication, 2 died due to coronary related left ventricular dysfunction 3 and 12 months after surgery, and 1 required reoperation because of severe bilateral pulmonary branch stenoses. Except for this case, cardiac catheterization (n = 23) revealed a mean gradient of only 17 +/- 8 mmHg between the right ventricle and distal pulmonary arteries. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was within normal limits except for 2 cases with volumes slightly below normal, the mean ejection fraction was 78 +/- 5%, and end-diastolic and end-systolic ventricular shapes were normal. The mean cardiac index was 4.14 +/- 0.69 l/min/m2. Left ventricular end-systolic wall stress to velocity of fiber shortening relation was normal in all cases examined (n = 15), indicating normal myocardial contractility. Significant neoaortic valve insufficiency was never observed despite considerably enlarged aortic roots. Twenty-four-hour Holter ECG records (n = 46) provided no evidence of serious atrial arrhythmias, especially sinus node dysfunction. These encouraging intermediate-term results make the arterial switch operation the treatment of choice at present, for neonates with simple transposition.

Catheter-based techniques of percutaneous valve intervention are recently being performed in an increasing number of patients. We finally report a case of successful, but complex surgical mitral valve repair 32 days after failed percutaneous intervention with severely aggravated mitral pathology caused by the catheter-based procedure. It is outlined that the conditions for surgery can be severely deteriorated, thereby reducing the chance for successful surgical repair after preceding mitral intervention.

Since February 1985 the arterial switch operation (ASO) has become the surgical treatment of choice for newborns with simple TGA, appropriate forms of complex TGA and double outlet right ventricle (DORV) as well at our institution. Between 1985 and 1990 a total of 87 patients underwent surgery. In 60 patients with simple TGA and 8 patients with complex TGA or DORV, respectively, an arterial switch-operation was performed. Because of coronary artery anomalies (n = 13), dysplastic pulmonary valves (n = 3) or pressure drop in the left ventricle (n = 1), the initially planned arterial switch operation was discarded and a Mustard type procedure was in 17 patient. Finally there were two primarily performed Mustard operations. The hospital mortality after arterial switch for simple TGA was 15% (9/60), 0/8 in patients with complex TGA. Late mortality was calculated to be 12% (1/8) in patients with complex TGA and 3/60 in patients with simple TGA. Within the Mustard group there were 2/19 hospital deaths and one late death. Causes of early death after arterial switch were: intraoperative myocardial infarct (n = 3) low cardiac output syndrome (n = 2), intractable bleeding (n = 2), metabolic acidosis (n = 1), and septicemia (n = 1). Late after surgery there was one death due to chylothorax after thrombotic obstruction of the SVC, and 3 more deaths secondary to intraoperative infarct, progressive LV dysfunction and meningitis, respectively. Among the long-term survivors 2 patients developed a severe supravalvulary pulmonary stenosis. There were no significant arrhythmias, supravalvulary pulmonary aortic stenoses, aortic insufficiency or myocardial perfusion disturbances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Twenty-six infants and children with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiac surgery were investigated for alterations in myocardial β-adrenoceptor density. The patients were divided into three groups according to type and severity of CHD: group I consisted of 6 patients with acyanotic shunt lesions of moderate severity; group II comprised 13 children with severe acyanotic shunt and valve lesions and group III included 7 children with cyanotic CHD. The myocardial β-adrenoceptor density was determined using (−)3-[125I] Iodocyanopindolol ([125I]ICYP) and was reduced by approximately 50% in severe acyanotic CHD (33.6 fmol/mg protein) and cyanotic CHD (35.3 fmol/mg protein) in comparison with the group with less severe acyanotic shunt defects (64.4 fmol/mg protein). The affinity dissociation constant (Kd, ICYP) did not differ statistically between the groups. The proportion of β1- and β1-subpopulation was evaluated by ICI 118,551-[125I]ICYP competition studies. In group II (61.5%) and group III (69.1%) significant lower portions of β1-adrenoceptors were found compared with group I (78.2%). This shift of subpopulations was due to a decreased β1-receptor density while β2-receptor density was unchanged in all groups. While the plasma noradrenaline levels of group I were similar to those of a control group of 13 healthy children, respective values of group II and III were significantly elevated. A significant negative correlation was found between plasma noradrenaline levels and myocardial β-adrenoceptor density. It is concluded that exposure of these receptors to increased circulating catecholamines, due to an enhanced sympathetic tone, leads to a reduction of their density. Noradrenaline, a preferential agonist of β1-adrenoceptors, is most probably responsible for the shift of the β-adrenoceptor subpopulations from the β1- to β2-subtype, depending on severity and type of cardiac disease.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the early and late results of restrictive mitral valve (MV) annuloplasty in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) and advanced ischemic (ICM) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS From October 2001 to September 2006, 121 patients (age: 69 +/- 9 years) with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 30 +/- 9 % and chronic MR grade 3 - 4 (ICM: n = 102, DCM: n = 19) underwent restrictive prosthetic ring annuloplasty (downsizing of 2.7 +/- 0.8 ring sizes). Eighty-five ICM-patients had indications for concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). All patients were restudied at 7 +/- 1 days, 3 +/- 1 and 30 +/- 12 months after surgery to assess survival, residual MR, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and left ventricular (LV) function (end-systolic/end-diastolic dimensions/volume indexes and LVEF). Data were analyzed exploratively. RESULTS 30-day mortality was 3.3 %; survival at follow-up was 95 % and 91 %, respectively. Postoperative recurrence of significant MR (> grade 2) was absent in all patients. NYHA class, LV dimensions/volume indexes and LVEF improved significantly after surgery in both groups ( P < 0.0005). A prediction of continuous postoperative improvement of myocardial function in the sense of reverse remodeling could be demonstrated by univariate logistic regression for ischemic etiology and concomitant CABG ( P = 0.0001). In DCM-patients or ICM-patients without CABG, the postoperative benefit on myocardial function was limited. CONCLUSION Restrictive mitral valve (MV) annuloplasty corrected chronic MR in cardiomyopathy patients with low mortality and improved contractility. Surgery also prevented recurrence of significant MR, although the phenomenon of postoperative continuous reverse myocardial remodeling could not be verified in cases with a non-ischemic etiology or ICM without concomitant CABG.

This study analyses the 5-year results of permanent atrial fibrillation (pAF) bipolar radiofrequency (RF) ablation surgery concomitant to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or aortic valve (AV) surgery. Eighty-five patients with pAF (0.5-30 years) underwent bipolar RF ablation procedure concomitant to CABG/AV surgery. All patients were restudied to assess survival, conversion rate to stable sinus rhythm (SR) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class at 8+/-1 days and at 3+/-1 and 32+/-15 months after surgery. Survival at time of re-examination was 100%, 98% and 96%, respectively (three non-cardiac deaths), SR could be documented in 61%, 74% and 78% of patients. Long-term AF before surgery and larger size of the left atrium (LA) were predictive for postoperative AF return (P=0.005, P=0.03); 88% of patients with small preoperative LA-size (

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the early and late results of a permanent atrial fibrillation (pAF) ablation concept carried out concomitantly with mitral valve (MV) surgery and to identify risk factors for ablation surgery failure. METHODS Between February 2001 and April 2006, 109 patients with pAF over a median time of 48 months (Perc25/75; range 6 - 396 months) underwent monopolar endocardial radiofrequency ablation procedures concomitantly with MV surgery. All patients were restudied to assess survival, conversion rate to stable sinus rhythm (SR) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class early (3 +/- 1 months) and late after surgery (36 +/- 19 months). For data assessment an explorative data analysis including univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was performed. RESULTS Early and late survival was 95 % and 91 %, respectively; at follow-up stable SR was documented in 76 % (74 %) of patients. NYHA class improved significantly after surgery ( P = 0.009), particularly when stable SR was achieved ( P = 0.042). Among these MV patients left atrial (LA) enlargement and pAF of long-time duration prior to surgery were detected as risk factors for postoperative recurrence and persistence of atrial fibrillation ( P = 0.026 and P = 0.002); furthermore, advanced age and significant tricuspidal regurgitation at the time of surgery were also relevant. The best prediction (95 % of patients) for SR, as demonstrated in a multivariate model, was based on the factors LA size and pAF duration ( P = 0.052 and 0.005). CONCLUSION Particularly the preoperative LA size and pAF duration seem to be useful parameters to evaluate the success rate of ablation performed concomitantly with MV surgery. It could be demonstrated that an established SR remains stable over time.

Noninvasive recording of ventricular late potentials and intraoperative endocardial mapping at 36 sites were performed in 24 patients with left ventricular aneurysm and drug-resistant sustained ventricular tachycardia due to coronary artery disease. Their mean age was 55 +/- 8 years. Mean ejection fraction was 28 +/- 12%. For detection of late potentials on the signal-averaged QRS complex, 3 different algorithms were used. Late potentials were found in 54, 67 and 67% of the patients, respectively. In patients with a late potential on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG), delayed local activation (greater than 40 ms beyond the QRS complex on the intraoperative surface ECG) was recorded at 5.5, 5.5 and 5.6 endocardial sites. In patients without a late potential, this type of delayed local activation was detected at 2.4, 1.1 and 0.9 of 36 endocardial sites, respectively (p less than 0.05; p less than 0.01; p less than 0.002). The mean delay of local endocardial activity was 38, 35 and 37 ms in patients with a late potential on the body surface recording versus 20, 19 and 11 ms, respectively, in patients without a late potential (p less than 0.05; p less than 0.05; p less than 0.002). There was no correlation between the duration or amplitude of the late potential, if present, and the number of endocardial sites exhibiting delayed activity (r = -0.23, r = -0.05, r = 0.21; correlation not significant for each) or the mean duration of the endocardial delayed activity (r = -0.25, r = -0.14, r = -0.07; correlation not significant for each). These results indicate that the presence of late potentials on the signal-averaged surface ECG is related to the mean duration of endocardial late activity as well as to the number of endocardial sites exhibiting a given degree of delayed activation. Thus, it is dependent on the mass of slowly activated tissue. However, a direct conclusion from the duration or the amplitude of a late potential to the amount of delayed activation or the extent of endocardial time delay does not seem possible.

A simple strategy to abolish permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients undergoing heart valve surgery is described. The concept includes: (1) endocardial radiofrequency (RF) ablation creating two encircling isolation lesions around the left and the right pulmonary veins (LPV, RPV) and a connection line between both; (2) antiarrhythmic protection with amiodarone for 3 months. Between 02/01 and 02/02 29 patients underwent surgical AF ablation procedures associated with primary valve operations (mitral, n=22; aortic, n=6; aortic+mitral, n=1). Six months after surgery 87.5% (14 of 16) were in sinus rhythm (SR), particularly all patients with an LA diameter of

BACKGROUND Data on combined permanent atrial fibrillation (pAF) surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or aortic valve replacement (AVR) are scarce, and the mid- and long-term effects on survival and cardiac rhythm are unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a prospective analysis 125 patients (Group I: CABG and/or AVR, n = 50; Group II: mitral valve [MV] surgery, n = 75) with pAF (> or = 6 months) underwent either concomitant monopolar (Group I: n = 20; Group II: n = 75) or bipolar (Group I: n = 30) radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedures. Group I patients had a significantly smaller left atrial (LA) size than Group II patients (LA-diameter: 47.7 +/- 4.6 vs. 58.2 +/- 6.1 mm; p < 0.01). Regular follow-up was performed from 3 to 36 months after surgery to assess survival, NYHA-class, and conversion rate to stable sinus rhythm (SR). RESULTS Early mortality (< 30 days) of Group I patients was 0% (Group II: 2.7%), cumulative survival at long-term follow-up was 0.95 vs. 0.82 (p = 0.31) and NYHA-class improved significantly in both groups, particularly in cases with stable SR. At follow-up 80% of Group I patients had SR (Group II: 70%). In Group I patients the bipolar approach was associated with significantly shorter ablation procedure times compared to the monopolar procedure (12.1 +/- 3.4 vs. 18.9 +/- 1.6 min; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Concomitant pAF ablation surgery in CABG and/or AVR is safe and at least as effective as in MV surgery, presumably because severe LA enlargement is exceptionally rare in this group.

Objective: Data of combined mitral downsizing by restrictive prosthetic ring annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and moderately severe to severe mitral regurgitation (MR) are rare, and little is known about the effect on reverse left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) remodeling. Methods: Thirty-eight patients (70.6G8.3 years) with coronary artery disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 31G8%) and moderately severe to severe MR (grade 3.6G0.5) underwent CABG and mitral downsizing by 2–4 ring sizes. Clinical follow-up and serial transthoracic echocardiographic studies were performed after surgery (discharge, 3G 0.5 months, 13G7 months) to assess survival, NYHA class, MR, leaflet coaptation height, LA and LV dimensions/volumes, fractional shortening (FS) and LVEF. Results: Early mortality (!30 days) was 2.6%, survival at follow-up was 92 and 85%, respectively. NYHA class improved from 3.3G 0.6 to 1.5G0.6 (P!0.001). Residual MR at discharge and at follow-up was grade 0.5 and 0.6, respectively (P!0.001). Leaflet coaptation height was 8G1 mm and did not change over time. LV end-diastolic, end-systolic and LA dimensions decreased from 60G 7t o 57G8 mm, from 47G 9t o 42G9 mm and from 51G 5t o 45G4 mm, FS increased from 23G 9t o 28G10% (P!0.001); LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased from 188G33 to 171G30 ml and from 129G35 to 105G33 ml, LVEF increased from 31G 8t o 39G10% (P!0.001). Conclusions: Combined mitral downsizing and CABG surgery was performed with excellent clinical results: only minimal residual MR, a significant reduction of LA dimension and an increase of LV contractility due to reverse remodeling were observed. Q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Objective: In our population permanent atrial fibrillation (pAF) is a frequent concomitant problem in patients undergoing open heart surgery. A 3-year experience with a treatment strategy using mono- and bipolar radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedures in a heterogeneous group of patients is reported. Methods: In a prospective analysis the incidence of pAF among all patients undergoing open heart surgery in our department between February 2001 and July 2004 was evaluated. In a second step a selective group of 106 patients with pAF (primary mitral: n=63; aortic: n=24; CABG: n=16; aortic+mitral: n=3) underwent either monopolar (n=86) or bipolar (n=20) RF ablation procedures creating two encircling isolation lesions around the left and the right pulmonary veins (PVs) and a connection line between both. In addition amiodarone was given for 3 months after surgery. Regular follow-ups were performed 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after surgery. Results: The incidence of pAF in the total group of 4.110 patients was 3.6%. While the rate was low in cases without severe heart valve disease (1.1%), a significantly higher presence of pAF in patients scheduled for heart valve surgery (10.3%) was observed (P< 0.0001). The incidence was 30-39% in patients with degenerative and rheumatic mitral valve (MV) disease, and further particularly high in the older aged compared to younger patients (4.2-8.3% at 70-99 years; P

We report on a case of papillary fibroelastoma of the aortic valve in a 55 year old female patient, who had thrombembolic complications and subsequent stroke. The tumor was resected without disturbing the structure and function of the aortic valve.

Von Juni 96 bis Mai 98 wurden 142 Patienten (Alter 57,7/39–72 Jahre) (121 Manner/21 Frauen zur Bypassoperation die LIMA prapariert. Der Mammariapedicle wurde mit dem Argon Force Kauter direkt mobilisiert indem das Gewebe und die Seitenaste durchtrennt wurden, ohne Hamoclips zu verwenden. Die LIMA wurde in 136 Fallen verwendet (94,4%). Die Praparationszeit betrug 17,7 min (12–25 min). Es traten keine perioperativen Infarkte auf, wir sahen keine erhohte Blutungsneigung und keine Wundinfektion. Wir konnten zeigen, das die Anwendung des Argon Force GSU Systems eine verlasliche und zeitsparende Methode ist.

In recent years the equipment and techniques for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) have been improved and today complex and distal stenoses are also treated in this way. Subsequent to failed PTCA some patients undergo emergency CABG. Between January 1991 and March 1995 3,520 patients have been treated by PTCA in our hospital. 61 patients (1.7%), mean age 61.1 years, underwent subsequent emergency CABG after PTCA. 46% had single-, 33% double and 21% had triple-vessel-disease, the mean left ventricular function (LVEF) was 65%. The mean number of bypass grafts was 1.9. The internal mammary arteries were never used under these emergency conditions. 9 patients (15%) developed perioperative myocardial infarction and in two of them the LVEF decreased under 30%. The hospital mortality was 6.6% (= 4 perioperative deaths). 6 of 61 patients were lost for follow-up; 90% of the hospitals survivors were followed for 244 months (mean 17). During this period there were 4 late deaths (3 cardiac and 1 non-cardiac). Actuarial survival at one year was 90%. 80% of the long-term survivors were in the NYHA functional classes I and II. In patients with double- or triple-vessel-disease PTCA almost always effects an incomplete revascularisation. Emergency CABG following failed PTCA is associated with an increased mortality and morbidity. The long-term prognosis is similar to that of an age-sex matched general population.