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Annual reductions in corn (Zea mays L.) yield caused by diseases were estimated by university Extension-affiliated plant pathologists in 26 corn-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2016 through 2019. Estimated loss from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon & E.Y. Daniels) caused the greatest estimated yield loss in parts of the northern United States and Ontario in all years except 2019, and Fusarium stalk rot (caused by Fusarium spp.) also greatly reduced yield. Tar spot (caused by Phyllachora maydis Maubl.), a relatively new disease in the United States, was estimated to cause substantial yield loss in 2018 and 2019 in several northern states. Gray leaf spot and southern rust (caused by Puccinia polysora Underw.) caused the most estimated yield losses in the southern United States. Unfavorable wet and delayed harvest conditions in 2018 resulted in an estimated 2.5 billion bushels (63.5 million metric tons) of grain contaminated with mycotoxins. The estimated mean economic loss due to reduced yield caused by corn diseases in the United States and Ontario from 2016 to 2019 was US$55.90 per acre (US$138.13 per hectare). Results from this survey provide scientists, corn breeders, government agencies, and educators with data to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in corn pathology and disease management.

Introduction La maladie de Rendu-Osler-Weber (MROW) ou telangiectasie hemorragique hereditaire atteint 1/5000 a 1/8000 personnes [1] . Elle est caracterisee par la presence d’epistaxis recidivantes, de telangiectasies cutaneomuqueuses et de malformations arterioveineuses (MAV) viscerales. C’est une maladie genetique de transmission autosomique dominante faisant intervenir plusieurs genes impliques dans la signalisation du TGF induisant une hyper-proliferation endotheliale. Observation Nous rapportons les cas d’une patiente de 68 ans (60 kg, 156 cm) aux antecedents de MROW avec MAV pulmonaires embolisees et cerebelleuse adressee pour prise en charge d’une alteration de l’etat general avec confusion et hyperthermie > 39 °C. Realisation d’un scanner puis d’une IRM cerebrale retrouvant un abces cerebral occipital droit associe a une communication ventriculaire avec ventriculite. A noter que la patiente avait recu une antibiotherapie par olfoxacine pendant 14 jour en traitement d’une pyelonephrite droite a Escherichia coli la semaine precedente. Une ponction lombaire fut realisee retrouvant une proteinorachie augmentee a 3,61 g/l, une glycorachie diminuee a 0,06 mmol/l sans germe visible au direct. Initiation d’une bi-antibiotherapie par cefotaxime 2,5 g toutes les 6 heures et metronidazole 500 mg toutes les 8 heures. Devant la degradation de la vigilance, decision de mise en place d’une derivation ventriculaire externe (DVE) droite avec realisation de prelevements. Realisation d’une echographie cardiaque ne retrouvant pas d’endocardite. Dans ce contexte de MROW avec MAV pulmonaire connues realisation d’un angioscanner thoracique mettent en evidence 3 nouvelles MAV secondairement embolisees. L’evolution fut favorable, malheureusement les hemocultures, les ponctions lombaires et les prelevements sur DVE n’ont recouvre aucun germe. L’infection fut probablement decapitee par la prise d’ofloxacine recente. Nous avons conclu a un abces cerebral avec ventriculite possiblement favorise par un shunt droit gauche secondaire a des MAV pulmonaires. Discussion La frequence des MAV pulmonaires dans la MROW est estimee entre 15 a 45 % [1] , [2] . Elles sont le plus souvent asymptomatiques. Cependant, elles peuvent etre a l’origine d’hypoxie chronique, d’hemoptysie, d’hemothorax ou de complications neurologiques centrales (accident vasculaire cerebral et abces cerebral). Les complications cerebrales sont en relation avec le shunt droit-gauche qui facilite le passage d’emboles septiques ou aseptiques dans la circulation cerebrale. Le nombre de MAV pulmonaires est correle de maniere significative avec le risque d’abces cerebral et le diametre de l’artere nourriciere avec le risque d’accidents ischemiques [3] . Les patients porteurs de MAV pulmonaires doivent etre informes du risque infectieux et il doit leur etre propose une antibioprophylaxie au meme titre que celle proposee aux patients ayant une valvulopathie a risque d’endocardite. L’angioscanner pulmonaire est l’examen de preference pour le depistage de ces MAV et l’embolisation le traitement de choix. Conclusion En cas d’abces cerebral ou d’accident vasculaire cerebral chez un patient atteint d’une maladie de Rendu–Osler-Weber, il faut penser a rechercher des MAV pulmonaires a l’origine d’un shunt droit-gauche.

Social dysfunction is an intractable problem in a wide spectrum of psychiatric illnesses, undermining patients’ capacities for employment, independent living, and maintaining meaningful relationships. Identifying common markers of social impairment across disorders and understanding their mechanisms are prerequisites to developing targeted neurobiological treatments that can be applied productively across diagnoses and illness stages to improve functional outcome. This project focuses on eye gaze perception, the ability to accurately and efficiently discriminate others’ gaze direction, as a potential biomarker of social functioning that cuts across psychiatric diagnoses. This premise builds on both the monkey and human literatures showing gaze perception as a basic building block supporting higher-level social communication and social development, and reports of abnormal gaze perception in multiple psychiatric conditions accompanied by prominent social dysfunction (e.g., psychosis-spectrum disorders, autism-spectrum disorders, social phobia). A large sample (n = 225) of adolescent and young adult (age 14–30) psychiatric patients (regardless of diagnosis) with various degrees of impaired social functioning, and demographically-matched healthy controls (n = 75) will be recruited for this study. Participant’s psychiatric phenotypes, cognition, social cognition, and community functioning will be dimensionally characterized. Eye gaze perception will be assessed using a psychophysical task, and two metrics (precision, self-referential bias) that respectively tap into gaze perception disturbances at the visual perceptual and interpretation levels, independent of general deficits, will be derived using hierarchical Bayesian modeling. A subset of the participants (150 psychiatric patients, 75 controls) will additionally undergo multimodal fMRI to determine the functional and structural brain network features of altered gaze perception. The specific aims of this project are three-fold: (1) Determine the generality of gaze perception disturbances in psychiatric patients with prominent social dysfunction; (2) Map behavioral indices of gaze perception disturbances to dimensions of psychiatric phenotypes and core functional domains; and (3) Identify the neural correlates of altered gaze perception in psychiatric patients with social dysfunction. Successfully completing these specific aims will identify the specific basic deficits, clinical profile, and underlying neural circuits associated with social dysfunction that can be used to guide targeted, personalized treatments, thus advancing NIMH’s Strategic Objective 1 (describe neural circuits associated with mental illnesses and map the connectomes for mental illnesses) and Objective 3 (develop new treatments based on discoveries in neuroscience and behavioral science).

Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia affects between 1/5000 and 1/8000 people. It is characterized by presence of recurrent epistaxis, mucocutaneous telangiectasia and visceral arteriovenous malformations. It is a genetic disease with autosomal dominant transmission inducing an endothelial cells hyper-proliferation.A 68-year-old women with Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome was referred for management of general impairment with confusional syndrome and hyperthermia. Various examinations have allowed us to conclude at diagnosis of brain abscess with ventriculitis probably favored by right-left shunt secondary to pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Evolution was favorable after antibiotic treatment and endovascular embolization.In case of brain abscess without obvious promoting factor, don't forget to looking for a right-left shunt providing septic or aseptic emboli. Furthermore, diagnosis of Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome should be considered presence of telangiectasias and/or epistaxis.

In this article, we respectively describe the morphology of the spinal cord, spinal meningeal layers, main fiber tracts, and both arterial and venous distribution in order to explain signs of spinal cord compression. We will then describe a surgical technique for spinal cord tumor removal.

Objectives EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are widely used to treat NSCLC, primarily patients with activating mutations, with more limited response in wild-type disease. However, even with EGFR-mutated disease, many patients fail to respond, most who initially respond fail to respond completely, and almost all develop resistance and inevitably progress. New therapeutic options that improve these outcomes could provide substantial clinical benefit. We previously demonstrated strong synergistic effects between erlotinib and the tumor suppressor microRNA miR-34a, sensitizing NSCLC cells with primary resistance (EGFR wild-type) and restoring sensitivity in cells with acquired resistance. Here, we report results of further research combining miR-34a with newer generation EGFR-TKIs in similar experiments. Materials and methods Human NSCLC cell lines with varying degrees of primary and acquired resistance to erlotinib were assessed for sensitivity to a broad set of combined doses of miR-34a mimic and afatinib, rociletinib or osimertinib. Multiple analytical approaches were used to characterize effects on cancer cell proliferation as additive, antagonistic or synergistic. Results Mimics of miR-34a synergized with afatinib, rociletinib or osimertinib in all EFGR-mutant cells tested. Best and consistently strong synergy was observed in cell models with acquired resistance. Synergy was also evident in most EGFR wild-type cells with miR-34a combined with rociletinib and osimertinib, but not with afatinib. The effects were observed across a broad range of dose levels and drug ratios, with maximal synergy at doses yielding high levels of inhibition beyond those possible to be induced by the single agents alone. Conclusion Combined miR-34a and EGFR-TKIs synergistically sensitize both EGFR wild-type and mutant NSCLC cells, supporting clinical investigation of these combinations as a strategy to overcome both primary and acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC, possibly with an improved therapeutic index.

Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. It is an inflammatory disorder associated with BRAF V600E mutation in 50% of cases. This multisystem disease is rarely associated with spinal involvement. Neurological involvement is an independent predictive factor of poor prognosis. The diagnosis is histopathological based on CD68-positive and CD1A-negative histiocytes. Treatment with interferon-alpha is an independent predictor of survival in Erdheim-Chester disease and vemurafenib has also been shown to be effective for BRAF V600E mutation. We report a clinical case of a 51-year-old patient with multiple and rare locations of Erdheim-Chester disease, particularly at the sphenoid sinus.

A petiole inoculation technique was adapted for evaluating resistance of oilseed Brassica napus seedlings to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In the first of four experiments, four isolates of S. sclerotiorum were tested, two originating from soybean and two from B. napus. In all, 10 to 47 B. napus accessions were inoculated in the seedling stage and responses to isolates were evaluated using days to wilt (DW) and a lesion phenotype index (LP). There were no significant differences in virulence among the four isolates for DW and only slight differences for LP. However, significant differences (P < 0.0001) were observed among the B. napus accessions for DW and LP in this experiment and in subsequent experiments using one isolate. The responses of accessions were consistent among experiments and among evaluation criteria. Higher levels of resistance were found among winter-type than spring-type accessions, and among rapeseed-quality compared with canola-quality accessions. The most resistant accessions identified also were the most resistant when inoculated at the flowering stage. Terminal stems were inoculated immediately below the lowest flower and stem lesion length (SLL) was used to characterize the interaction phenotype of each accession. The petiole inoculation technique can be used successfully to differentiate oilseed B. napus germ plasm for response to S. sclerotiorum. This inoculation technique and the sources of resistance identified in this study may be used to determine inheritance resistance to S. sclerotiorum and for improving oilseed B. napus cultivars for resistance to this important pathogen.

Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an economically important disease of soybean (Glycine max) in the north-central United States and other temperate regions throughout the world. The occurrence and severity of Sclerotinia stem rot in the field is highly dependent upon prevailing environmental conditions, which can prove problematic when evaluating soybean accessions for resistance. The identification of an environmentally stable plant trait associated with resistance to S. sclerotiorum could be used to indirectly screen for resistance and would prove useful in the identification and development of resistant germplasm. Observations of the soybean–S. sclerotiorum interaction suggest a role for preformed stem lignin content in disease resistance. Although S. sclerotiorum produces numerous enzymes that degrade plant cell wall components, no lignin-degrading enzymes have been reported. Despite a hypothesized direct relationship between preformed lignin content and disease resistance, previous studies on soybean have correlated lignin content to nutritional value and not to disease resistance. We hypothesized that plants with low stem lignin are more susceptible and exhibit greater Sclerotinia stem rot severity than plants with high lignin concentrations. Six soybean accessions that varied in response to S. sclerotiorum were selected for study in a series of field experiments. Soybean stems were sampled at reproductive developmental stages that correspond to specific events in both soybean plant development and the Sclerotinia stem rot disease cycle. The lignin concentration of stem component samples was quantified. Soybean accessions expressed statistically different disease phenotypes in both 2004 and 2006. Lignin concentrations differed among accessions, growth stages, and plant parts. Results were contrary to our hypothesis, with positively ranked correlations observed between accession Sclerotinia stem rot severity and lignin concentration for all nodes and internodes assayed. For the R3 growth stage, lignin concentration of the internode between the fourth and fifth trifoliate leaves correlated best with disease severity data from each year (P = 0.005). These results indicate that resistance is related to low stem lignin concentration and that soybean stem lignin concentration can be used as a biological marker to select for resistance to S. sclerotiorum.

Ignition processes in scramjet pilot cavities are highly transient events that are influenced by factors including freestream Mach number and inlet geometry, turbulence intensity, cavity geometry, ignition source, and fueling composition and flow rate. In particular, the location of the flame kernel and associated propagation rate of the flame front throughout the cavity can significantly influence the end state of the ignition process. In this work formaldehyde (CH2O) was used as a flame marker to track ignition progress in a plane throughout the span-wise width of the cavity, while chemiluminescence imaging provided path-integrated flame location along the span-wise and axial directions. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) excitation utilized the 355 nm frequency-tripled output of an Nd:YAG burst-mode laser operating at 50–100 kHz over 10 ms with available pulse energy up to 80 mJ. Simultaneous CH* chemiluminescence imaging from the top of the cavity was obtained with a high-speed complementary metal-oxide semiconductor camera. A freestream Mach number of 2 with ethylene fuel rates from 55–90 standard liters per minute were examined along with two different ignition sources: a spark discharge and pulse detonator. The resulting formaldehyde PLIF and chemiluminescence images indicate a strong correlation between fueling rate and the delay between the onset of ignition and stable combustion. More importantly, the span-wise propagation rate and structure of the flame front is highly dependent on the fueling rate, burning region, and ignition source.

The neurotomy of musculocutaneous nerve is a treatment for patients who suffer from spastic elbow flexion when medical and reeducative treatments have failed. It consists in sectioning motor branches of musculocutaneous nerve which are destined to the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, both being the main elbow flexor muscles. The aim of this study was to analyse the distance, where each motor branch arises from the musculocutaneous nerve to both biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, to establish precisely the localisation and length of the necessary incision to reach its branches for surgery. Eighteen musculocutaneous nerves from ten cadavers were dissected. None of them reported with a previous pathology. The cadavers were laid on the back with 30–35° of abduction, a complete extension, and supination of the upper limb. The localization of motor branches was to be found in the middle third of the upper arm, with an average from the base of the humeral major tubercle of 11.46, 12.40, and 12.87 cm for the biceps brachii and 16.36, 19.10, and 16.88 cm for the brachialis muscle. The incision needed to reach the motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve should be localised between 10 and 20 cm from the major humeral tubercle and may be shorter than usual.

Resume Introduction La thermotherapie interstitielle au laser (LITT) a ete decrite en neurochirurgie oncologique pour traiter les metastases cerebrales, les tumeurs primitives et la necrose post-radique avec un excellent profil de securite. La procedure du LITT apparait comme une modalite mini-invasive alternative en neurochirurgie fonctionnelle. Materiel et methodes Nous rapportons nos resultats preliminaires sur l’utilisation de cette procedure sous assistance robotisee. Quatre patients ont beneficie de cette procedure dans notre centre pour des indications en neurochirurgie fonctionnelle. La moyenne d’âge des patients etait de 55,5 ans (min : 35, max : 85 ans). Les indications concernaient : hamartome hypothalamique (n = 1), tremblement essentiel (n = 1), sclerose hippocampique (n = 1), douleur chronique (n = 1). Resultats Nous n’avons pas constate de complication per operatoire ni post operatoire immediate en particulier. Aucune complication hemorragique ni deficitaire neurologique n’a ete notee. La recuperation postoperatoire etait rapide permettant une faible duree de sejour de 4,75 jours (min : 2 jours, max : 8 jours). Conclusion La procedure du LITT sous assistance robotisee semble etre une methode efficace, et securisante pour les indications en neurochirurgie fonctionnelle.

Background In this first-in-human, Phase 1 study of a microRNA-based cancer therapy, the recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) of MRX34, a liposomal mimic of microRNA-34a (miR-34a), was determined and evaluated in patients with advanced solid tumours. Methods Adults with various solid tumours refractory to standard treatments were enrolled in 3 + 3 dose-escalation cohorts and, following RP2D determination, expansion cohorts. MRX34, with oral dexamethasone premedication, was given intravenously daily for 5 days in 3-week cycles. Results Common all-cause adverse events observed in 85 patients enrolled included fever (% all grade/G3: 72/4), chills (53/14), fatigue (51/9), back/neck pain (36/5), nausea (36/1) and dyspnoea (25/4). The RP2D was 70 mg/m2 for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 93 mg/m2 for non-HCC cancers. Pharmacodynamic results showed delivery of miR-34a to tumours, and dose-dependent modulation of target gene expression in white blood cells. Three patients had PRs and 16 had SD lasting ≥4 cycles (median, 19 weeks, range, 11–55). Conclusion MRX34 treatment with dexamethasone premedication demonstrated a manageable toxicity profile in most patients and some clinical activity. Although the trial was closed early due to serious immune-mediated AEs that resulted in four patient deaths, dose-dependent modulation of relevant target genes provides proof-of-concept for miRNA-based cancer therapy. Clinical trial registration NCT01829971.

Staged combustion has been explored for power generation gas turbine engines to increase engine efficiency with minimal contribution to pollutant formation. Secondary fuel injection into the vitiated flow from the primary combustion process is one approach. In this work, advanced diagnostic measurements were performed on an experimental representation of such a system, with a transverse jet injection into a swirling vitiated crossflow. High-repetition-rate simultaneous particle image velocimetry (PIV) and OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) were performed at three measurement planes perpendicular to the jet axis. The measurements provided qualitative as well as quantitative information on the evolution of complex flow structures and transient events such as re-ignition, local extinction and vortex-flame interactions in the turbulent reacting flow. Transverse jets composed of H 2 mixed with N 2 and premixed natural gas and air were injected through a tube protruding into the crossflow. The vitiated crossflow is produced by a low swirl burner (LSB). The crossflow exhibits considerable swirl at the location of the transverse jet injection. Two momentum flux ratios, J = 3 and J = 8 were employed to study the effect of momentum flux ratio on the stabilization of reaction fronts. The time-averaged flow field show a pair of steady wake vortices, which were found to be much larger for J = 8 than for the J = 3 case. The region with the maximum time-averaged OH-PLIF intensity was found to be localized between the wake vortex pairs. The wake Strouhal number was found to be invariant with respect to the momentum flux ratio. Based on the experimental data, it is hypothesized that the shear layer and wake field vortices play a significant role in stabilizing a steady reaction front within the near-wake region of the jet.

The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new robotic device when coupled with intraoperative flat-panel CT guidance. Screws (D8-S1) were implanted during two separate cadaver sessions by coupling the Rosa(®) Spine robot with the flat-panel CT device. Of 38 implanted screws, 37 (97.4 %) were fully contained within the pedicle. One screw breached the lateral cortical of one pedicle by

An isolated schwannoma of the oculomotor nerve is rare in children without an associated neurofibromatosis. A 13-year-old girl, with a previous medical history of migraine, was admitted for disabling ophthalmic migraine with oblique diplopia. The clinical examination showed a right incomplete ophthalmoplegia with reduced ipsilateral visual acuity (8/10). There was no particular skin reaction. The MRI revealed a right (isosignal-T1 and isosignal-T2) nodular schwannoma located within the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve. The angio-CT performed later confirmed the absence of any vascular malformation. The treatment consisted of analgesics and corticotherapy, with complete regression of symptoms three weeks later and a normal MRI follow-up. Therefore, radiosurgery was not performed.

Resume Nous rapportons le cas d’un patient de 35 ans presentant un syndrome de persistance des canaux mesonephrotiques de Muller (PMDS) de type feminin (groupe A). Le diagnostic a ete pose a l’âge adulte au cours d’un bilan d’infertilite. L’examen clinique retrouvait un scrotum vide, une verge normale et des masses kystiques inguinales bilaterales. Le spermogramme retrouvait une azoospermie. L’imagerie par scanner et IRM pelvienne retrouvait la presence d’un uterus, de deux trompes et de deux testicules polykystiques en position inguinale. Une prise en charge chirurgicale a ete realisee pour biopsie chirurgicale des testicules. L’examen anatomopathologique retrouvait alors une formation kystique pluriloculaire d’origine mesotheliale, avec testicule atrophique en involution sertolienne et sans spermatozoides. Le syndrome PMDS est une forme rare de pseudo-hermaphrodisme interne caracterise par la presence chez un homme de l’uterus, des trompes et de la partie superieure du vagin avec des organes genitaux externes masculins aux caracteres virilises. Environ 200 cas sont rapportes dans la litterature. Le diagnostic est souvent fait chez l’enfant en peroperatoire au cours d’une cure d’ectopie testiculaire. Le caryotype est de type 46 XY. La pathogenie est relative a un deficit en hormone anti-mullerienne (AMH) ou a une resistance tissulaire a son action par anomalies des recepteurs. La non-regression des derives du canal de Muller peut donner trois types de PMDS : un type masculin, un type feminin et un type transverse. La prise en charge chirurgicale reste difficile mais necessaire en raison du risque d’hypofertilite et de degenerescence des testicules ectopiques.

Resume Introduction La nephropathie liee a la warfarine (WRN), de description recente, se definit par une atteinte organique et aigue du parenchyme renal en contexte de surdosage en anti-vitamine K (AVK) (international normalized ratio, INR > 3). Observation Nous rapportons l’observation d’un homme de 70 ans, dont la fonction renale etait anterieurement normale, et qui developpait une WRN lors d’un surdosage franc. La recuperation de la fonction renale etait tres incomplete. Conclusion Chez un patient presentant une insuffisance renale aigue dans un contexte de traitement par AVK, un INR > 3 doit faire envisager le diagnostic de WRN, surtout s’il existe une hematurie. Le diagnostic de certitude est histologique (congestion des tubules renaux par des hematies). L’administration de vitamine K reste la seule strategie therapeutique reconnue pour cette entite de mauvais pronostic renal et associee a une augmentation de la mortalite.

In the present study, the internal flowfield of aerated-liquid fuel injectors is examined through X-ray radiography and X-ray fluorescence. An inside–out injector, consisting of a perforated aerating tube within an annular liquid stream, sprays into a quiescent environment at a fixed mass flow rate of water and nitrogen gas. The liquid is doped with bromine (in the form of NaBr) to create an X-ray fluorescence signal. This allows for reasonable absorption and fluorescence signals, and one or both diagnostics can be used to track the liquid distribution. The injector housing is fabricated from beryllium (Be), which allows the internal flowfield to be examined (as Be has relatively low X-ray attenuation coefficient). Two injector geometries are compared, illustrating the effects of aerating orifice size and location on the flow evolution. Time-averaged equivalent pathlength and line-of-sight averaged density ρ(y) reveal the formation of the two-phase mixture, showing that the liquid film thickness along the injector walls is a function of the aerating tube geometry, though only upstream of the nozzle. These differences in gas and liquid distribution (between injectors with different aerating tube designs) are suppressed as the mixture traverses the nozzle contraction. The averaged liquid velocity (computed from the density and liquid mass flow rate) reveals a similar trend. This suggests that at least for the current configurations, the plume width, liquid mass distribution, and averaged liquid velocity for the time-averaged external spray are insensitive to the aerating tube geometry.

The use of DSC-MR imaging in pediatric neuroradiology is gradually growing. However, the number of studies listed in the literature remains limited. We propose to assess the perfusion and permeability parameters in pediatric brain tumor grading. Thirty children with a brain tumor having benefited from a DSC-MR perfusion sequence have been retrospectively explored. Relative CBF and CBV were computed on the ROI with the largest lesion coverage. Assessment of the lesion’s permeability was also performed through the semi-quantitative PSR parameter and the K2 model-based parameter on the whole-lesion ROI and a reduced ROI drawn on the permeability maps. A statistical comparison of high- and low-grade groups (HG, LG) as well as a ROC analysis was performed on the histogram-based parameters. Our results showed a statistically significant difference between LG and HG groups for mean rCBV (p 0.9) and mean value thresholds were observed at 1.07 and 1.03, respectively. For K2/PSR in the reduced area, AUC was also superior to 0.9. The implementation of a dynamic T2* perfusion sequence provided reliable results using an objective whole-lesion ROI. Perfusion parameters as well as a new permeability indicator could efficiently discriminate high-grade from low-grade lesions in the pediatric population.