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A finite difference time domain method (FDTD) is based on a grid‐based time domain differential technique, in which wave equations are solved in a leapfrog manner. It is required to discretize a whole target domain into computational grids with an adequate size. Therefore computational burden increases if the computational domain is much larger than the wave length. To solve such a large‐scale problem in high speed, we apply a parallel computing technique to the FDTD. OpenMP is an interface to execute program codes in parallel using a shared memory system of computers. As an example of large‐scale analysis, SH wave propagations in concrete material are demonstrated in this study.

We have investigated microstructures related to anomalous ferroelectric properties such as the magnetocapacitance effect in magnetic ferroelectric compounds YMn 1 − x Ti x O 3 and (Y,A)Mn 0.825 Ti 0.175 O 3 (A = La, Ca, Zr) mainly by the transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the size of the ferroelectric domains in YMn 1 − x Ti x O 3 depends strongly on the Ti concentration (x) and the size is estimated to be about 10–20 nm in the x = 0.175 compound. In addition, structural change from the ferroelectric P6 3 cm phase to the rhombohedral one was found in the x = 0.40 compound. On the other hand, characteristic diffuse scattering elongating along both the [001] and [110] direction was found in (Y,Zr)Mn 0.825 Ti 0.175 O 3 , which is similar to that found in the x = 0.175 compound. It is revealed that the partial substitution in YMnO 3 breaks the long-ranged FE ordering and structural fluctuation is induced, which should be responsible for the anomalous FE behaviors in these compounds.

Arthroscopic treatment of tibial plateau fractures were compared with open traditional methods retrospectively.Twenty-eight patients were included in this comparative study based on fracture patterns and divided into two groups. Using Schatzker's classification system, patients with type II (split depression), type III (isolated depression) fractures, or other fracture types were included. Nineteen of these patients were treated by arthroscopically assisted management (group S), and the remaining 9 underwent the conventional open method (group O).There was no significant difference between both groups in terms of duration of operation, postoperative flexion, and clinical results. In group S, however, the postoperative rehabilitation was easier and faster (the time to obtain 120 degrees of flexion was 4.6+/-3.9 weeks in group S, 9.1+/-8.6 weeks in group O). Furthermore, 16 of 19 patients (84%) in group S obtained an anatomical reduction (defined as2 mm of residual displacement after surgery), whereas in group O, only 5 of 9 patients (55%) had an anatomical reduction. Also, accurate diagnosis and treatment of any associated joint pathology was possible with arthroscopic management.The arthroscopic procedure is recommended in selected tibial plateau fractures.

Background: The occurrence of duplications of the amyloid precursor protein gene ( APP ) has been described in European families with early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (EO-FAD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. However, the contribution of APP duplication to the development of AD in other ethnic populations remains undetermined. Methods: The occurrence of APP duplication in probands from 25 families with FAD and 11 sporadic EO-AD cases in the Japanese population was examined by quantitative PCR and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation analyses. APP expression level was determined by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription (RT) PCR analysis using mRNA extracted from the peripheral blood of the patients. Results: We identified APP locus duplications in two unrelated EO-FAD families. The duplicated genomic regions in two patients of these families differed from each other. No APP duplication was found in the late-onset FAD families or sporadic EO-AD patients. The patients with APP duplication developed insidious memory disturbance in their fifties without intracerebral haemorrhage and epilepsy. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed the increased APP mRNA expression levels in these patients compared with those in age- and sex-matched controls. Conclusions: Our results suggest that APP duplication should be considered in patients with EO-FAD in various ethnic groups, and that increased APP mRNA expression level owing to APP duplication contributes to AD development.

We have investigated microstructures giving rise to magnetocapacitance effect in Ti-doped $\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $(\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})$ by both electron diffraction and real-space imaging techniques. Diffuse scattering elongating along the [110] direction due to the instability of the Mn trimerization were found in the $x=0.175$ compound, which exhibits the enhanced magnetocapacitance effect. With increasing Ti concentration, the centrosymmetric (paraelectric) $R\overline{3}c$ phase grows up at the expense of the ferroelectric $P{6}_{3}cm$ phase around $x=0.20$ and the $R\overline{3}c$ phase is dominant above $x=0.30$. Our present results indicate that the Mn trimers with the short-range correlation inside the ferroelectric nanodomains with the $10--20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ size should be responsible for the enhancement of the magnetocapacitance and, on the other hand, the appearance of the $R\overline{3}c$ phase suppressed the magnetocapacitance effect.

Thirty-eight lateral compartment arthroplasties were performed in 22 years. Eighteen joints in 17 patients with an average age of 64.5 years were evaluated with minimum 5-year follow-up. Using the Hospital for Special Surgery knee score, 16 of 18 joints had satisfactory results in terms of function and pain relief. The average preoperative alignment on standing was 14.9 degrees of valgus angulation, which was corrected to 6.9 degrees of valgus. On radiographic analysis, no radiolucent lines were seen under the tibial component, but the femoral component was loose in 1 joint. Although 5 joints showed slight deterioration of osteoarthritic change in the medial compartment, lateral compartment arthroplasty is a reliable and successful option in the treatment of patients with a low level of physical activity.

The pharmacokinetics of cisplatin and methotrexate were determined in a patient suffering from advanced ureteral tumor accompanied by chronic renal failure undergoing 4 consecutive cycles of M-VAC chemotherapy and hemodialysis. No significant difference was observed in t1/2, AUC or CLtot of total platinum between the patient with the chronic renal failure and patients with normal renal function. The AUC and CLtot of free platinum in the patient with the chronic renal failure were higher and lower, respectively, than in the patients with normal renal function. The free cisplatin rebounded remarkably after the end of dialysis, which may be partly attributed to an increase in the AUC and decrease in CLtot. However, the dialysis index was about 75 and 85% in the 3rd and 4th cycles, respectively. The t1/2 and CLtot of methotrexate in the patient with the chronic renal failure tended to be longer and smaller than those in patients with normal renal function, respectively. Seventy-two hours after administration, the methotrexate level was 0.02 microM, which was not at the high-risk level of high-dose therapy. After four cycles of M-VAC therapy, the rest of the right ureteral tumor was extirpated and the clinical response was CR. In conclusion, it is considered that cisplatin and methotrexate can be given to a patient with chronic renal failure. However, the cisplatin and methotrexate serum levels must be monitored, even after very low doses.

The pioneering community mental health system of Kawasaki was evaluated by comparison with national statistics using the data from a citywide survey of patients with schizophrenia.Subjects were citizens of Kawasaki who were receiving medical treatment for schizophrenia (ICD-9) in the city. All inpatients (565 cases) and a random sample of outpatients (685 cases; extraction rate was 1/3) who met the criteria were asked to complete the questionnaires by themselves. The responsible medical staffs of the subjects were also asked to complete the questionnaires. In order to calculate the total prevalence rate in the city, the number of patients who received medical treatment outside the city was estimated by extrapolation.Higher outpatient rate and lower inpatient rate of Kawasaki were indicated despite the almost equal prevalence (i.e. 32.7 per 10,000 population) compared to the national rate. The outpatient rate was 70.6% in Kawasaki, which was 16% higher than the national average. And the rate of outpatients with schizophrenia living alone in Kawasaki was three times higher. While national outpatient rates declined significantly when patients became 40 years old, such a decline was not evident in Kawasaki. On the other hand, as patients with schizophrenia got older, the rate of outpatients living alone or living with spouse increased in Kawasaki due to the change of caregivers' generation.The higher outpatient rate especially of people over 40 years old and the higher rate of patients who lived alone may be explained by the effective community care system in Kawasaki. However, more an intensive support system which provides' daily services such as home-help and group home services should be developed, as the living conditions of outpatients who lived alone were very difficult.

Summary Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) infection was studied in feline alveolar macrophages and human monocyte cell line U937 using mouse neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to the spike protein of FIPV. Even among the MAbs that have been shown to recognize the same antigenic site, IgG 2a MAbs enhanced FIPV infection strongly, whereas IgG 1 MAbs did not. These IgG 2a MAbs enhanced the infection even when macrophages pretreated with the MAb were washed and then inoculated with the virus. Immunofluorescence flow cytometric analysis of the macrophages treated with each of the MAbs showed that the IgG 2a MAbs but not the IgG 1 MAbs bound to feline alveolar macrophages. Treatment of the IgG 2a MAb with protein A decreased the binding to the macrophages and, in parallel, diminished the ADE activity. Although no infection was observed by inoculation of FIPV to human monocyte cell line U937 cells, FIPV complexed with either the IgG 2a MAb or the IgG 1 MAb caused infection in U937 cells which are shown to express Fc gamma receptor (Fc γ R) I and II that can bind mouse IgG 2a and IgG 1, respectively. These results suggest that the enhancing activity of MAb is closely correlated with IgG subclass and that the correlation is involved in binding of MAb to Fc γ R on feline macrophage.

We investigated changes in domain structures induced by a partial substitution of Ti for Mn in multiferroic YMnO3 by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the ferroelectric phase of YMnO3 at room temperature, there exist 180-degree ferroelectric (FE) domain structures of a micrometer size. On substituting Ti for Mn, the size of FE domains becomes fragile and, at approximately x=0.175 in YMn1-x Ti x O3, the size can be estimated to be 10–20 nm. On further substitution, it is found that a structural phase transition from a hexagonal P63 cm structure to a new rhombohedral R3c one takes place at approximately x=0.20. In YMn1-x Ti x O3 with 0.20

A review was made of 62 operations in the elderly patients over the age of 65 years from 1972 to 1974. Seventy-seven percent of the patients were female. Twenty-eight operations were done to the femoral neck or trochanteric fractures. Internal fixations were ordinary done to the trochanteric fracture and the primary prosthetic replacements were performed in 11 cases out of 15 of the femoral neck fracture. Preoperative condition revealed hypertension in 18 patients, in whom cardiac disturbance was 5 and 27 patients had some pathologic ECG. Postoperative complication was urinary infection in 11, acute renal insufficiency, paralytic ileus and serum hepatitis in 2, respectively. No postoperative thromboembolism was observed.

We reviewed 16 trochanteric and 21 femoral neck fractures in last two years. Out of them 10 cases, which were 4 trochanteric and 6 neck fractures, were operated with a compression hip screw. All of trochanteric fracture united satisfactorily. Two of 6 neck fractures were secondary treated by prosthetic replacement from re-fracture by falling from the bed and technical failure.We paid special attention to the following points;1) varus dislocation of the fractured head is undesirable for use of the screw.2) A tip of the screw must be correctly installed in the center of the femoral head and is apart about 1cm from the surface of the head.

Total hip arthroplasty (T. H. A.) for complete dislocation has many problems. In order to perform the operation safer we attempted to do T. H. A. in two-stage, which consists of resection of the femoral head and skeletal traction of the femur before T. H. A., so as to obtain sufficient information of nerve palsy and of the site to place the socket.Case 1 A 53-year-old house-wife with 5cm dislocation of right hip. Eleven weeks later, the socket dislocated from the pelvis and grafted bone and screws were broken. Satisfactory result was obtained by re-operation with good function of the joint and muscles.Case 2 A 51-year-old male laborer with 8cm dislocation. Reposition was technically quite difficult. Leg discrepancy reduced to 2.5cm, but the abductor weakness remained.

The relationship between the levels of cyclic nucleotides and dimorphic transition in Candida albicans was examined. The results showed that cells of this pathogenic fungus contained both cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), the concentration of the latter being about one-tenth that of the former in stationary-phase cells of the yeast form. Our results further indicated that germ tube formation induced by incubation at 40 degrees C followed a rise in cAMP concentration in the cell with no accompanying change in cGMP content. Cysteine, which suppressed germination, also reversed the increase in intracellular cAMP concentration. Dibutyryl cAMP (1 MM) significantly promoted germination in proline medium at temperatures of 32 to 34 degrees C. These results suggested that cAMP was one of the controlling factors in the morphological transition in Candida albicans.

During a year from June 1977 to May 1978, 14 limbs in 14 patients with non-union were sent to our hospital. They were 8 males and 6 females who were from 17 years to 60 years of age, average 36.4 years.We examined the causes of the non-union roentgenographically. The results are following.1. inadequate screw fixation, too short or erroneous location (7 cases)2. small intramedullary Kirschner wire or Kuntscher nail (3 cases)3. too short plating (1 case)4. incorrect indication of intramedullary nailing (1 case)5. inadequate external fixation (1 case)6. others (1 case)We treated them surgically by using of internal fixation and bone grafting. Successful results in 13 cases of 14 cases were obtained.

Glycol methacrylate-Quetol 523, introduced by Kushida (1977) for combined light and electronmicroscopy studies at low magnification, also permits application of immunofluorescence methods to semithin sections. To recover the antigenicity of proteins fixed with formaldehyde, abrupt dehydration before embedding and subsequent treatment of the semithin sections with protease were essential. Post-staining with suitable histological stains allows exact correlation of antigen localization with tissue structure.

Rupture of the long head of the biceps is not uncommon. We encountered six cases with seven tendons of the lesion in last one year. In three cases ruptures were caused by acute trauma. One of them had frequent injection of steroid hormone into the tendon sheath previous to the trauma. Three cases of the rest were spontaneous ruptures included a case with bilateral lesions and rupture of the rotator cuff.The diagnosis can be readily made from the history, symptoms and signs. Specially on inspection the swelling of the muscle belly is prominent on contraction.Surgical repair of the tendon either by suture to the bicipital groove or to the major pectral muscle or to the short head of the biceps obtained the satisfactory results. None of the procedure was done to the proximal cut end, but no trouble observed.Cases left non-treated presented any inconvenience in daily life. A case with massive avulsion of the rotator cuff showed marked degenerative periarthritic changes.

1. The myoglobin concentrations of m. soleus and m. flexor digitorum longus ( F.D.L.) were estimated spectrophotometrically in normal cats. 2. In another group of cats the nerves to m. soleus and F.D.L. were self-united in one limb and cross-united in the opposite limb and the myoglobin concentrations of m. soleus and F.D.L. in both limbs were estimated 6 months later. 3. After self-union of the nerves the F.D.L./soleus myoglobin ratio was not significantly different from that of normal cats. 4. After cross-union of the nerves the F.D.L./soleus myoglobin ratio was significantly greater than that of both normal cats and cats after self-union of their nerves.

Rupture of the Achilles tendon is a common injury, but subcutaneous partial rupture has been regarded as uncommon. Some has denied its existence.Recently we diagnosed three male patients of the fourth decade as subcutaneous partial rupture and treated by operation. In all cases the site of the rupture located at the medial portion of the tendon, one about 3cm and the others about 10cm above the insertion.

The patients were 8 year-old boy and his 9 year-old sister with blood consanguity between their parents and grand parents.Case 1. T. O. male, age 8.Normal birth with slight varus deformity of his right ankle which healed by manual redression and three-months fixation in a plaster cast. Walking started at the age of 1 year 4 months, when his mother noticed of pes equinus of his feet which progressed by aging.His condition was normal in general but marked bilateral equinus deformity of about 160° plantar flexion. He stood on his toes only. No other neuro-muscular disorder was observed. Lengthening of the Achilles tendons about 10 centimeter with the posterior capsulotomy of the ankle resulted in satisfactory correction of the deformity and in good standing and walking on his heels.Case 2. Y. O. female, age 9.Normal birth. At the age of 1 year 3 months when she started walking, equinus deformity of her feet was noticed. Deformity was less severe than that of her brother. Three centimeter lengthening of the Achilles tendons corrected the deformity.In those two cases no cause which resulted in the equinus deformity was discovered and these deformities were noticed when they started walking. Therefore, the cases might belong to the category of congenital pes equinus.

We reported a case with Kennedy-Alter-Sung syndrome (KAS) associated with bilateral external ophthalmoplegia. The patient had movement disturbance of bilateral infra-oblique muscles. The doll's eye phenomenon was not noted. It was suggested that the external ophthalmoplegia was due to the involvement of the oculomotor nucleus that innervated infra-oblique muscle. The serum levels of testosterone and gonadotropin were high, suggesting that the feminization of KAS patients was caused by androgen insensitivity. The feminization of KAS patients is similar to the incomplete form of testicular feminization syndrome except that they do not have feminization of genitals. Therefore, we proposed that abnormalities of androgen receptors might play a role in the pathogenesis of KAS. Fluoxymesterone therapy significantly improved the muscle weakness of the extremities of the patient, even though the therapeutic efficacy was shown temporarily. The therapeutic efficacy of fluoxymesterone for muscle weakness supports our hypothesis.

Yeast and germ tube-forming cells of Candida albicans were compared with respect to their susceptibility to killing induced by the imidazole antifungal clotrimazole. Cultures consisting largely of germ tube-forming cells or exclusively yeast cells were prepared by incubating cells of a germ tube-proficient strain in a proline-containing phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C or 25 degrees C, respectively. When treated with clotrimazole at 37 degrees C, the cultures of germ tube cells lost colony-forming ability much more rapidly than those of yeast cells. However, this difference was diminished in the cells preincubated at 37 degrees C but prevented from forming germ tubes by 5 mM cysteine, a suppressor of germ tube formation. In another C. albicans isolate showing a very poor capacity to form germ tubes at 37 degrees C, such a difference in killing rate was much smaller than that for the germ tube-proficient strain. Furthermore, when an isogenic pair of strains, one proficient and the other deficient in germ tube formation, were compared with each other, germ tube-forming cultures of the former were found to be more sensitive than yeast cell cultures of the latter. It is inferred from these results that the germ tube-forming cell of C. albicans is more sensitive to clotrimazole-induced killing than the yeast cell.

The parietal epithelium of the Bowman's capsule in normal human kidney was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy showed clearly that the Bowman's capsule, cut in half by a razor blade, was depressed hemispherically and coated with a flat layer of polygonal epithelial cells. The epithelial cell had a round, slightly elevated, and eccentrically located nuclear portion, and extended flat cytoplasmic layer from it toward the periphery. Tiny cytoplasmic projections, microvilli, were seen in varying degrees on the surface. One or two thin and long cilia were occasionally present around the nuclear portion.

Vigorous agitation caused the zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora to undergo rapid synchronous encystment. The rate of encystment was determined by counting the number of cells with an alkali-resistant cyst wall. 50% of the zoospores formed an alkali-resistant cyst wall within 60 sec of agitation; after 120 sec, essentially all zoospores had encysted. The rate of spontaneous encystment in nonagitated suspensions was much slower. The flagella of nearly all zoospores disappeared within 30 sec of agitation, i.e. prior to the formation of an alkali-resistant cyst wall. Zoospores depend on internal reserves for synthesizing their cyst walls. Approximately 70% of the total carbohydrate in motile zoospores was extracted with water after treating the cells with 70% ethnol. During synchronous encystment, this carbohydrate fraction composed largely of glucans decreased markedly while the insoluble carbohydrate fraction (cyst wall glucan) increased correspondingly. Clearly, the conversion of cytoplasmic glucan into wall glucan plays a major role in zoospore encystment.