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Introduction: Aortic dissection (AD) is a rare and severe condition caused by modified (smoking cigarettes, high BP) and fundamental factors (for example sex, age, genetic disorders) . Classification considers location in respect to aortic arch - Type A is proximal to the arch whereas Type B is located distally. It is difficult to diagnose this illness due to many possible presentations and non-specific symptoms. It is not a frequently occurring illness. However, it is lethal and time plays a critical role. Thus, it is vital to be aware of it. Objectives: The purpose of this article is to present the latest information concerning risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, medical management and possible complications of Aortic Dissection. Material and methods: The article is based on review of publications in PubMed database using the terms: "Aortic Dissection", "Risk factors of Aortic Dissection", "Acute Type A Aortic Dissection", "Acute Type B Aortic Dissection", "Chronic Aortic Dissection", "Treatment and complications of AD". Summary: Aortic Dissection is a life-threatening condition that must be considered in many cases because it is often misdiagnosed. Past medical history, genetic disorders and lifestyle choices needs to be known to make a correct diagnosis. Treatment is selected based on location, the patient's condition and illness phase. Knowledge of treatment methods and its possible complications are essential for patient's survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonization of microbes and the resulting formation of biofilms on dental implants are significant contributors to peri-implantitis and the failure of these implants. The aim of the research was to analyze the impact of density and depth of laser texturing of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy surface on the colonization of selected microorganisms and biofilm formation. Standard strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts from the American Type Culture Collection-ATCC-were used to demonstrate the ability to form single-species biofilms in vitro. The study evaluated three types of titanium samples with different texture density and depth. The colonization and biofilm formation abilities of the tested microorganisms were assessed. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. Among the analyzed strains, L. rhamnosus showed the highest colonization of the tested surfaces. It was found that there is no relationship between the texture parameters and the number of colony-forming units (CFU/mL) for C. albicans , S. mutans, and L. rhamnosus . For the F. nucleatum strain, it was shown that the number of colony-forming bacteria is related to the texture density.

The asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated from the corresponding imino ester-to- trans -β-nitrostyrene catalysis by chiral aziridine-containing phosphines and phosphine oxides is described. Of the sixteen stereoisomers that could be formed as a result of the title reaction, three were formed, two of which were obtained in an enantiomerically enriched or pure form, and one in a racemic form. One of the products underwent epimerization under basic reaction conditions.

Tumor therapy escape due to undesired side effects induced by treatment, such as prosurvival autophagy or cellular senescence, is one of the key mechanisms of resistance that eventually leads to tumor dormancy and recurrence. Glioblastoma is the most frequent and practically incurable neoplasm of the central nervous system; thus, new treatment modalities have been investigated to find a solution more effective than the currently applied standards based on temozolomide. The present study examined the newly synthesized compounds of aziridine-hydrazide hydrazone derivatives to determine their antineoplastic potential against glioblastoma cells in vitro. Although the output of our investigation clearly demonstrates their proapoptotic activity, the cytotoxic effect appeared to be blocked by treatment-induced autophagy, the phenomenon also detected in the case of temozolomide action. The addition of an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis triggered by the tested compounds, as well as temozolomide. The new aziridine-hydrazide hydrazone derivatives, which present cytotoxic potential against glioblastoma cells comparable to or even higher than that of temozolomide, show promising results and, thus, should be further investigated as antineoplastic agents. Moreover, our findings suggest that the combination of an apoptosis inducer with an autophagy inhibitor could optimize chemotherapeutic efficiency, and the addition of an autophagy inhibitor should be considered as an optional adjunctive therapy minimizing the risk of tumor escape from treatment.

Mixture design is a statistical tool used to obtain the maximum desired effect using the minimum number of experiments. The aim of the presented work was the optimization of the composition of a mixture of essential oils from basil, citronella, cedarwood and thyme using simplex-lattice mixture design method. The optimized parameter was an antioxidant activity measured in DPPH assay and expressed as effective concentration (EC 50 ). The test results showed an interesting synergy between the components of essential oils. The prepared binary and quaternary mixtures were characterized by higher activity than simple average activity. The designed mixture with approximated highest antioxidant activity was composed of: 54.4% citronella essential oil, 33.0% thyme essential oil, 9.2% cedarwood essential oil and 3.4% basil essential oil and its approximated activity was in agreement with experimental values. This work confirmed that it is possible to approximate the best antioxidant composition of four essential oils used as a potential medicinal and food ingredient.

The filamentation ability of Candida albicans represents one of the main virulence factors allowing for host tissue penetration and biofilm formation. The aim of this paper was to study the genetic background of the hyperfilamentous biofilm development in vitro in C. albicans isolated from the oral cavity of a lung cancer patient. Analyzed C. albicans isolates (CA1, CA2, CA3) were chosen based on their different structures of mature biofilm. The CA3 isolate possessing hyperfilamentation properties and forming high biofilm was compared with CA1 and CA2 isolates exhibiting low or average biofilm-forming ability, respectively. The detailed biofilm organization was studied with the use of confocal scanning laser microscopy. The whole transcriptome analysis was conducted during three stages of biofilm development (24 h, 48 h, 72 h). In contrast to CA1 and/or CA2 isolate, the CA3 isolate was characterized by a significant upregulation of genes encoding for cell wall proteins (HWP1, PGA13, PGA44, ALS3) and candidalysin (ECE1), as well as being involved in iron metabolism (FRE1, ALS3), sulfur metabolism (HAL21), the degradation of aromatic compounds (HQD2), and membrane transport (DIP5, PHO89, TNA1). In contrast, some genes (SCW11, FGR41, RBE1) in the CA3 were downregulated. We also observed the overexpression of a few genes over time-mainly FRE1, ATX1, CSA2 involved in iron metabolism. This is the first insight into the potential function of multiple genes in the hyperfilamentous biofilm formation in C. albicans , primarily isolated from host tissue, which may have an important clinical impact on cancer patients. Moreover, the presented data can lay the foundation for further research on novel pathogen-specific targets for antifungal drugs.

Introduction: Cardiac surgery associated AKI (CSA-AKI) complicates recovery and may be associated with a greater risk of developing chronic kidney disease and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess long-term clinical consequences of transient increased activity of urinary enzymes after cardiac surgery (CS)., Methods: An observational study was conducted in a group of 88 adult patients undergoing planned coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but all samples were obtained from 79 patients. The activity of urinary enzymes: N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), arylsulfatase A (ASA) and beta-glucuronidase was evaluated in sequential urine samples. A comparative analysis of biochemical parameters was performed regarding the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) defined by KIDGO at 24 hours, at day 30 and 5-years after the operation., Results: During the first 24 hours after CS AKI was diagnosed in 13 patients. A comparison of the activity of urinary enzymes in pre-defined time-points showed significant differences for ASA and NAG (post OP-sample p < 0.028 and p < 0.022; POD 1 sample p < 0.004 and p < 0.001 respectively). No patient had any biochemical or clinical features of kidney failure at day 30. In the AKI group kidney failure was diagnosed in 36% of patients within 5 years of follow-up as opposed to 5% in the no AKI group. The activities of tubular enzymes in urine reflect a general injury of kidney tubules during and after the operation. However, they are not ideal biomarkers for prediction of the degree of kidney injury and further poor prognosis of CS-AKI., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2022 Biernawska et al.)

Sixteen new Ciprofloxacin derivatives were designed and successfully synthesized. In an in silico experiment, lipophilicity was established for obtained compounds. All compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using standard and clinical strains. As for Gram-positive hospital microorganisms, all tested derivatives were active. Measured MICs were in the range 1-16 µg/mL, confirming high antimicrobial potency. Derivative 12 demonstrated activity against all standard Gram-positive Staphylococci , within the range of 0.8-1.6 µg/mL and was confirmed as the leading structure with MICs 1 µg/mL for S. pasteuri KR 4358 and S. aureus T 5591 (clinical strains). All compounds were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic properties via the MTT method. Three of the examined compounds ( 3 , 11 and 16 ) showed good activity against cancer cells, and in parallel were found not to be cytotoxic toward normal cells. Doxorubicin SI ranged 0.14-1.11 while the mentioned three ranged 1.9-3.4. Selected Ciprofloxacin derivatives were docked into the crystal structure of topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) in complex with DNA (PDB ID: 5BTC). In summary, leading structures were established ( 3 , 11 , 12 and 16 ). We have observed poor results in preformed studies for disubstituted derivatives, suggesting that 3-oxo-4-carboxylic acid core is the active DNA-gyrase binding site, and when structural changes were made in this fragment, there was an observed decrease in antibacterial potency.

The laser micro-machining was carried out on a station equipped with a TruMicro 5325c laser emitting ultraviolet radiation (343 nm wavelength) in picosecond pulses. On the surface of the Ti6Al7Nb alloy, dimple texturing with a constant diameter of ~200 μm, different depths (from ~5 to ~78 μm) and density (from 10% to 50%) were produced. The value of surface free energy was determined with the Owens-Wendt method using two measuring liquids: distilled water and diodomethane. The Staphylococcus epidermidis strain was used to test the adhesion of bacteria. It was found that the surface free energy value is influenced by both of the texture parameters (density, depth). The density also affects the potential for biofilm formation. Based on the analysis, it was shown that with an increase in surface free energy, the number of adhering microorganisms increases exponentially. Moreover, the study shows that there is a correlation between the number of adhering microorganisms and surface free energy.

Eleven novel imide-tetrazoles were synthesized. In the initial stage of research, in silico structure-based pharmacological prediction was conducted. All compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using standard and clinical strains. Within the studied group, compounds 1 - 3 were recognized as leading structures with the most promising results in antimicrobial studies. Minimal inhibitory concentration values for compounds 1 , 2 , 3 were within the range of 0.8-3.2 μg/mL for standard and clinical Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, showing in some cases higher activity than the reference Ciprofloxacin. Additionally, all three inhibited the growth of all clinical Staphylococci panels: Staphylococcus aureus (T5592; T5591) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (5253; 4243) with MIC values of 0.8 μg/mL. Selected compounds were examined in topoisomerase IV decatenation assay and DNA gyrase supercoiling assay, followed by suitable molecular docking studies to explore the possible binding modes. In summary, the presented transition from substrate imide-thioureas to imide-tetrazole derivatives resulted in significant increase of antimicrobial properties. The compounds 1 - 3 proposed here provide a promising basis for further exploration towards novel antimicrobial drug candidates.

Introduction: Insufficient knowledge about endometriosis among women is one of the causes of its delayed diagnoses. Due to the elusiveness of symptoms, the most important component of early detection is proper and exhaustive knowledge. The objective of the study was to assess Polish women's awareness of endometriosis., Methods: The pilot studies were performed with the participation of 200 women, in an average age of 33.65 years (SD = 11.45), who completed the authors' questionnaire related to self-assessment of the level of knowledge about the disease, its symptoms, late effects and directions of a remediation procedure. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 25 suite. It included a frequency analysis, a one-way analysis of variance ANOVA, a single variable regression analysis and Student's t-test for independent samples., Results: Almost 84% of women had heard about endometriosis, while only 1/3 of them considered their knowledge sufficient or good. Very good knowledge was declared by 4.5% of women, while 16.1% of participants had never heard about it. The level of knowledge was significantly higher (p = 0.001) among women with medical education. Polish women acquired their knowledge mainly from the Internet and the experience of other women. The reasons identified by women were the still existing 'taboo' related to menstruation, the absence of information in the media and education in schools, which is critical according to 92.4% of women., Conclusions: Polish women's level of knowledge about endometriosis is insufficient, which we should strive to improve. Higher awareness is presented by women with medical education, and the higher the level of knowledge, the larger a woman's interest in healthy behaviour., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the world that negatively affects the daily functioning of patients. Numerous studies are currently being conducted to examine the antidepressant potential of innovative synthetic compounds and herbal substances. Yacon, Smallantchus sonchifolius , belongs to plants with numerous health-beneficial properties. Yacon-based products are regarded as a functional food. In our study, we attempted to check whether administration of Yacon tuber extract would have an antidepressant effect in the forced swim test (FST) in mice and whether its intake could influence the activity of conventional antidepressant drugs with different mechanisms of action, i.e., imipramine hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, and reboxetine mesylate. The spontaneous locomotor activity of the tested mice was also investigated to eliminate any false-positive results. We demonstrated that an intragastric administration of the Yacon tuber extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg induced the antidepressant-like behavior in the FST in mice and that a combined administration of the sub-effective doses of the Yacon extract (50 mg/kg) with imipramine hydrochloride (7.5 mg/kg), fluoxetine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg), or reboxetine mesylate (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time of animals in this behavioral test. The obtained results were not affected by the increased locomotor activity of the tested subjects. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Yacon tuber extract is promising as an alternative mood-improving product since it possesses an antidepressant potential and it can acts synergistically with conventional antidepressant drugs.