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The aim of study was to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the exon regions of GnRH-I, GnRH-II/MRPS26 and GnRHR genes and to assess their association with egg production up to 64 weeks of age (EN64) in chicken. Blood samples were collected from 48 Anand Synthetic White Leghorn (ASWLH) and 48 Anand Bantamised White Leghorn (ABWLH) chicken. Custom panel was designed for these genes’ exon regions and amplicon sequencing was performed on Illumina Miseq platform. Total 41 SNPs (19 previously reported and 22 novel SNPs) were identified from 96 samples. Association analysis revealed that rs314996211 (pC (pC of GnRHR can be implemented as selection markers associated with EN64 in chicken.

Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin are the latest drug combination in order to treat type 2 diabetes. The present work describes a comparative study of 2nd-ordered derivative UV and isocratic stability indicating RP-HPLC methods for simultaneous determination of Remogliflozin and Vildagliptin in the drug and its formulation. The HPLC method was established with a C18 column and the mobile phase with Buffer (pH-6.50): Acetonitrile: Methanol ratio of 55:44:1, at 1.2 ml/min flow and wavelength of 210 nm. The UV spectrophotometric method works on spectrophotometry with 2nd order derivative spectra(2D) using a zero-line cross method. The absorbance determination was performed at 246.0 nm for REM and at 219 .6 nm for VIL. The methods were validated for Linearity, Precision, Recovery, Robustness, and Forced degradation as per ICH-Q2(R1). The linear range was established in the range of 4-80 ppm for REM and 2-40 ppm for VIL for the UV method and 2-200 ppm for REM and 1-100 ppm for VIL for the HPLC method with regression coefficient ≥0.990. The accuracy was 99.37% & 99.62% for UV and 100.98 & 100.65 for the HPLC method for REM and VIL respectively. The proposed methods have been effectively used for the quantification of REM and VIL in API mixture and formulation dosage forms. Both methods are economical, fast, simple, and accurate which can be easily adopted for laboratory use.

Prime objective of this research work is to develop sustain release microsphere of Apremilast by using different polymer ratio to control the drug release from microspheres and to reduce frequent dosing by enhancing patient compliance. Apremilast microspheres were developed by solvent evaporation method by using different polymers like Eudragit RL 100, Ethyl Cellulose and HPMC E5. Optimized Apremilast microspheres was characterized for FT-IR, DSC, particle size, micromeritic properties, entrapment efficiency, % yield, drug content, In-vitro drug release, kinetics release study and Scanning electron microscopy. At last Microspheres are converted into tablet by direct compression method by using suitable excipients and evaluate it. Apremilast Microspheres was formulated by solvent evaporation method using Eudragit RL as polymer in 1:10 Drug: polymer ratio, 10ml dichloromethane, 1% PVA at 1500 RPM stirring speed for 90 mins shows result as (91.50 %) % Yield, (88.72 %) Drug content and (81.52 %) % CDR, this result is best result amongst all other formulation. SEM monographs confirm that microspheres were smooth and spherical shape. Optimized batch F-5 was further taken for compressing a tablet which shows better result than conventional aprezo 30mg tablet. In-Vitro drug release study of Apremilast microspheres loaded tablet show 74.17% CDR in 12 hours compare to slow while aprezo 30mg tablet shows 75.38% CDR in 1 hours followed by 90.45 in 12 hours. Apremilast microspheres loaded tablet shows sustain drug release over a prolonged period of time compare to the marketed tablet which decreases frequent dosing of Apremilast and beneficial in Psoriasis and Psoriatic arthritis.

Condition monitoring and diagnosis of a bearing are very important for any rotating machine as it governs the safety while the machine is in operating condition. To construct a feature vector selection of suitable signal processing techniques is a challenge for vibration-based condition monitoring techniques. In the methodology proposed, Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), Walsh Hadamard Transform (WHT) and Variable Mode Decomposition (VMD) are used to generate 2-D time-frequency spectrograms from the various fault conditions of bearing. When Deep learning techniques apply for fault diagnosis, a large amount of dataset is required for training of machine learning model. To overcome this issue single image Generative Adversarial Network (SinGAN) as a data augmentation technique, utilized for generating additional 2-D time-frequency spectrograms from various fault conditions of ball bearing. To detect fault severity, four deep learning algorithms, ResNet 34, ResNet50, VGG16, and MobileNetV2 are used as a classifier. Experiments are conducted on a rolling bearing dataset provided by the bearing data center of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) for validating the utility of methodology proposed. Results show that the proposed methodology enables to detect fault severity level with high classification accuracy.

There are various factors which affect the success rate of tympanic membrane (perforation) closure, including age of the patient, size of the perforation, duration of the ear discharge, the presence or absence of infective discharge at the time of surgery. Our aim was to observe the effect of presence of discharge from the ear on the success (outcome) of tympanoplasty. This is prospective study which was conducted on 300 cases with 150 patients each in dry and wet ear group. The study was conducted on patients of age 12–65 years and of either sex presenting with chronic otitis media. Ear discharge for less than 10 years, 78% in dry ear group and 81% in wet ear group. Around 64% had complaint of decreased hearing for

Salivary gland lesions comprise for about 2–6.5% of all head and neck neoplasms in adults. They are accessible for FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology). The risk of fistula formation and/or tumour implantation are low compared to surgical biopsy. FNAC can also provide a distinction between asalivary and non-salivary lesion, benign and malignant lesions. 67 patients were studied prospectively over 5 years. FNAC was performed pre-operatively and histopathological examination post-operatively in patients who underwent surgery and were willing to participate in the study. 59.7% of the lesions were non-neoplastic and 58.2% were neoplastic (37.3% benign and 20.8% malignant). Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign neoplasm while mucoepidermoidand adenoid cystic carcinoma both were the most frequent malignant lesion. Among the non-neoplastic lesions, the most number of cases were of chronic sialadentis. In our study, FNAC has a sensitivity of 94.54% specificity of 80.95% for neoplastic lesions. It was seen that FNAC was a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of salivary gland lesions because of its simplicity, excellent patient compliance and rapid diagnosis. This cost effective tool is invaluable in planning the surgical management of the patient.

Rapid depletion of fossil fuel-based energy sources increased the demand for alternate energy sources. Lignocellulosics-based 2G ethanol can be used as an alternative sustainable source that presents in ample amount. Sources of lignocellulose biomass are wood, food-agriculture wastes, and forest residues. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the core components of lignocellulosic biomass. Cellulosic and hemicellulosic biomass are enzymatically hydrolyzed to produce the monomer sugar (such as glucose or xylose) which is further converted into ethanol using fermentation process. The presence of lignin provides physical barrier that limit the access of enzymes required for saccharification. Pretreatment helps in removing the lignin from biomass and reducing recalcitrance. Pretreatment can be done by conventional methods, which are chemical, physical, and biological. This study covers the different methods of pretreatment including their disadvantages and benefits along with saccharification and fermentation processes.

For rear ohmic contact of CIGS solar cell, bilayer Mo thin film on 2 sq- inch glass substrate was deposited using DC sputtering technique. Thickness of bilayer Mo thin film was 300 nm, 500 nm, 1000 nm, and substrate temperature were maintained constant at 215 °C and room temperature. From XRD, FESEM, optical and electrical analysis it was found that Mo bilayer with low thickness (300 nm) have low optical reflectivity 35% and high sheet resistance 2.03 Ω/□ compared to Mo bilayer having high thickness (500 nm and 1000 nm) i.e. about 72% and 0.52 Ω/□. XRD analysis reveals that 300 nm have low crystallite size 6.62 nm while Mo 1000 nm have 12.24 nm. Micro-structure of Mo 500 has closed dense pack dendric structure while 300 nm has columnar growth uneven in size with small circular grains. Slight wide columns appeared for 1000 nm due to interdiffusion of Mo adatoms deposited at pressure 1 mTorr onto 10 mTorr forming homogenous structure.

The objective of the study was to assess endoscopic coblation adenoidectomy and conventional cold curettage adenoidectomy in terms of safety and efficacy in pediatric patients. Study included 40 pediatric patients, aged between 4-17 years. 20 patients underwent cold curettage adenoidectomy and 20 underwent Coblation adenoidectomy. The 2 procedures were compared on various parameters like duration of surgery, intra-operative blood loss, and post -operative pain. To further the comparison, follow -up Nasal Endoscopy was done after 1 week and after 1 month to assess for injury to peripheral tissues and completeness of removal of adenoids. There was statistically significant difference, favouring Coblation adenoidectomy in terms of lesser intra-operative blood loss (mean blood loss of 19 mL Vs 28.5 mL) and lesser post -operative pain measured on Visual Analogue Scale (median VAS score of 2 Vs 2.67). Shorter duration of surgery (mean operative time of 10.3 min Vs 15.5 min) was the only parameter in favour of conventional cold curettage method. Injury to peripheral tissue and residual adenoid were seen in patients who underwent curettage adenoidectomy. The overall advantages of Coblation adenoidectomy when compared with cold curettage adenoidectomy are less intra-operative bleeding, less post -operative pain, completeness and preciseness of adenoid removal with minimal injury to adjacent tissues. For these reasons, Coblation adenoidectomy should be the standard technique adopted for adenoidectomy.

The objective of the study was to study the outcomes of interlay type 1 tympanoplasty in large central perforations in terms of graft uptake, hearing improvement and complications. Study included 150 symptomatic patients having large central perforation in tympanic membrane willing for surgery who later underwent tympanoplasty with or without cortical mastoidectomy. All the patients selected for study, were assessed for subjective and objective evaluation pre-operatively and then post-operatively after 4 months. The study was conducted at tertiary health care hospital. Type I tympanoplasty with Interlay technique for large central perforations is superior. The Interlay technique in Type I tympanoplasty has high success both in terms of graft uptake as well as ABG closure. In the view of the advantages it offers, it should be preferred over the other conventional techniques in patients with large central perforations for better results.

Amongst various differential diagnoses possible for intra-oral (palatal) mass, possibility of fibro-lipoma is extremely rare but documented in literature, and hence should be a consideration. Such patient requires thorough evaluation and step-wise approach to treat. This case study documents for a 30-year-old male patient presenting with such mass and chief complaints of post nasal drip, nasal obstruction (right side>left side) and intermittent headache for 3 years. After radiological and endoscopic examination, the mass was surgically removed in toto via dual route (trans-oral and endoscopic). Lipomas are uncommon tumors in the oral cavity, and palate being the rarest amongst them as is our case. It would be strongly advocated to keep lipoma in the differential diagnosis when evaluating a palatal mass. Also, it is worth mentioning and recommending that a careful radiological examination of large lesions arising from the palate is a must before approaching for surgery.

Al/p-CIAS Schottky diodes were fabricated by depositing aluminium (Al) on different flash evaporated copper–indium–aluminium–diselenide (CIAS) films of varying thickness. Further, all diodes were annealed at 573 K for an hour. The influence of p-CIAS film thickness and the thermal annealing of Al/p-CIAS Schottky diode were investigated by observing current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics at room temperature. Various diode parameters, such as ideality factor (η), barrier height (ϕbo) and series resistance (Rs) were calculated using Cheung’s and Norde methods. ϕbo found to increase with annealing as well as with increase in the film thickness. However, the value of η and Rs decreases with annealing and CIAS thickness. The effective density of states (Nv), acceptor density of states (NA) and barrier height have been calculated from C–V measurements. Values obtained from CV analysis were well matched with I–V results. The value of Nv decreases and the value of NA increases with the increase in the film thickness. Using I–V and C–V parameters, energy band gap for the prepared Al/p-CIAS diodes has been reconstructed.

Background & Aims The effect of pregnancy on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains poorly understood. We aimed to monitor intestinal inflammation using fecal calprotectin (FC) in pregnant women and their babies during early life. Methods Pregnant women with or without IBD and their infants were prospectively enrolled. FC levels were measured at each trimester of pregnancy and in babies throughout the first 3 years of life. Repeated-measures analysis was applied to investigate changes in FC levels while adjusting for confounders. The FC levels were correlated with the bacterial abundance in both mothers and babies. Results Six hundred and fourteen fecal samples from 358 mothers (98 with IBD) and 1005 fecal samples from 289 infants (76 born to IBD mothers) were analyzed. Pregnant Patients with IBD maintained higher FC levels through pregnancy compared with controls (P = 7.5 × 10–54). FC gradually increased in controls and declined in Patients with IBD throughout pregnancy (P for interaction = 5.8 × 10–7). Babies born to mothers with IBD presented with significantly higher FC levels than those born to controls up to 3 years of age, after adjusting for sex, delivery mode, feeding behavior, and antibiotics exposure (2 weeks to 3 months of age, P = .015; 12–36 months of age, P = .00003). Subdoligranulum, Roseburia, Fusicatenibacter, and Alistipes negatively correlated, and Streptococcus, Prevotella, Escherichia-Shigella, and Bifidobacterium positively correlated with maternal FC levels at T3. Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Alistipes showed negative correlations, and Streptococcus were positively correlated with FC levels within 3 months of birth. Conclusions Pregnancy is associated with decreased inflammatory activity in mothers with IBD. Higher FC levels in babies born to mothers with IBD suggest subclinical inflammation in early life, the long-term consequences of which are uncertain.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Women with unilateral early-stage breast cancer are increasingly choosing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) despite the absence of survival benefits and increased risk of surgical complications. Data are lacking on whether this trend extends to women with clinically locally advanced non-metastatic (cT4M0) cancer. This study aims to estimate national CPM trends in women with unilateral cT4M0 breast cancer. METHODS: Women aged ≥ 18 years, who underwent mastectomy during 2004–2014 for unilateral cT4M0 breast cancer were identified using the National Cancer Database and grouped as all locally advanced (T4), chest wall invasion, skin nodule/ulceration, or both (T4abc), and inflammatory (T4d) cancer. Poisson regression for trends and logistic modeling for predictors of CPM were performed. RESULTS: Of 23,943 women, 41% had T4abc disease and 35% T4d. Cumulative CPM rates were 15%, 23% and 18%, for the T4abc, T4d and all T4 groups, respectively. Trend analysis revealed a significant upsurge in CPM demonstrating 12% annual growth for T4abc tumors, 8% for T4d and 9% for all T4 (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing numbers of women with unilateral cT4M0 breast cancer, are undergoing CPM. This rising trend warrants further research to understand stakeholders’ preferences in surgical decision-making for women with locally advanced breast cancer.

Background: Tracheostomy is a common surgical procedure used to achieve a secure airway in patients in elective as well as emergency conditions. Our study accounts for our first-hand experience with the procedure in our tertiary multi-speciality hospital.Methods: It is a four year (January 2017 to February 2021) retrospective study in which all the 246 cases of tracheostomies were taken into account which were performed during this study period in the department of otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Surat (India). The patients were thoroughly followed up until the final outcome of the tracheostomy was established. Results: A total of 246 tracheostomies were performed, 63.82% of which were in men. The mean patient age was 42 years. The majority (76%) were elective, performed for various indications, while the remaining 24% were emergency tracheostomies. All tracheostomies were performed by otorhinolaryngologists. Complications relating to tracheostomy were documented in 40 patients (16%) intra-operatively and/or post-operatively which included bleeding, surgical emphysema, granulations along the stomal site and rarely shock. The mean time to decannulation was 13.48 days.Conclusions: Our study takes into account and discusses the findings of all the 246 tracheostomies which were performed during the study period of 4 years. Elective cases form the majority although there is a significant case series of emergency tracheostomies performed for a range of pathologies.

In this paper, we report a simple method to extract thickness and refractive index of thin-film from experimentally measured reflectivity spectra using teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO) algorithm. The algorithm finds thickness and refractive index by fitting an experimentally measured reflectivity spectra with theoretically ones generated by transfer matrix approach. The value of refractive index as a function of wavelength is determined by considering sellmeier dispersion relation. The algorithm is implemented by means of an interactive numerical simulation using LabVIEW as a programming tool. To check the effectiveness of the self-developed program, it is tested on different thin-film samples prepared from some commonly used optical materials such as MgF2, Al2O3 and SiO2 using electron beam evaporation technique. The values of thicknesses and refractive index spectra for different thin-film samples obtained by TLBO algorithm are verified using standard spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. It is found that there is an excellent agreement between the results obtained by the TLBO algorithm and those by ellipsometry. It is also demonstrated that a simple reflectivity measurements give the valuable information about the thickness and dispersive refractive index over a range of wavelengths, which are obtained by our self-developed simulation program based on TLBO algorithm.

The multilayered anti-reflection coating (ARC) has been designed and implemented on the facets of edge-emitting laser diode in order to achieve ultra-low reflectivity over a broad wavelength range for suppression of optical feedback in the laser cavity. The design of the multilayer ARC has been obtained by a self-developed program based on genetic algorithm (GA) to achieve low-reflectivity of the order of 0.1 % over a spectral width of 50 nm around the central lasing wavelength of 818 nm and successfully implemented on the laser-diode facets. The effects of facets coating on the optical power emission and the spectral response of the lasers have been investigated. It is demonstrated that the simple design of multilayered ARC obtained using a self-developed GA can successfully reduce the optical feedback from the cavity and prevent the lasing action from the structure, which can be very useful for the fabrication of superluminescent Light Emitting Diodes (SLEDs).

Day by day, energy consumption is increases in huge amount. As we know during summer days the electricity requirement is very high. During summer days, all humans requirement is fresh cool air. For that purpose they bring Air Conditioner(AC) or ceiling fans but here the big problem is that if we are using AC/Fans as room cooler then what ever the energy consumed by these equipment is very high. As currently we are having many of hurdles in electric supply. And the big fact about these equipment is that they never able to give thermal comfort. To overcome from these disadvantages our team is going to introduce the “New Concept on Radiant Cooling (RC)” through this paper. In this we are briefly solved the chilled water problem by storing and cooling point of view using Earthen pot tank. Why we are selected earthen pot tank, what is the science behind this is discussed in this paper. This RC system may can applied to houses, homes, IT companies, as well for Educational Institutes. But chilled water solution is only for small scale buildings .This paper shows you how we can able to apply this system to institutes and Homes in very low cost., {"references":["Cholewa, Tomasz, et al. (2017), \"On the heat transfer coefficients between heated/cooled radiant ceiling and room.\" Applied Thermal Engineering 117:76-84.","Legg, R. (Ed.). ,(2017), Chilled Beams and Radiant Ceiling Systems Air Conditioning System Design, pp. 151-166.","Dutt, P. S. (2016). Experimental comparative analysis of clay pot refrigeration using two different designs of pots. Int. J. Latest Res. Eng. Technol., 30-35.","Dieckmann, J., Roth, K. W., & Brodrick, J. (2004). Radiant ceiling cooling. ASHRAE journal, 46, 42-42.","Rhee, K. N., Olesen, B. W., & Kim, K. W. (2017). Ten questions about radiant heating and cooling systems. Building and Environment, 112, 367-381.","K Kim, BW Olesen (2015), \"Radiant heating and cooling systems: Part 1\", ASHRAE Journal, Volume 57, pp. 28−37.","Satinee Wongkee, Surapong Chirarattananon, Pipat Chaiwiwatworakul, \"A study of radiant cooling for a room with daytime application in tropical climate\".","Waraporn Rattanongphisat, Wathanyoo Rordprapat, \"Strategy for energy efficient building in tropical climate\".","Ekren, O., Hepbasli, A. and Biyik, E., 2017. Radiant Heating-cooling Performance Assessment in a Shopping Center in Sopron, Hungary. Energy Procedia, 107, pp.212-216.","Mumma, S.A., 2001. Ceiling panel cooling systems. ASHRAE journal, 43(11), pp.28-32."]}

Pheochromocytoma, a rare catecholamine-secreting tumor, typically manifests itself with paroxysmal hypertension, tachycardia, headache, and diaphoresis. Less often, symptoms related to substantial hemodynamic compromise and cardiogenic shock occur. We report the case of a 66-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain. Examination revealed a large right adrenal mass, cardiogenic shock, and severe heart failure in the presence of normal coronary arteries. Within days, the patient's hemodynamic status and left ventricular ejection fraction improved markedly. Results of imaging and biochemical tests confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Medical therapy and right adrenalectomy resolved the patient's heart failure, and she was asymptomatic postoperatively. We recommend awareness of the link between pheochromocytoma and takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and we discuss relevant diagnostic and management principles.

Background: Amongst pediatric patients, oesophageal foreign bodies (OFBs) are relatively common clinical problem. Majority pass harmlessly through gastrointestinal tract, some can cause complications or morbidities. Our study considered and reviewed our experience in managing OFBs in pediatric patients, with emphasis on the management and outcomes of complicated cases.Methods: 77 cases of OFBs (diagnosis established), upto 12 years of age admitted at our tertiary hospital between January 2015 to December 2020 (duration of 6 years) were reviewed and analysed. On the basis of our analysis accounting demographic data, presenting symptoms, workup investigation, management, complications and outcomes, results and conclusions were derived.Results: Amongst cases, 43 were male and 34 female. Mean age for our cases was 5.4 years. 56 cases (72.7%) cases presented in the hospital within first 24 hours. Commonest foreign body found in 64 cases (83.1%) was coin. Most cases had history of witnessed ingestion. Commonest presentation was asymptomatic (with history of witnessed ingestion), followed by complaint of vomiting and drooling of saliva. Most patients were discharged within 48 hours post-operatively except for 2 patients who presented intra-operatively with edematous inflamed mucosa with slight charring on oesophagoscopy where foreign body was button battery (cell). Follow-up period ranged from 2 to 8 months and all patients had complete recovery without any sequelae.Conclusions: Our experience of 6 years with 77 pediatric patients with OFBs having various presentations have been reviewed, analysed and concluded here. All the patients had complete recovery without any sequelae.

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is one of the most important pre-operative procedures used in the primary diagnosis of thyroid swelling. Even if non-surgical and non-invasive techniques can provide a diagnosis, the ultimate answer rests in the histopathological examination of the surgically excised thyroid tissue. A correlation of both FNAC and HPE though can help predict outcomes and may be helpful to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures for benign conditions. The purpose of this study was to establish a cyto-histological correlation and to evaluate accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing thyroid lesions.Methods: The study was carried out over a period of three years between September 2017 to September 2020 prospective study in which 38 cases were taken who eventually underwent thyroid surgery. A cyto-histological correlation was made between the pre-operative FNAC and the post-operative HPE report. These reports were correlated and conclusions drawn after statistical analysis.Results: Cyto-histological correlation was done and overall accuracy was 94.7%. Majority of cases were non-neoplastic, peak age of incidence was in third and fourth decade and there was female predominance.Conclusions: It was observed that FNAC is a very reliable test having high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in diagnosing thyroid swellings which is also a simple, safe and cost effective modality in investigation.

Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) is a chalcogenide composite from I-II-IV group. It is widely used as an absorber layer having absorption coefficient α ∼ 10-5 cm-1 for fabrication of solar modules. In present study CIGS thin films were deposited by flash evaporation technique at different substrate temperature. Thin Films of 200 nm thickness were deposited on soda lime glass at different temperatures viz. Room temperature (RT), 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, and 300 °C. The effect of substrate temperature on texture orientation was investigated. The thin films of two different thickness i.e. 200 nm was annealed at 400 °C in forming gas (N2: H2) atmosphere. The effect of annealing on the texture orientation was studied. The crystallite size of CIGS thin films in as deposited and annealed condition was measured using X-Ray diffraction. It was found that in CIGS thin films texture quality and crystallite size is enhanced by annealing treatment.

ZnS nanoparticles with Ni 2+ as dopant ions, have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Inductive Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies were employed to investigate different photo-processes occurring on exposure to UV–vis light. The synthesized NPs were evaluated as photocatalyst for the removal of the color of aqueous solution of rhodamine B (RhB) dye as test solution under 250 W High Pressure Mercury Vapor lamp. Mott-Schottky, Cyclic Voltammetery, and hot-probe measurements suggest the change in the ‘type’ of semiconductor from n to p as well as phase change (cubic to wurtzite) take place on increasing the amount of dopant to 10%. The newly appeared phase forms ‘local pockets’ in an overall cubic matrix of ZnS NPs, this way created defects at the local grain boundaries of dissimilar phases. These provide active sites for the adsorption of dye molecules, in turn, improve the efficiency of the material as photocatalyst.

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) are currently attracting much interest in academic and industry for both research and their commercial applications because of their controllable transmission, absorption, and/or reflectance. This paper reviews the progress that has taken place from 1969 until the year 2015 with regard to all-solid-state inorganic ECD fabrication. The main aim of this review article is to provide an easy entrance to literature of all-inorganic solid-state ECD.

The fabrication of nonwoven mats containing chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose by electrospinning were considered using two different approaches: (1) simultaneous spinning of chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose solutions using two separate syringes towards the same target and (2) coaxial electrospinning, where chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose were simultaneously electrospun through a spinneret composed of two concentric needles to produce core–shell structures. Co-spinning agents were required in both approaches. A direct blend of chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose and subsequent electrospinning was not feasible due to the incompatibility of their respective solvents. The first approach led to the production of mats containing both chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose nanofibers. However, few bacterial nanocellulose fibers were deposited on the collector. Addition of polylactide as a co-spinning agent and an increase in solution temperature (from 22 to 60 °C) during electrospinning was required to improve both fiber formation and collection. On the other hand, coaxial electrospinning showed the best results for the production of nanofibers containing both chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose. Nanofibers with a good yield were obtained by using a chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) (2.4/0.6 wt/v%) aqueous solution as the inner layer, and a bacterial nanocellulose solution (0.6 wt/v%) as the outer layer. Co-electrospun nanofibers had a diameter of 85 nm in average, and a narrow size distribution. The core/shell nanostructure was validated by transmission electron microscopy whilst energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that the nanofibers contained both chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose along their structure. Finally, the mats obtained by the coaxial approach exhibited strong antimicrobial activity with a decrease of 99.9 % of an Escherichia coli population.

Recently Cu2ZnSnS4, i.e. Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS), has emerged as a potential candidate for low-cost solar photovoltaics (PV) material because of it is relatively non-toxic and ingredient elements are earth abundant. However, achieving phase controlled, stoichiometric film of CZTS using low-cost technique is the key issue in development of CZTS based solar cell. Here, we report a study on structural and optical properties of CZTS films grown by dip-coating in view of its application as an absorber in thin film solar cells. The films were deposited by dipping glass substrates into the solution prepared by dissolving cation metal salts and thiourea in methanol. It is followed by drying the films in air at fixed temperature. The dip coated films were then annealed at 623 K, 723 K and 823 K. The influence of annealing on various structural and optical properties of the films were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Diffused reflection spectroscopy. It was observed that the film annealed at 823 K shows good quality Kesterite structure of CZTS with preferred orientation of (112), (220) and (312) planes as revealed by the XRD pattern. The diffuse reflection spectra confirm the direct band-gap of 1.42 eV, which is very close to the optimum value for the semiconductor material as an absorber in solar-cells. Raman scattering with two different excitation wavelengths showed that other binary phases including the parasitic phases such as ZnS were not present. It also confirmed the characteristics signature of dominant CZTS phase in the film.

Background: Improper disposition of expired and left over medicine is real concern to people and ecosystem of earth. To reduce this burden, it is paramount important to create awareness, better belief and has virtuous practice among medical professionals about disposal of these expired and left over medicines. Aim and Objectives: The study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) utility of out of date medications and left over medications disposal among health-care providers at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, single center study conducted among health-care providers of tertiary care teaching hospital in western part of India. Participants willing to give consent were allowed to participate in the study and briefed on the aims and objectives of the study. Participants were given pre-validated questionnaire, which was consisted of total 15 questions of KPA regarding the disposal of expiry medications. The questionnaires was collected and assessed for their completeness. The data were recorded in Microsoft Excel Worksheet and analyzed by using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Out of 170 total participants, 78 (45.9%), 84 (49.4%), and 08 (4.7%) were of doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, respectively. 71 (41.8%) could give a relevant definition of expiration date of medicine. 156 (91.7%) participating staff felt that it is not safe to use medicine after its expiry date. 115 (67.7%) participants thought that medicine can be prescribed zero day before its expiry date. 56 (32.9%) staff agreed that expiry or unused medicine should be disposed in yellow color garbage bag. 73 (42.9%) participants agreed that they disposed the expiry medicines in toilet, sink, trash bin, or by any mean. 47 (35.6%) have disposed into trash bin, 41 (31%) into toilet followed by 21 (15.9%) into sink. Conclusion: Inappropriate disposal of expiry medicine has harmful effects on ecosystem of our planet and there need for effective drug disposal policy and program such as drug take away in United State of America.